New generation of sequential injection analysis (SIA) called sequential injection chromatography (SIC) has already been consolidated as a good alternative of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for fast analysis of simple samples. Benefits of flow methods are automation, miniaturization and low sample and mobile phase consumption. Implementation of short monolithic chromatographic column into SIA opens new area-on-line chromatographic separation of multi-compound sample in low-pressure flow system, with the advantage of flow programming and possibility of sample manipulation. In the presented review the potential of SIC and its comparison with HPLC for determination of pharmaceutical mixtures is discussed and outlines past and recent trends focused on separation with SIC.
- MeSH
- Chromatography methods instrumentation MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Dosage Forms MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Flow Injection Analysis methods instrumentation MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
A proof of concept of a novel pervaporation sequential injection (PSI) analysis method for automatic non-chromatographic speciation analysis of inorganic arsenic in complex aqueous samples is presented. The method is based on hydride generation of arsine followed by its on-line pervaporation-based membrane separation and CCD spectrophotometric detection. The concentrations of arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are determined sequentially in a single sample zone. The leading section of the sample zone merges with a citric acid/citrate buffer solution (pH 4.5) for the selective reduction of As(III) to arsine while the trailing section of the sample zone merges with hydrochloric acid solution to allow the reduction of both As(III) and As(V) to arsine at pH lower than 1. Virtually identical analytical sensitivity is obtained for both As(III) and As(V) at this high acidity. The flow analyzer also accommodates in-line pH detector for monitoring of the acidity throughout the sample zone prior to hydride generation. Under optimal conditions the proposed PSI method is characterized by a limit of detection, linear calibration range and repeatability for As(III) of 22 μg L(-1) (3sblank level criterion), 50-1000 μg L(-1) and 3.0% at the 500 μg L(-1) level and for As(V) of 51 μg L(-1), 100-2000 μg L(-1) and 2.6% at the 500 μg L(-1) level, respectively. The method was validated with mixed As(III)/As(V) standard aqueous solutions and successfully applied to the determination of As(III) and As(V) in river water samples with elevated content of dissolved organic carbon and suspended particulate matter with no prior sample pretreatment. Excellent relative recoveries ranging from 98% to 104% were obtained for both As(III) and As(V).
- MeSH
- Arsenates isolation & purification MeSH
- Arsenicals chemistry MeSH
- Arsenites isolation & purification MeSH
- Water Pollutants, Chemical isolation & purification MeSH
- Calibration MeSH
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration MeSH
- Citric Acid chemistry MeSH
- Limit of Detection MeSH
- Flow Injection Analysis methods MeSH
- Rivers chemistry MeSH
- Spectrophotometry instrumentation methods MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Cíl studie: Rozlišit genotypy a subtypy Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato a Ehrlichia spp. V kulturách, ve vzorcích mozkomíšního moku a krve pacientů a ve tkáních zvířat. Studie byla zaměřena na střední a východní Čechy a Moravu. Materiál: Zkoumáno bylo 16 kmenů borelií, izolovaných z krve a moku pacientů, dále 49 vzorků mozkomíšního moku a krve pacientů s boreliózou, tkáně 80 kusů lovné zvěře a krev 55 krav. Metody: Diferenciaci a kvantifikaci obou patogenů umožnilo užití LightCycler PCR v reálném čase s příměry 16S rRNA, OspA, recA genů a přímá PCR-sekvenační analýza produktů. Výsledky: Prokázali jsme 11 kmenů Borrelia garinii, OspA-typy 5,6,4 a pět kmenů B. afélii. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto nebyla v kulturách prokázána. Sekvenační analýzou PCR produktů ze 49 vzorků mozkomíšního moku jsme prokázali B. burgdorferi s.s. v 20,4 %, B. afzeJii v 12,2 %, B. garinii, subtypy 6, 5, 4 a 3 v 61,3 %, z nichž 8,2 % vzorků obsahovalo kombinace blízkých OspA-typů. Koinfekce s EhrJichia phagocytophiia byla zjištěna v 6,1 % vzorků. E. phagocytophiia subtyp Frankonia I a II jsme prokázali u 12,5 % lovné zvěře a u 9 % skotu. B. burgdorferi sensu strigo a B. garinii byla zjištěna u 17,5 % lovné zvěře. Light Cycler PCR v reálném čase byla méně sensitivní v tekutinách pacientů než v kulturách a v tkáních zvířat. Závěr: Prokázali jsme, že neuroboreliózu mohou působit všechny tři genospecies B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Průběh infekce a symptomy mohou ovlivnit různé OspA- subtypy.
Purpose of the study: To differentiate the genotypes and subtypes of Borreiia burgdorferi sensu lato and Ehrlichia spp. in cultures, in samples of patients' cerebrospinal fluid and blood and in animal tissues. The study focuses on southern and eastern Bohemia and on Moravia. Material: The investigation involved 16 borrelia strains isolated from the blood and CSP of patients and further 49 samples of CSF and blood of borreliosis patients, tissues from 80 pieces of game animals and blood from 55 cows. Methods: The differentiation and quantification of the two pathogenes was done using real-time LightCycler PCR with the primers loS rRNA, OpA, recA genes and direct PCR sequential analysis of the products. Results: We demonstrated 11 strains of Borreiia garinii, OspA types 5, 6, 4 and 5 strains of B. afzelii. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto was not demonstrated in the cultures. The sequential analysis PCR of the products from 49 CSF samples demonstrated B, burgdorferi s.s. in 20.4 %, B. afzelii in 12.2 %, B. garnii subtypes 6, 5, 4 and 3 in 61.3 % - out of these 8.2 % of the samples contained combinations similar to OspA types. Co-infection with Ehrlichia phagocytophila was found in 6.1 % of samples. E. phagocytophila subtype Frankonia I and II was demonstrated in 12.5 % of game animals and in 9 % of cattle. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto and B. garinii were identified in 17.5 % of game. Real-time LightCycler PCR was less sensitive in patients' fluids than in cultures and animal tissues. Conclusions: We demonstrated that all three genotypes of B. burgdorferi sensu lato are capable of causing neuroborreliosis. The course of the infection and its symptoms may be affected by various OspA subtypes.
- MeSH
- Borrelia genetics classification pathogenicity MeSH
- Ehrlichia genetics pathogenicity MeSH
- Ehrlichiosis diagnosis microbiology MeSH
- Research Support as Topic MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Lyme Disease diagnosis microbiology MeSH
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction methods MeSH
- Signs and Symptoms diagnosis MeSH
- Sequence Analysis methods MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
Capillary isoelectric focusing hyphenated with mass spectrometry detection, following the sequential injection of the carrier ampholytes and the sample zone, is highly efficient for the characterization of proteins. The main advantage of the sequential injection protocol is that ampholytes, with pH ranges, which are not supposed to cover the isoelectric points of the sample components, can be used for separation. The method then allows online mass spectrometry detection of separated analytes either in the absence (substances that have left the pH gradient) or in the presence of low-level ampholytes (substances that are migrating within the pH gradient). The appearance of the substances within, or outside the pH gradient depends on, e.g., the composition of the ampholytes (broad or narrow pH range) or on the composition of electrolyte solutions. The experiments performed in coated capillaries (with polyvinyl alcohol or with polyacrylamide) show that the amount and the injection length of the ampholytes influence the length of the pH gradient formed in the capillary.
A review is presented on the state of the art of the chemiluminescence analysis of pharmaceuticals by the two most relevant automated controlled-flow methodologies--flow-injection analysis (FIA) and sequential-injection analysis (SIA). The current chemiluminometric applications of FIA and SIA in pharmaceutical analysis are discussed with special emphasis on the analytical figures of merit and sample matrix characteristics. The review involving 211 references and covering papers published between 2001 and 2006 is divided into several sections according to the fundamental types of chemiluminescence systems employed.
The modified BCR three step sequential extraction procedure has been applied to homogenized urban dust samples collected in sedimentation chambers of two Prague tunnels (road, Letna, subway, and station Museum), and to SRM 1648 urban particulate matter (NIST) to validate the applicability of the procedure. Analyte concentrations in the fourth step were calculated from the total content of analytes determined and verified before, in case of the SRM 1648 certified values have been utilized. Concentrations of chosen elements As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn (Cu, Fe) in each fraction were measured by ICP-OES and GF AAS (arsenic determination) methods. The work has been focused on (i) levels investigation of toxic elements in dust samples and their distribution following a three-stage sequential extraction procedure, (ii) finding differences between two tunnel samples utilizing the estimation of mobility of trace elements, some macro-component comparisons and main mineralogical phases determinations by XRD analysis, (iii) validation of the proposed procedure using SRM 1648 Urban Particulate Matter (NIST) and comparative data obtained by a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method.
- MeSH
- Electrophoresis, Capillary methods MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Geologic Sediments chemistry MeSH
- Mass Spectrometry methods MeSH
- Air Pollutants analysis MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Environmental Monitoring methods standards MeSH
- Dust analysis MeSH
- Sensitivity and Specificity MeSH
- Spectrophotometry, Atomic methods MeSH
- Metals, Heavy analysis MeSH
- Particle Size MeSH
- Urban Health MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Comparative Study MeSH
- Validation Study MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Sequential Injection Chromatography (SIC) evolved from fast and automated non-separation Sequential Injection Analysis (SIA) into chromatographic separation method for multi-element analysis. However, the speed of the measurement (sample throughput) is due to chromatography significantly reduced. In this paper, a sub-1min separation using medium polar cyano monolithic column (5mm×4.6mm) resulted in fast and green separation with sample throughput comparable with non-separation flow methods The separation of three synthetic water-soluble dyes (sunset yellow FCF, carmoisine and green S) was in a gradient elution mode (0.02% ammonium acetate, pH 6.7 - water) with flow rate of 3.0mLmin-1corresponding with sample throughput of 30h-1. Spectrophotometric detection wavelengths were set to 480, 516 and 630nm and 10Hz data collection rate. The performance of the separation was described and discussed (peak capacities 3.48-7.67, peak symmetries 1.72-1.84 and resolutions 1.42-1.88). The method was represented by validation parameters: LODs of 0.15-0.35mgL-1, LOQs of 0.50-1.25mgL-1, calibration ranges 0.50-150.00mgL-1(r>0.998) and repeatability at 10.0mgL-1of RSD≤0.98% (n=6). The method was used for determination of the dyes in "forest berries" colored pharmaceutical cough-cold formulation. The sample matrix - pharmaceuticals and excipients were not interfering with vis determination because of no retention in the separation column and colorless nature. The results proved the concept of fast and green chromatography approach using very short medium polar monolithic column in SIC.
- MeSH
- Coloring Agents MeSH
- Chromatography MeSH
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical methods MeSH
- Drug Compounding MeSH
- Water MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Since its inception, sequential injection chromatography (SIC) has evolved through several stages. Key moments including introduction of the novel technique combining sequential injection analysis and monolithic column, the first generation of commercial SIC system employing robust pump, the utilization of columns packed with fused-core particles, the on-line hyphenation of extraction and separation steps in SIC, are now followed by the second generation of commercial SIC system employing stainless steel syringe pump and parts optimized for chromatographic separation. The key developments always mean acceleration of the evolution by opening new avenues and reduction of compromises in automated analytical methods based on the flow analysis. The updates, new features, and prospects of the novel instrument are described and discussed on perspective of the method developed for extraction and separation of selected phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic). The method hyphenates miniaturized on-line solid phase extraction using strong anion exchange sorbent in commercial cartridge for HPLC (20 × 1 mm) and liquid chromatography using chromatographic column (C18 50 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particles) packed with fused-core particles in the SIC manifold. The separation in gradient mode used acetonitrile: aqueous formic acid pH 2.0 mobile phase and spectrophotometric detection at 270, 300, and 320 nm. Injected sample volumes were 200 and 500 μL. The performance of the extraction step was characterized by the recovery 94.0-107.8%, enrichment factors about 20 or 50, and the separation by peak capacities 13-34, peak symmetries 1.17-1.64, and resolutions 0.82-3.75). While using a sample volume of 200 μL, our method was characterized by the following validation parameters: LODs of 0.0075-0.03 mg L-1, LOQs of 0.025-0.10 mg L-1, calibration ranges 0.025-2.50 mg L-1 (r > 0.999), repeatability of signal at 0.50 mg L-1of RSD ≤ 1.46% (n = 6), and overall time of analysis 7.1 min. The results including pilot analysis of white and red wines demonstrated the capability of novel SIC instrument to enable fast, selective, and sensitive analysis.
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
