Interesting and stimulating data about the effect of the perivascular adipose tissue size on atherogenesis are based mainly on CT findings. We studied this topic by directly analyzing perivascular adipose tissue in explanted hearts from patients undergoing transplantation. Ninety-six consecutive patients were included, including 58 with atherosclerotic coronary heart disease (CHD) and 38 with dilation cardiomyopathy (DCMP). The area of perivascular fat, area of the coronary artery wall, and ratio of CD68-positive macrophages within the perivascular fat and within the vascular wall were quantified by immunohistochemistry. There was no significant difference in the perivascular adipose tissue size between the two groups. Nevertheless, there was a significantly higher number of macrophages in the coronary arterial wall of CHD patients. In addition, we found a close relationship between the ratio of macrophages in the arterial wall and adjacent perivascular adipose tissue in the CHD group, but not in the DCMP group. According to our data interaction between macrophages in the arterial wall and macrophages in surrounding adipose tissue could be more important mechanism of atherogenesis than the size of this tissue itself.

• MeSH
• ateroskleróza diagnóza   metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kardiomyopatie diagnóza   metabolismus   MeSH
• koronární cévy metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci koronárních tepen diagnóza   metabolismus   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• transplantace srdce trendy   MeSH
• tuková tkáň metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Pulmonary artery banding (PAB) is used as a surgical palliation to reduce excessive pulmonary blood flow caused by congenital heart defects. Due to the lack of microscopic studies dealing with the tissue remodeling caused by contemporary PAB materials, this study aimed to assess histologic changes associated with PAB surgery by analyzing local tissue reaction to the presence of Gore-Tex strips fixed around the pulmonary artery. Gore-Tex strips were used for PAB in a growing porcine model. After 5 weeks, histologic samples with PAB (n = 5) were compared with healthy pulmonary arterial segments distal to the PAB or from a sham-treated animal (n = 1). Stereology was used to quantify the density of the vasa vasorum and the area fraction of elastin, smooth muscle actin, macrophages, and nervi vasorum within the pulmonary arterial wall. The null hypothesis stated that samples did not differ histopathologically from adjacent vascular segments or sham-treated samples. The PAB samples had a greater area fraction of macrophages, a lower amount of nervi vasorum, and a tendency toward decreased smooth muscle content compared with samples that had no PAB strips. There was no destruction of elastic membranes, no medionecrosis, no pronounced inflammatory infiltration or foreign body reaction, and no vasa vasorum deficiency after the PAB. All the histopathologic changes were limited to the banded vascular segment and did not affect distal parts of the pulmonary artery. The study results show the tissue reaction of palliative PAB and suggest that Gore-Tex strips used contemporarily for PAB do not cause severe local histologic damage to the banded segment of the pulmonary arterial wall after 5 weeks in a porcine PAB model.

• MeSH
• arteria pulmonalis patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• hemodynamika MeSH
• ligace MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• svaly hladké cévní patologie   MeSH
• vrozené srdeční vady patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• výkony cévní chirurgie metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a serious disease due to its covert nature, relatively high prevalence and fatal prognosis in the case of rupture. To obtain new insights into AAA pathogenesis, we examined the relationships between histopathology, multiplex in vitro immunoassay data, diameter and symptomatology. METHODS: In a prospective, non-randomised study, we evaluated samples from 6 normal infrarenal aortae and 65 AAA patients (65 walls, 55 thrombi). The AAA patients were either asymptomatic (n = 44), symptomatic (n = 7) or with ruptured AAA (n = 14). The AAA diameter was classified as small (<5 cm, n = 18), medium (5-7 cm, n = 26) and large (>7 cm, n = 21). We quantified the histopathology of the AAA wall and the adjacent thrombus. We assessed the expression of proteins in the same samples. RESULTS: Asymptomatic AAAs had walls with more abundant inflammatory infiltrates, lower amounts of PAI-1, a higher number of tPA-positive elements, a tendency towards decreased collagen content, whereas the adjacent thrombi had a greater concentration of VCAM-1 and MMP-2 when compared with symptomatic AAAs. Compared with the aneurysmatic aorta, the normal aorta contained less collagen and more elastin, actin, desmin and PAI-1-positive elements; in addition, it was more vascular. Medium-sized AAAs were the most actin and vimentin rich, and large AAAs were the most vascular. CONCLUSION: Our results show that asymptomatic AAA walls often have more potentially deleterious histopathological alterations than symptomatic AAA walls. This result indicates that a progression from an asymptomatic AAA to rupture can be expected and screening patients who are at risk of rupture could be beneficial.

• MeSH
• aktiny metabolismus   MeSH
• aneurysma břišní aorty metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• aorta abdominalis metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• asymptomatické nemoci MeSH
• cévní buněčněadhezivní molekula-1 metabolismus   MeSH
• desmin metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elastin metabolismus   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix metabolismus   MeSH
• histocytochemie MeSH
• inhibitor aktivátoru plazminogenu 1 metabolismus   MeSH
• kolagen metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matrixová metaloproteinasa 2 metabolismus   MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• ruptura aorty metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• trombóza metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Recent research regarding saphenous vasa vasorum (VV) has focused on two main topics: the VV during varicogenesis in chronic venous insufficiency and the VV in saphenous grafts used in reconstructive vascular surgery. Our aim has been (i) to establish a technique for the histological quantification of the VV in human varicose great and small saphenous veins and (ii) to describe the density and distribution of the vasa vasorum within varicose veins. Great (n=11) and small (n=5) saphenous veins (length, 15-40cm) were collected from 12 patients who were undergoing venous stripping due to chronic venous insufficiency (Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology class 2-3). The veins were divided into 5-cm long segments. In total, 92 tissue blocks were collected to trace the variability of the density and distribution of the vasa vasorum in the proximo-distal direction. The endothelium was detected by immunohistochemistry using the von Willebrand factor. We quantified the number of microvessel profiles per section area and the relative distance of the microvessels from the outer border of the adventitia. The VV did not exhibit a preferential orientation in the varicose veins. VV density profiles were highest in the middle third of the venous wall and lowest in the inner third of the venous wall. Both the density and distribution of VV were uniform along the veins, and no differences were observed between the great and small saphenous veins. The VV density was statistically independent of the relative distance from the adventitia. The usability of this technique for perioperative frozen sections remains to be tested.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• anizotropie MeSH
• cévní endotel patologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrocévy patologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• varixy patologie   MeSH
• vasa vasorum patologie   MeSH
• vena saphena patologie   MeSH
• von Willebrandův faktor metabolismus   MeSH
• výkony cévní chirurgie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Příspěvek shrnuje současný stav poznání etiopatogeneze aneuryzmatu abdominální aorty. Vychází z morfologie normální aorty a ze změn, které postihují její jednotlivé vrstvy. Sumarizuje známé rizikové faktory a s ohledem na úlohu a postižení významných složek cévní stěny se blíže věnuje vlivům hemodynamickým a genetickým. Zvláštní pozornost věnuje zánětlivým procesům ve stěně aneuryzmatu včetně cytokinů a matrix-degradujících proteáz s prokázaným vztahem k rozvoji aneuryzmatu. Rozebírá i vliv trombu a současné výsledky hledání možných biomarkerů rizika a progrese onemocnění. V závěru shrnuje dosavadní zkušenosti s farmakomodulací aneuryzmatu s využitím antihypertenziv, statinů, antibiotik a nesteroidních antiflogistik.

The paper summarizes the latest research on the abdominal aorta aneurysm etiopathogenesis and compares normal aorta morphology with changes in the aortic aneurysm wall. The role of risk factors, especially hemodynamic and genetic, is discussed in detail. Special attention is paid to inflammatory processes including cytokines and matrix degrading proteases that contribute to the development of aneurysm. The role of thrombus and the current results of research into biomarkers indicating the risks and progression of the disease are analysed. Finally, a review of pharmacomodulation of the aortic aneurysm using statins, antibiotics, antihypertensive and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs is presented.

• Klíčová slova
• etipatogeneze, biomarkery, farmakomodulace,
• MeSH
• aneurysma břišní aorty genetika   imunologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• antiflogistika nesteroidní MeSH
• aorta abdominalis anatomie a histologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• beta blokátory farmakologie   MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• elastin MeSH
• hemodynamika MeSH
• histologie MeSH
• inhibitory proteas MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makrolidy MeSH
• matrixové metaloproteinasy MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• statiny farmakologie   MeSH
• tetracykliny farmakologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

Based on the orientation of the osteons, the basal portion and the alveolar portion of the body of the human mandible can be distinguished. In the compact bone, two types of microporosities can be quantified, the osteocyte lacunae and the vascular canals. Our aim was (i) to perform three-dimensional reconstruction of osteocyte lacunae to suggest an efficient means of sampling to estimate their numerical density and (ii) to compare bone microporosities in the basal and the alveolar portions of ten mandibles. Using optical disector, we estimated the density of osteocyte lacunae, and using a stereological point-counting technique, we quantified the area fraction of the vascular canals. The diameter of the lacunae was 14±3μm. While the fraction of vascular canals was comparable in both parts of the body of the mandible, the numerical density of osteocyte lacunae was higher (p=0.007) in the alveolar portion (17056±1264/mm(3)) than in the basal portion (14522±665/mm(3)). The lacunar and vascular microporosities were statistically independent of each other. As this is the first three-dimensional counting of osteocyte lacunae, we discuss the relation of this parameter to the biomechanics of the mandible, and we compare our data with previously used two-dimensional methods. We present an efficient sampling method that is useful for the histological description of bone microporosities. When taking into account the spatial characteristics of lacunae, the locally specific numerical density of lacunae can be easily assessed with the three-dimensional counting method, which is not biased by the variation in size and orientation of the lacunae.

• MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mandibula cytologie   MeSH
• mikroskopie metody   MeSH
• modely anatomické MeSH
• osteocyty cytologie   MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• poréznost MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

AIM: The aim of our work was to determine the influence of intestinal bacteria on the development of atherosclerotic lesions using apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient knockout mice. METHODS: The experiments were performed on ApoE-/--deficient mouse strain C57BL/6, bred under germ-free (GF) conditions for two generations or under conventional conditions with defined microflora (CV). The mice were fed a standard low cholesterol diet or cholesterol-rich diet for 3-4 months. We studied the development of advanced lesions in the thoracic and abdominal aorta by histological, morphometric and immunohistological methods. RESULTS: Conventionally reared ApoE-/- mice (containing no pathogenic intestinal microbiota) and fed a standard low cholesterol diet in contrast to a high cholesterol diet did not develop atherosclerotic aortic plaques. In contrast, ApoE-/- mice reared under germfree conditions for 2 generations and fed a low cholesterol diet exhibited atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta. Characteristic lipid deposition with foam cells and macrophages was found in their arterial walls. CONCLUSION: In contrast to the absence of atherosclerotic plaques in conventionally reared ApoE-deficient mice, germ-free ApoE-/- mice consuming the same low cholesterol standard diet developed atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta. Differences in atherosclerotic plaques between GF and CV ApoE-/- mice are not so apparent when mice are fed a high cholesterol diet. Our findings thus document the protective effect of microbiota (commensal bacteria) on atherosclerosis development.

• MeSH
• aorta abdominalis metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• aorta thoracica metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• apolipoproteiny E fyziologie   MeSH
• ateroskleróza etiologie   metabolismus   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• cholesterol dietní aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• cholesterol krev   MeSH
• gnotobiologické modely MeSH
• messenger RNA genetika   MeSH
• metagenom * MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši knockoutované MeSH
• myši MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
• střevní sliznice mikrobiologie   MeSH
• western blotting MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• delfín skákavý anatomie a histologie   embryologie   MeSH
• delfíni rodu Stenella anatomie a histologie   embryologie   MeSH
• Delphinus anatomie a histologie   embryologie   MeSH
• embryo savčí MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• lidé anatomie a histologie   embryologie   MeSH
• lymfatické uzliny anatomie a histologie   embryologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• lymfatický systém anatomie a histologie   embryologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Phocoena anatomie a histologie   embryologie   MeSH
• plod MeSH
• savci anatomie a histologie   embryologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé anatomie a histologie   embryologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH