Plant secondary metabolism evolved in the context of highly organized and differentiated cells and tissues, featuring massive chemical complexity operating under tight environmental, developmental and genetic control. Biotechnological demand for natural products has been continuously increasing because of their significant value and new applications, mainly as pharmaceuticals. Aseptic production systems of plant secondary metabolites have improved considerably, constituting an attractive tool for increased, stable and large-scale supply of valuable molecules. Surprisingly, to date, only a few examples including taxol, shikonin, berberine and artemisinin have emerged as success cases of commercial production using this strategy. The present review focuses on the main characteristics of plant specialized metabolism and their implications for current strategies used to produce secondary compounds in axenic cultivation systems. The search for consonance between plant secondary metabolism unique features and various in vitro culture systems, including cell, tissue, organ, and engineered cultures, as well as heterologous expression in microbial platforms, is discussed. Data to date strongly suggest that attaining full potential of these biotechnology production strategies requires being able to take advantage of plant specialized metabolism singularities for improved target molecule yields and for bypassing inherent difficulties in its rational manipulation.

• MeSH
• artemisininy izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• axenická kultura MeSH
• berberin izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• biologické přípravky izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• biotechnologie metody   MeSH
• buněčné kultury MeSH
• fytonutrienty biosyntéza   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• metabolické inženýrství metody   MeSH
• naftochinony izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• paclitaxel biosyntéza   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• rostlinné buňky chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekundární metabolismus MeSH
• techniky tkáňových kultur MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) are the most common symbiotic associations between a plant's root compartment and fungi. They provide nutritional benefit (mostly inorganic phosphate [Pi]), leading to improved growth, and nonnutritional benefits, including defense responses to environmental cues throughout the host plant, which, in return, delivers carbohydrates to the symbiont. However, how transcriptional and metabolic changes occurring in leaves of AM plants differ from those induced by Pifertilization is poorly understood. We investigated systemic changes in the leaves of mycorrhizedMedicago truncatulain conditions with no improved Pistatus and compared them with those induced by high-Pitreatment in nonmycorrhized plants. Microarray-based genome-wide profiling indicated up-regulation by mycorrhization of genes involved in flavonoid, terpenoid, jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis as well as enhanced expression ofMYC2, the master regulator of JA-dependent responses. Accordingly, total anthocyanins and flavonoids increased, and most flavonoid species were enriched in AM leaves. Both the AM and Pitreatments corepressed iron homeostasis genes, resulting in lower levels of available iron in leaves. In addition, higher levels of cytokinins were found in leaves of AM- and Pi-treated plants, whereas the level of ABA was increased specifically in AM leaves. Foliar treatment of nonmycorrhized plants with either ABA or JA induced the up-regulation ofMYC2, but only JA also induced the up-regulation of flavonoid and terpenoid biosynthetic genes. Based on these results, we propose that mycorrhization and Pifertilization share cytokinin-mediated improved shoot growth, whereas enhanced ABA biosynthesis and JA-regulated flavonoid and terpenoid biosynthesis in leaves are specific to mycorrhization.

• MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   MeSH
• flavonoidy metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfáty metabolismus   MeSH
• Glomeromycota fyziologie   MeSH
• kyselina abscisová metabolismus   MeSH
• listy rostlin genetika   mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• Medicago truncatula genetika   mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• mykorhiza fyziologie   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekundární metabolismus * MeSH
• symbióza MeSH
• terpeny metabolismus   MeSH
• upregulace MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The flavoenzyme cytokinin dehydrogenase (CKX) catalyzes an irreversible deactivation of plant hormones cytokinins through oxidative cleavage of the cytokinin side chain to yield adenine or adenosine and an aldehyde. In the catalytic cycle of CKX, the cytokinin-reduced flavin cofactor is reoxidized by a suitable electron acceptor. We have recently demonstrated that the oxidation products of natural hydroxamic acid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) function as effective electron acceptors of apoplastic CKX from maize. The stable oxidation product of DIMBOA reacting with peroxidase or laccase was identified as 4-nitrosoresorcinol 1-monomethyl ether (coniferron), which, however, is only a weak electron acceptor of CKX. Further analyses suggested formation of transient free radicals that were estimated to reoxidize the cytokinin-reduced flavin cofactor of CKX with the rates comparable to those of flavin reduction.

• MeSH
• benzoxaziny chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• cytokininy metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• rostliny imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekundární metabolismus * MeSH
• volné radikály metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Lignans and neolignans are plant secondary metabolites derived from the oxidative coupling of phenylpropanoids. Biological activity of these phenolic compounds ranges from antioxidant, antitumor (terminaloside P, IC50 = 10 nM), anti-inflammatory, anti-neurodegenerative (schibitubin B, IC50 = 3.2 nM) and antiviral (patentiflorin A, IC50 = 14-23 nM) to antimicrobial. In addition, it was observed that several members of this group, namely enterolactone and its biochemical precursors also known as phytoestrogens, possess important protective properties. Most of these lignans and neolignans are presented in reasonable amounts in one's diet and thus the protection they provide against the colon and breast cancer, to name a few, is even more important to note. Similarly, neuroprotective properties were observed (schisanwilsonin G, IC50 = 3.2 nM) These structural motives also serve as an important starting point in the development of anticancer drugs. Presumably the most famous members of this family, etoposide and teniposide, synthetic derivatives of podophyllotoxin, are used in the clinical treatment of lymphocytic leukemia, certain brain tumors, and lung tumors already for nearly 20 years. This review describes 413 lignans and neolignans which have been isolated between 2016 and mid-2018 being reported in more than 300 peer-reviewed articles. It covers their source, structure elucidation, and bioactivity. Within the review, the structure-based overview of compounds as well as the bioactivity-based overview of compounds are described.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lignany chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• sekundární metabolismus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Secondary plant metabolites (SPMEs) play an important role in plant survival in the environment and serve to establish ecological relationships between plants and other organisms. Communication between plants and microorganisms via SPMEs contained in root exudates or derived from litter decomposition is an example of this phenomenon. In this review, the general aspects of rhizodeposition together with the significance of terpenes and phenolic compounds are discussed in detail. We focus specifically on the effect of SPMEs on microbial community structure and metabolic activity in environments contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Furthermore, a section is devoted to a complex effect of plants and/or their metabolites contained in litter on bioremediation of contaminated sites. New insights are introduced from a study evaluating the effects of SPMEs derived during decomposition of grapefruit peel, lemon peel, and pears on bacterial communities and their ability to degrade PCBs in a long-term contaminated soil. The presented review supports the "secondary compound hypothesis" and demonstrates the potential of SPMEs for increasing the effectiveness of bioremediation processes.

• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace * MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly toxicita   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• sekundární metabolismus MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The aim of the study was to investigate how selected natural compounds (naringin, caffeic acid, and limonene) induce shifts in both bacterial community structure and degradative activity in long-term polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated soil and how these changes correlate with changes in chlorobiphenyl degradation capacity. In order to address this issue, we have integrated analytical methods of determining PCB degradation with pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene tag-encoded amplicons and DNA-stable isotope probing (SIP). Our model system was set in laboratory microcosms with PCB-contaminated soil, which was enriched for 8 weeks with the suspensions of flavonoid naringin, terpene limonene, and phenolic caffeic acid. Our results show that application of selected plant secondary metabolites resulted in bacterial community structure far different from the control one (no natural compound amendment). The community in soil treated with caffeic acid is almost solely represented by Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia (together over 99 %). Treatment with naringin resulted in an enrichment of Firmicutes to the exclusion of Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. SIP was applied in order to identify populations actively participating in 4-chlorobiphenyl catabolism. We observed that naringin and limonene in soil foster mainly populations of Hydrogenophaga spp., caffeic acid Burkholderia spp. and Pseudoxanthomonas spp. None of these populations were detected among 4-chlorobiphenyl utilizers in non-amended soil. Similarly, the degradation of individual PCB congeners was influenced by the addition of different plant compounds. Residual content of PCBs was lowest after treating the soil with naringin. Addition of caffeic acid resulted in comparable decrease of total PCBs with non-amended soil; however, higher substituted congeners were more degraded after caffeic acid treatment compared to all other treatments. Finally, it appears that plant secondary metabolites have a strong effect on the bacterial community structure, activity, and associated degradative ability.

• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu metabolismus   MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly metabolismus   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• sekundární metabolismus MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cDCE), which is a common hazardous compound, often accumulates during incomplete reductive dechlorination of higher chlorinated ethenes (CEs) at contaminated sites. Simple monoaromatics, such as toluene and phenol, have been proven to induce biotransformation of cDCE in microbial communities incapable of cDCE degradation in the absence of other carbon sources. The goal of this microcosm-based laboratory study was to discover non-toxic natural monoaromatic secondary plant metabolites (SPMEs) that could enhance cDCE degradation in a similar manner to toluene and phenol. Eight SPMEs were selected on the basis of their monoaromatic molecular structure and widespread occurrence in nature. The suitability of the SPMEs chosen to support bacterial growth and to promote cDCE degradation was evaluated in aerobic microbial cultures enriched from cDCE-contaminated soil in the presence of each SPME tested and cDCE. Significant cDCE depletions were achieved in cultures enriched on acetophenone, phenethyl alcohol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and trans-cinnamic acid. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of each microbial community revealed ubiquitous enrichment of bacteria affiliated with the genera Cupriavidus, Rhodococcus, Burkholderia, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas. Our results provide further confirmation of the previously stated secondary compound hypothesis that plant metabolites released into the rhizosphere can trigger biodegradation of environmental pollutants, including cDCE.

• MeSH
• acetofenony metabolismus   MeSH
• aerobióza MeSH
• Bacteria genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• cinnamáty metabolismus   MeSH
• dichlorethyleny metabolismus   MeSH
• fenethylalkohol metabolismus   MeSH
• fenoly metabolismus   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hydroxybenzoáty metabolismus   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrobiální společenstva genetika   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• sekundární metabolismus MeSH
• toluen metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Východisko. Mentální anorexie jemodel prostého hladovění doprovázený sekundární hyperlipoproteinémií. Hladiny plazmatických lipidů a lipoproteinů jsou ovlivněny složením mastných kyselin. Koncentrace lathosterolu jsou ukazatelemsyntézy cholesterolu de novo, koncentrace fytosterolů reflektují resorpci exogenního cholesterolu. Cílem studie bylo zjistit složení mastných kyselin v lipidových třídách plazmy a jejich vztah k plazmatickým lipidům, lipoproteinům, lathosterolu, kampesterolu a β-sitosterolu. Metody a výsledky. Vyšetřili jsme 16 žen s mentální anorexií a 25 zdravých kontrol. Hlavní lipidové třídy byly separovány tenkovrstevnou chromatografií, mastné kyseliny a steroly byly stanoveny kapilární plynovou chromatografií. Pacientky s mentální anorexií měly oproti kontrolní skupině zvýšené koncentrace celkového cholesterolu, triacylglycerolů, HDL-cholesterolu, kampesterolu a β-sitosterolu, změny v hladinách lathosterolu nedosáhly statistické významnosti. Konzistentním nálezem ve složení mastných kyselin bylo snížení obsahu kyseliny linolové a zvýšení obsahu kyseliny palmitolejové ve všech lipidových třídách. Závěry. Změny v hladinách plazmatických lipidů a lipoproteinů u mentální anorexie jsou výsledkem komplexních mechanizmů, které zahrnují zvýšenou syntézu lipoproteinů bohatých na triacylglyceroly při zachování rychlosti syntézy cholesterolu a pravděpodobně zvýšené resorpci exogenního cholesterolu.

Background. Anorexia nervosa is a model of simple starvation accompanied by secondary hyperlipoproteinemia. Plasma fatty acid pattern influences levels of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Level of plasma lathosterol represents a marker of cholesterol synthesis de novo; levels of plant sterols reflect resorption of exogenous cholesterol. The aimof the studywas to evaluate fatty acids in plasma lipid classes and their relationships to plasma lipids, lipoproteins, lathosterol, campesterol and β-sitosterol. Methods and Results. We examined 16 women with anorexia nervosa and 25 matched controls. Main lipid classes were separated by thin-layer chromatography, fatty acids and non-cholesterol sterols were evaluated by capillary gas chromatography. Patients with anorexia nervosa revealed increased concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, campesterol and β-sitosterol; changes in plasma levels of lathosterol did not reach statistical significance. The most consistent finding in fatty acid composition was a decreased content of linoleic acid and raised content of palmitoleic acid in all lipid classes. Conclusions. Changes of plasma lipids and lipoproteins in anorexia nervosa result from complex mechanisms including increased synthesis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins along with unchanged cholesterol synthesis rate. Hypercholesterolemia in anorexia nervosa may also result from increased resorption of exogenous cholesterol.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• fytosteroly krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• klinické laboratorní techniky statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy krev   MeSH
• lipoproteiny krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny chemie   krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• mentální anorexie diagnóza   etiologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů MeSH
• steroly krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

The environmental fate of airborne nanoparticles and their toxicity to plants is not yet fully understood. Pot-grown barley plants with second leaves developed were therefore exposed to CdO nanoparticles (CdONPs) of ecologically relevant size (7-60 nm) and concentration (2.03 ± 0.45 × 10(5) particles cm(-3)) in air for 3 weeks. An experiment was designed to test the effects of different treatments when only leaves (T1); leaves and soil substrate (T2); and leaves, soil, and water supply were exposed to nanoparticles (T3). A fourth, control group of plants was left without treatment (T0). Although CdONPs were directly absorbed by leaves from the air, a part of leaf-allocated Cd was also transported from roots by transpiration flow. Chromatographic assays revealed that CdONPs had a significant effect on total content of primary metabolites (amino acids and saccharides) but no significant effect on total content of secondary metabolites (phenolic compounds, Krebs cycle acids, and fatty acids). In addition, the compositions of individual metabolite classes were affected by CdONP treatment. For example, tryptophan and phenylalanine were the most affected amino acids in both analysed organs, while ferulic acid and isovitexin constituted the polyphenols most affected in leaves. Even though CdONP treatment had no effect on total fatty acids content, there were significant changes in the composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in both the roots and leaves of treated plants. Although the results indicate the most pronounced effect in T3 plants as compared to T1 and T2 plants, even just leaf exposure to CdONPs has the potential to induce changes in plant metabolism.

• MeSH
• aminokyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• apigenin metabolismus   MeSH
• fenoly metabolismus   MeSH
• ječmen (rod) účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny kumarové metabolismus   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu toxicita   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• listy rostlin účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• nanočástice toxicita   MeSH
• oxidy toxicita   MeSH
• sekundární metabolismus účinky léků   MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia toxicita   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Research groups have put significant emphasis on the evaluation of nutritional, health-promoting, and other biological activities of secondary metabolites from buckwheat. Among these phytochemicals, phenolic and lipophilic antioxidants, particularly, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tocopherols, have been the focus of the latest studies since antioxidant activity has recently been associated with the possibility of inhibiting fungal growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis. The mycotoxin contamination of cereal and pseudocereal grains caused primarily by Fusarium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus species poses a significant hazard to human health. Therefore, efforts to examine the involvement of plant antioxidants in the biosynthesis of mycotoxins at the transcriptional level have emerged. In addition, hydrophobic interactions of buckwheat phenolics with cell membranes could also explain their capacity to reduce fungal development. Eventually, possibilities of enhancing the biological activity of cereal and pseudocereal phytochemicals have been studied, and sourdough fermentation has been proposed as an efficient method to increase antioxidant activities. This effect could result in an increased antifungal effects of sourdough and bakery products. This review reports the main advances in research on buckwheat phenolics and other antioxidant phytochemicals, highlighting possible mechanisms of action and processes that could improve their biological activities.

• MeSH
• Fagopyrum chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• fenoly chemie   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• fungicidy průmyslové chemie   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• houby účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty chemie   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• sekundární metabolismus MeSH
• semena rostlinná chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH