social stimuli processing
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Diagnostická kritéria sociální fobie/sociální úzkostné poruchy u dětí a adolescentů se liší v některých ohledech od těch, která náleží dospělým. Je nutno počítat s rolí vývojového procesu. Mezi dětmi a adolescenty se sociální fobií se běžně vyskytují další komorbidní úzkostné a afektivní poruchy. Behaviorální terapie u dětí pomocí techniky systematické desensitizace je cílena na postupnou expozici fobickým stimulům. Kognitivní i behaviorální postupy mohou vyvolat pozitivní kognitivní změny, i když různými mechanizmy. Dosud neexistují konkluzivní, farmakologické studie cílené na léčbu sociální fobie/sociální úzkostné poruchy u dětí. Prozatím však, zčásti podle výsledků u dospělých, se SSRI jeví jako přijatelné preparáty první linie. Na závěr jsou připojeny předběžné zkušenosti s léčbou sertralinem u 6 dětí a adolescentů se sociální fobií.
The diagnostic parameters for social phobia/social anxiety disorder in children and adolescents differ in some respects from those pertaining to adults. The role of developmental processes is taken into account. Among children and adolescents with social phobia, comorbidity with other anxiety and mood disorders is common. In children, behavior therapy focuses on increasing exposure to the feared stimuli using techniques such as systematic desensitisation. Cognitive and behavioural procedures may both produce positive cognitive changes, albeit by different mechanism. No conclusive studies on the pharmacological treatment of social phobia/ social anxiety disorder in children have yet been conducted. So far, SSRIs seem to be the appropriate first-line agents.
- MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- farmakoterapie metody MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- psychoterapie metody MeSH
- sociální problémy MeSH
- úzkostné poruchy etiologie farmakoterapie psychologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
This study investigated whether differences between personality styles in the processing of social stimuli reflect variability in underlying general-purpose or social-specific neurocognitive mechanisms. Sixty-five individuals classified previously into two distinct personality profiles underwent high-density electroencephalography whilst performing tasks that tap into both aspects of cognitive processing - namely, two distinct facets of general-purpose response inhibition (interference resolution and action withholding) during social information processing. To determine the stage of processing at which personality differences manifest, we assessed event-related components associated with the early visual discrimination of social stimuli (N170, N190) and later more general conflict-related processes (N2, P3). Although a performance index of interference resolution was comparable between the personality profiles, differences were detected in action withholding. Specifically, individuals expressing a wider repertoire of personality styles and more adaptive emotion regulation performed significantly better at withholding inappropriate actions to neutral faces presented in emotional contexts compared with those exhibiting stronger preferences for fewer and less adaptive personality styles and more ruminative affective tendencies. At the neurophysiological level, however, difference between the profiles was observed in brain responses elicited to the same stimuli within the N170. These results indicate that neural processes related to early visual discrimination might contribute to differences in the suppression of inappropriate responses towards social stimuli in populations with different personality dispositions.
- MeSH
- elektroencefalografie * metody MeSH
- emoce fyziologie MeSH
- evokované potenciály * fyziologie MeSH
- kognice fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- osobnost MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by exaggerated amygdala reactivity in response to symptom provocation, but it is unclear if such hyper-reactivity is elicited by disorder-specific challenges only or characterizes reactions to aversive stimuli in general. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging in 14 patients with SAD, as compared to 12 healthy controls, we found that amygdala hyper-reactivity is confined to disorder-relevant social stimulation. SAD patients displayed increased amygdala reactivity to fearful as compared to neutral facial pictures, but not in response to generally aversive but mainly non-social stimulation when compared to neutral pictorial stimuli taken from the International Affective Picture System. The increased amygdala reactivity was not mediated by an altered prefrontal inhibition among SAD patients as compared to controls, suggesting increased bottom-up processes rather than attenuated top-down control. In conclusion, the enhanced amygdala reactivity in SAD seems specific to socially relevant stimuli rather than aversive stimuli in general.
- MeSH
- afekt fyziologie MeSH
- amygdala diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- emoce fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody MeSH
- mapování mozku metody MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- sociálně-úzkostná porucha diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- sociální chování * MeSH
- strach fyziologie psychologie MeSH
- světelná stimulace metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Understanding the neural systems underpinning social cognition is a primary focus of contemporary social neuroscience. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the present study asked if brain activity reflecting socio-cognitive processes differs between individuals according to their social behavior; namely, between a group of drivers with frequent traffic offenses and a group with none. Socio-cognitive processing was elicited by employing videos from a traffic awareness campaign, consisting of reckless and anti-social driving behavior ending in tragic consequences, and control videos with analogous driving themes but without such catastrophic endings. We investigated whether relative increases in brain function during the observation of these campaign stimuli compared with control videos differed between these two groups. To develop the results of our previous study we focused our analyses on superior temporal sulcus/gyrus (STS/STG). This revealed a bigger increase in brain activity within this region during the campaign stimuli in safe compared with dangerous drivers. Furthermore, by thematically coding drivers' verbal descriptions of the stimuli, we also demonstrate differences in STS reactivity according to drivers' scores on two indices of socio-cognitive processing: subjects' perceived consequences of actors' actions, and their affective evaluation of the clips. Our results demonstrate the influence of social behavior and socio-cognitive processing on STS reactivity to social stimuli, developing considerably our understanding of the role of this region in social cognition.
- MeSH
- dopravní nehody psychologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mapování mozku * MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
- řízení motorových vozidel psychologie MeSH
- sociální chování * MeSH
- spánkový lalok patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
An alarming number of traffic-related deaths occur each year on European roads alone. Figures reveal that the vast majority of road-traffic accidents are caused by drivers themselves, and so further improvements in road safety require developments in driver training and rehabilitation. This study evaluated a novel approach to driver rehabilitation-specifically, empathy induction as a means of changing attitudes towards risky driving. To assess the effectiveness of this method, the present study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare brain function before and after a short program of empathy induction in 27 drivers whose licenses had been revoked after serious traffic offences (rehabilitated drivers [RDs]). In an extension of our previous research, we first assessed whether neural responses to empathy-eliciting social stimuli changed in these RDs. In order to isolate the neurophysiological effects of empathy induction from any other potential influences, we compared these RDs to a sample of 27 age-, handedness- and driving experience-matched control drivers (CDs) who had no exposure to the program. We then performed dual-fMRI "hyperscanning" to evaluate whether empathy induction changed brain responses during real-world social interactions among drivers; namely, during co-operative and/or competitive exchanges. Our data reveal that RDs exhibited weaker brain responses to socio-emotional stimuli compared with CDs prior to the program, but this difference was reversed after empathy induction. Moreover, we observed differences between pre- and post-program assessments in patterns of brain responses in RDs elicited during competitive social exchanges, which we interpret to reflect a change in their proclivity to react to the perceived wrong-doing of other road users. Together, these findings suggest that empathy induction is an effective form of driver rehabilitation, and the utility of neuroscientific techniques for evaluating and improving rehabilitation programs.
- MeSH
- bezpečnost MeSH
- dopravní nehody prevence a kontrola psychologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- empatie * MeSH
- funkční zobrazování neurálních procesů MeSH
- interpersonální vztahy MeSH
- kompetitivní chování MeSH
- kooperační chování MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozek diagnostické zobrazování fyziologie MeSH
- psychologické modely MeSH
- řízení motorových vozidel psychologie MeSH
- sociální chování MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: This study investigates the modulatory effect of stimulus sequence on neural responses to novel stimuli. A group of 34 healthy volunteers underwent event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a three-stimulus visual oddball task, involving randomly presented frequent stimuli and two types of infrequent stimuli - targets and distractors. NEW METHOD: We developed a modified categorization of rare stimuli that incorporated the type of preceding rare stimulus, and analyzed the event-related functional data according to this sequence categorization; specifically, we explored hemodynamic response modulation associated with increasing rare-to-rare stimulus interval. RESULTS: For two consecutive targets, a modulation of brain function was evident throughout posterior midline and lateral temporal cortex, while responses to targets preceded by distractors were modulated in a widely distributed fronto-parietal system. As for distractors that follow targets, brain function was modulated throughout a set of posterior brain structures. For two successive distractors, however, no significant modulation was observed, which is consistent with previous studies and our primary hypothesis. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: The addition of the aforementioned technique extends the possibilities of conventional oddball task analysis, enabling researchers to explore the effects of the whole range of rare stimuli intervals. CONCLUSION: This methodology can be applied to study a wide range of associated cognitive mechanisms, such as decision making, expectancy and attention.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kyslík krev MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
- mapování mozku * MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozek krevní zásobení fyziologie MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
- pozornost fyziologie MeSH
- světelná stimulace MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
This study examined the role of advance expectations in generating relevance-based selection, using a version of cognitive "blindness" that is driven solely by task relevance. With this irrelevance-induced blindness, participants often fail to report a feature of an irrelevant stimulus, even though the levels of perceptual and cognitive load are minimal (i.e., capacity limitations are not met). Hence, with this phenomenon, selection is based solely on task relevance. In two experiments, we examined such relevance-based selection with a new paradigm in which the participants had to report the location of an object appearing on one of two rings. Critically, while in Experiment 1 the participants could form advance expectations regarding the (ir) relevant stimuli, because the location of the relevant ring and the shape and color of the relevant object were known in advance, in Experiment 2 no concrete advance expectations could be formed. This was established by varying randomly, from trial to trial, the shape, color, and location of relevant and irrelevant stimuli. We found strong irrelevance-induced blindness in both experiments, regardless of whether or not advance expectations were formed. These findings suggest that advance expectations, at least with regard to the task-relevant stimulus' location shape or color, are not necessary for irrelevance-induced blindness to occur; more generally, this implies that such expectations do not play a critical role in selection processes that are based solely on task relevance. We further discuss these findings in the context of Garnerian and Posnerian selection, and their relationship to visual awareness.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- motivace * MeSH
- plnění a analýza úkolů MeSH
- pozornost * MeSH
- uvědomování si * MeSH
- zraková percepce * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
Funkční architektura mozku konzervativců a liberálů se odlišuje, jejich neurofyziologické odpovědi na podněty rovněž, v podobných situacích aktivují odlišné neuronální sítě mozku. Genetické vlivy ovlivňují politické postoje počínaje ranou dospělostí, jejich vliv následně trvá. V konfliktní situaci na základě podnětu určujícího, že je to nutné, liberálové snadněji mění habituální odpověď. Na ohrožující obrázky a zvuky odpovídají konzervativci mohutněji než liberálové, déle se dívají na nepříjemné obrázky, zatímco liberálové déle sledují obrázky příjemné. Liberálové lépe snášejí nejistotu a mají objemnější přední cingulární kůru, konzervativci jsou citlivější na podněty probouzející strach a mají objemnější pravou amygdalu. Rychlé, myšlenkově méně namáhavé odpovědi souvisejí s konzervativní ideologií, namáhavé a cílené myšlenkové úsilí souvisí s liberalismem. Konzervativci jsou motivovanější udržovat fyzickou a morální čistotu, mohutněji než liberálové reagují na obrázky probouzející hnus. Konzervativci jsou méně než liberálové otevření novým zkušenostem, lépe se učí z negativních než z positivních zkušeností. Politický konzervatismus lze chápat jako motivovanou sociální kognici s evolučním pozadím. Při přenosu těchto výsledků do českých podmínek je nutná opatrnost: američtí konzervativci a liberálové jsou podobní české pravici a levici, nejsou však totožní.
Conservatives and liberals have different functional brain architecture, different physiological responses to stimuli, and activate different brain networks when confronted with similar situations. Genetics influence political attitudes during early adulthood and beyond. When faced with conflict, liberals are more likely than conservatives to alter their habitual response when cues indicate it is necessary. In comparison with liberals, conservatives have stronger reactions to threatening images and noises, spend more time looking at unpleasant images, whereas liberals spend more time looking at pleasant images. Liberals have more tolerance to uncertainty and a larger anterior cingular cortex, conservatives have more sensitivity to fear and have a larger right amygdala. Reliance on quick and “low effort” thought processes yields conservative ideologies, while effortful and deliberated reasoning yields liberal ideologies. Conservatives have stronger motivations than liberals to preserve purity and react more strongly than liberals to disgusting images. Conservatives are less open to new experiences and learn better form negative stimuli than positive stimuli. Political conservatism could be understood as a motivated social cognition with an evolutionary background. Some caution with the transfer of these results into Czech conditions is essential: American conservatives and liberals are similar but not identical to the Czech political right and left.
- Klíčová slova
- konzervatismus, liberalismus,
- MeSH
- chování a mechanismy chování MeSH
- dědičnost MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dvojčata MeSH
- experimenty na lidech MeSH
- geny MeSH
- hygiena MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mapování mozku MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mozek MeSH
- nervová síť * MeSH
- neurobiologie MeSH
- neurofyziologie * MeSH
- neurovědy MeSH
- osobnost MeSH
- paměť MeSH
- pití alkoholu MeSH
- politika * MeSH
- postoj * MeSH
- psychologické modely MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- sociální hodnoty * MeSH
- sociální psychologie MeSH
- strach MeSH
- životní prostředí MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- úvodní články MeSH