INTRODUCTION: Synchronous behaviors between individuals are nonverbal signs of closeness and common purpose. In the flow from initial attraction to intimate sexual interaction, attention and synchrony move from distal to proximal to interactive and are mediated by sensitized activation of neural systems for sexual motivation, arousal, and desire and those that recognize and mimic common facial and body movements between individuals. When reinforced by sexual pleasure and other relationship rewards, this results in the strengthening of attraction and bonding and the display of more common motor patterns. As relationships falter, nonverbal behaviors likely become asynchronous. OBJECTIVES: To define behavioral, romantic, and sexual synchrony during phases of attraction and how their disruption can be observed and utilized by clinicians to assess individual relationship styles and quality. METHODS: We review the literature on behavioral and attentional synchrony in humans and animals in an effort to understand experiential and innate mechanisms of synchrony and asynchrony and how they develop, as well as implications for attraction, relationship initiation, maintenance of romantic and sexual closeness, and relationship disintegration. RESULTS: Evidence is presented that behavioral synchrony and the neural mechanisms that underlie it are vital to relationship formation and satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Behavioral synchrony helps to create feelings of sexual and romantic synergy, cohesion, and arousal among individuals. Asynchrony is aversive and can spark feelings of discontent, aversion, and jealousy. Thus, observing patterns of nonverbal sexual and romantic synchrony between individuals offers insights into the potential quality of their relationships.

• MeSH
• Emotions MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Motivation MeSH
• Brain MeSH
• Courtship * MeSH
• Sexual Partners * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

BACKGROUND: Differences exist between the proximal and distal colon in terms of developmental origin, exposure to patterning genes, environmental mutagens, and gut flora. Little is known on how these differences may affect mechanisms of tumorigenesis, side-specific therapy response or prognosis. We explored systematic differences in pathway activation and their clinical implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Detailed clinicopathological data for 3045 colon carcinoma patients enrolled in the PETACC3 adjuvant chemotherapy trial were available for analysis. A subset of 1404 samples had molecular data, including gene expression and DNA copy number profiles for 589 and 199 samples, respectively. In addition, 413 colon adenocarcinoma from TCGA collection were also analyzed. Tumor side-effect on anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy was assessed in a cohort of 325 metastatic patients. Outcome variables considered were relapse-free survival and survival after relapse (SAR). RESULTS: Proximal carcinomas were more often mucinous, microsatellite instable (MSI)-high, mutated in key tumorigenic pathways, expressed a B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF)-like and a serrated pathway signature, regardless of histological type. Distal carcinomas were more often chromosome instable and EGFR or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplified, and more frequently overexpressed epiregulin. While risk of relapse was not different per side, SAR was much poorer for proximal than for distal stage III carcinomas in a multivariable model including BRAF mutation status [N = 285; HR 1.95, 95% CI (1.6-2.4), P < 0.001]. Only patients with metastases from a distal carcinoma responded to anti-EGFR therapy, in line with the predictions of our pathway enrichment analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Colorectal carcinoma side is associated with differences in key molecular features, some immediately druggable, with important prognostic effects which are maintained in metastatic lesions. Although within side significant molecular heterogeneity remains, our findings justify stratification of patients by side for retrospective and prospective analyses of drug efficacy and prognosis.

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neoplasm Recurrence, Local drug therapy   genetics   pathology   MeSH
• Neoplasm Metastasis MeSH
• Microsatellite Instability MeSH
• Neoplasm Proteins biosynthesis   genetics   MeSH
• Colonic Neoplasms drug therapy   genetics   pathology   MeSH
• Disease-Free Survival MeSH
• Prognosis MeSH
• Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic genetics   MeSH
• Neoplasm Staging MeSH
• Translational Research, Biomedical MeSH
• DNA Copy Number Variations genetics   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

In taekwondo, there is a lack of consensus about how the kick sequence occurs. The aim of this study was to analyse the peak velocity (resultant and value in each plane) of lower limb segments (thigh, shank and foot), and the time to reach this peak velocity in the kicking lower limb during the execution of the roundhouse kick technique. Ten experienced taekwondo athletes (five males and five females; mean age of 25.3 ±5.1 years; mean experience of 12.9 ±5.3 years) participated voluntarily in this study performing consecutive kicking trials to a target located at their sternum height. Measurements for the kinematic analysis were performed using two 3D force plates and an eight camera motion capture system. The results showed that the proximal segment reached a lower peak velocity (resultant and in each plane) than distal segments (except the peak velocity in the frontal plane where the thigh and shank presented similar values), with the distal segment taking the longest to reach this peak velocity (p < 0.01). Also, at the instant every segment reached the peak velocity, the velocity of the distal segment was higher than the proximal one (p < 0.01). It provides evidence about the sequential movement of the kicking lower limb segments. In conclusion, during the roundhouse kick in taekwondo inter-segment motion seems to be based on a proximo-distal pattern.

• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe pathoanatomy and to raise awareness of a fracture of the lateral malleolus combined with a high subcapital fracture of the fibula caused by a dislocation mechanism. METHODS: The study comprised 11 patients, 5 men and 6 women, with the mean age of 57 years (range, 21-87), with a "Double Maisonneuve fracture". Individual lesions of ankle structures were described on the basis of radiographs, CT, and intraoperative findings. RESULTS: The distal fibular fracture was classified as Weber type B in 1 case and Weber type C in 10 cases. The proximal fibular fracture was described as a subcapital oblique spiral fracture with metadiaphyseal involvement in nine cases and a high short oblique fracture with fibular head involvement in two cases. Injury to the deltoid ligament was revealed in six cases; a bicollicular fracture of the medial malleolus was found in five patients. Posterior malleolar fractures were classified as type 1 in eight cases and type 2 in three cases. Avulsion of the Chaput tubercle was detected in four cases. Injury to the interosseous tibiofibular ligament was assessed in nine patients. CONCLUSION: Double Maisonneuve fracture is a rare but probably underreported injury that must be taken into consideration during examination, as it may be easily overlooked. The essential part of diagnosis is a careful clinical examination and radiological assessment of the lower leg with additional CT examination of the ankle.

• MeSH
• Fibula diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Ankle Fractures * diagnostic imaging   surgery   MeSH
• Ankle Joint pathology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Fractures, Multiple * MeSH
• Ankle Injuries * diagnostic imaging   surgery   MeSH
• Tibia injuries   MeSH
• Fracture Fixation, Internal MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

BACKGROUND: The sural nerve is a somatosensory nerve that provides sensation to the posterolateral aspect of the lower leg and the lateral part of the ankle and foot. Due to its location and anatomical properties, it is often used as an autologous nerve graft. However, the nerve harvest can be complicated by the presence of side branches. The objective of this study was to investigate the anatomy of the sural nerve and to map its side branches. This information can be used to predict the localization of separate incisions during the stair-step incisions technique for nerve harvest, thereby reducing the risk of complications. METHODS: The study involved the dissection of 50 adult cadaveric legs (25 left and 25 right) obtained from 27 Central European cadavers. The focus of the dissection was to identify the sural nerve, small saphenous vein, and surrounding anatomical structures. Detailed measurements were taken on the side branches of the sural nerve, tributaries of the small saphenous vein, and their interrelationship. RESULTS: The average number of sural nerve side branches in a single leg was 4.2±1.9. These side branches were categorized into six groups based on their location and course: mediodistal, medioproximal, lateroproximal, laterodistal, medial perpendicular, and lateral perpendicular. Specific patterns of combination of these side branches were also identified and described. The branching point of the sural nerve was found to be 5.8±2.7 cm proximal to the lateral malleolus, whereas the small saphenous vein branching point was located more distally, 4.5 ± 2.8 cm proximal to the lateral malleolus. The highest density of sural nerve side branches was found 2.1-6.0 cm above the lateral malleolus. CONCLUSION: This study presents valuable data about the relationship between the sural nerve and the surrounding anatomical structures in the distal part of the leg, including the identification of its side branches and their relevance during nerve harvest procedures. On the basis of the most frequent locations of side branches, a three-incision-technique for nerve harvest is proposed.

• MeSH
• Leg * innervation   anatomy & histology   MeSH
• Dissection MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Cadaver * MeSH
• Sural Nerve * anatomy & histology   MeSH
• Tissue and Organ Harvesting methods   MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Saphenous Vein anatomy & histology   innervation   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

BACKGROUND: Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency (PFFD) is the most proximal manifestation of a syndrome involving Congenitally Shortened lower Limbs (CSL), which also affects the fibula and midline metatarsals. This pattern of congenital human long bone deficiencies corresponds, in a time dependent manner, to the failed ingrowth pathways of new blood vessels of the growing embryonic limb. The distal femoral condyles are, in contrast, served by an alternative vascular supply from around the knee joint, and so remain resistant to the CSL deficiency. AIM: We hypothesize that embryonic vascular dysgenesis causes PFFD, as well as the cardinal features of the Femoral, Fibular and midline Metatarsal deficiencies (FFM) syndrome. RESULTS: Arteriography of CSL with PFFD reveals diminution or failed formation of the Femoral Artery (FA), which corresponds to downstream skeletal reductions. It may also reveal preservation of the primitive Axial Artery (AA) of the embryonic limb. The combination of missing and retained primitive vessels inform the time, place, and nature of the etiologic vascular events. This suggests that PFFD is the visible expression of a normally prefigured cartilaginous scaffold of the femur, which develops in conformity with the available pattern of blood vessels present. The teratogen thalidomide, known to affect the forming embryonic vasculature, also produces PFFD indistinguishable from the naturally occurring entity. CONCLUSION: The entire spectrum of PFFD, including phocomelia, fibular, and metatarsal dystrophisms, should thus be regarded as downstream skeletal results of embryonic arterial dysgeneses.

• MeSH
• Femoral Artery * abnormalities   embryology   MeSH
• Femur * abnormalities   blood supply   embryology   MeSH
• Fibula abnormalities   blood supply   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Metatarsal Bones abnormalities   MeSH
• Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital * embryology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

Hereditární motorické neuropatie (HMN), někdy též nazývané distální spinální svalové atrofie (dSMA), jsou charakterizované selektivním postižením motorické části periferního nervového systému. Představují asi 10 % všech hereditárních neuropatií. Typickým znakem jsou symetrické svalové atrofie, které postihují distální svaly končetin a vykazují tzv. na délce nervu závislý (length dependent) vzorec poruchy. Představují heterogenní skupinu motorických neuropatií s významnou variabilitou fenotypu a velkou genetickou heterogenitou s různými typy dědičnosti. Aktuálně bylo popsáno více než 12 různých genů, jejichž mutace jsou kauzální pro různé formy HMN. Jednotlivé formy se liší věkem nástupu příznaků, primárním postižením buď horních nebo dolních končetin a kombinací s dalšími příznaky např. s pyramidovými jevy, minoritními senzitivními poruchami, neuromyotonií, parézou hlasivek. Diagnostika se vedle kliniky a elektrodiagnostiky opírá o molekulárně genetické testy a nálezy kauzálních mutací. Diferenciální diagnostika je důležitá proti CMT nemoci, nemocem periferního motoneuronu, včetně juvenilní familární formy amyotrofické laterální sklerózy nebo získané multifokální motorické neuropatie. Kauzální terapie není k dispozici a základem je rehabilitační a lázeňská léčba, dále protetické a zdravotní pomůcky. V případě stanovení kauzální mutace je důležité genetické poradenství a v některých případech i zajištění prenatální či preimplantační diagnostiky.

The hereditary motor neuropathies (HMN), sometimes called distal spinal muscular atrophies (dSMA), are characterized by selective involvement of peripheral motor nervous system. They affect about 10% of all patients suffering from hereditary neuropathies. The typical clinical features are symmetric atrophies and weakness of distal muscles of all extremities in lenght dependent pattern. They are clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of motor neuropathies with great diversity of phenotype and genotype. This group was subdivided into different types according to age of onset, muscle weakness distribution at upper or lower limbs, minor sensory impairment, neuromyotonia or vocal cord paralysis. Recently, more than 12 genes were discovered and are considered as a cause of different type of HMN. The diagnostic algorithm include clinical symptoms, electrophysiology and molecular genetic testing. The differential diagnosis is very important and similar conditions are considered, g.e. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, motor neuron diseases, including juvenile forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or acquired multifocal motor neuropathy. The causative treatment is not available. The physiotherapy, orthotics and orthopedic surgery are important. The genetic counselling, prenatal or preimplant genetics testing are very important in the case of known causative mutation.

• MeSH
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease * diagnosis   etiology   therapy   MeSH
• Diagnosis, Differential MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Genetic Techniques trends   utilization   MeSH
• Hereditary Sensory and Motor Neuropathy * diagnosis   genetics   therapy   MeSH
• Disease Attributes MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• International Classification of Diseases classification   trends   utilization   MeSH
• Muscular Atrophy, Spinal * diagnosis   etiology   therapy   MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

The term "idiopathic calcifying tenosynovitis" (ICT) refers to a clinically and radiologically defined syndrome of pain and tendinous calcifications, most often involving the shoulder joint. A distinctive subset of ICT cases, termed "tenosynovitis with psammomatous calcifications" (TPC), occurs in the distal extremities and shows characteristic morphology, in particular psammomatous calcifications. As only 14 cases have been reported to date, TPC remains poorly recognized by both pathologists and clinicians. Twenty-three well-characterized cases of TPC along with all available radiologic and clinical information, including follow-up, were collected. Cases occurred in 21 females and 1 male (1 patient of unknown sex), aged 16 to 75 years (mean: 41), and almost exclusively involved the fingers and toes, except for one case in the elbow and one in the knee joint. The lesions ranged from 2 to 30 mm in size (mean: 10 mm). Pain was the most common presenting symptom (12/16 patients). A history of trauma or repetitive activity was present in 6 of 15 patients. None of the individuals was known to have disorders in calcium or phosphate metabolism. Radiographic studies showed a nonspecific, calcified mass. Typical morphologic features of TPC were invariably present, with degenerating tendinous tissue containing psammomatous calcifications, surrounded by a variably cellular, CD68/CD163/CD4-positive histiocyte-rich granulomatous host reaction. HUMARA assay in one case showed a polyclonal pattern. Clinical follow-up (19 patients; mean: 5.2 y; range: 1 to 14 y) showed no local recurrences. In this, the largest study of TPC to date, we confirm striking predilection of this distinctive pseudoneoplasm for the fingers and toes of young to middle-aged women. TPC should be rigorously distinguished from other forms of ICT, which typically involve large, proximal joints, and show simply dystrophic calcification involving tendinous tissues, and from tumoral calcinosis, which also involves large joints and often is associated with calcium and/or phosphate abnormalities. TPC appears to be related to trauma and/or repetitive activity and is cured with simple excision.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Calcinosis pathology   MeSH
• Extremities pathology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Tenosynovitis pathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

BACKGROUND: Contrary to the classic anatomical description, many recent studies have reported wide variations in branching patterns and location of motor branches that are supplying the pronator teres muscle. To understand these variations and their implications in surgical procedures of the nerve transfers, a systematic review was performed on the innervation of pronator teres muscle from cadaveric studies. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in databases such as Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO, ScienceDirect, Cochrane reviews and orthopedics textbooks using the search terms "pronator teres nerve branches"; AND "number" OR "location" OR "length" OR "diameter" yielded 545 article links. Articles were evaluated according to PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: A total of twenty cadaveric studies including 648 branches have registered 52.9% of two branch innervation pattern followed by 31.3%-single branch pattern; 13.5%-three branch pattern; 1.7%-four branch pattern, and 0.4%-five branch patterns, respectively. Of the 403 branches studied for their location in relation with the humeral intercondylar line, most branches were located distal to the line (50.3%), followed by 32.7% (proximal to it) and 16.8% at the line, respectively. The distance of branches located proximal and distal to humeral intercondylar line was in the range of 1.25-10 cm, and 1.1-7.5 cm, respectively. The mean length and diameter of nerves reported were 4.37 ± 2.43 cm, and 1.5 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data defined the morphometrics of nerve branches and they often met the required diameter for neurotization procedures. Our findings also demonstrated that the morphometrics, branching pattern and their location vary between populations and this information is very vital for surgeons during the nerve transfers.

• MeSH
• Anatomic Variation * MeSH
• Muscle, Skeletal innervation   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Cadaver MeSH
• Nerve Transfer methods   MeSH
• Median Nerve anatomy & histology   MeSH
• Ulnar Nerve anatomy & histology   MeSH
• Forearm innervation   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Systematic Review MeSH

BACKGROUND: Factor V Leiden (FVL) supposedly carries relatively higher risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), compared to the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE). AIM: To prove this paradox in a group of patients with various clinical presentation of venous thromboembolism (VTE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated clinical pattern of VTE in patients who had been referred to vascular clinic shortly after an acute VTE event. In FVL positive and FVL negative groups we compared the prevalence of isolated symptomatic DVT (proximal or distal) and symptomatic PE with/without DVT, and, moreover, asymptomatic DVT or PE. RESULTS: Of 575 patients (mean age 57 years, 50.1% women), 120 were FVL positive and those had significantly higher prevalence of isolated symptomatic DVT, compared to symptomatic PE with/without DVT. Proximal DVT location was significantly more frequent in FVL carriers. The prevalence of asymptomatic PE did not differ between the two groups. The rate of asymptomatic DVT tended to be higher in FVL negative group. In a multivariate analysis, we confirmed FVL to be positively associated with isolated DVT presentation (odds ratio OR 1.757; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.148-2.690). On the contrary, increasing age and unprovoked nature of VTE event carried a higher risk of symptomatic PE. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed FVL to be significantly associated with isolated symptomatic DVT despite higher prevalence of proximal DVT in FVL carriers. The fact of relatively lower risk of PE in FVL positive patients might have clinical implication. However, mechanisms of FVL paradox remain to be elucidated.

• MeSH
• Asymptomatic Diseases epidemiology   MeSH
• Point Mutation MeSH
• Genetic Carrier Screening MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Factor V genetics   MeSH
• Blood Coagulation genetics   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Pulmonary Embolism * epidemiology   genetics   physiopathology   MeSH
• Prevalence MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Venous Thrombosis * epidemiology   genetics   physiopathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH
• Geographicals
• Ireland MeSH