Perceptual modeling
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An important brain function is to predict upcoming events on the basis of extracted regularities of previous inputs. These predictive coding processes can disturb performance in concurrent perceptual decision-making and are known to depend on fronto-striatal circuits. However, it is unknown whether, and if so, to what extent striatal microstructural properties modulate these processes. We addressed this question in a human disease model of striosomal dysfunction, i.e. X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP), using high-density EEG recordings and source localization. The results show faster and more accurate perceptual decision-making performance during distraction in XDP patients compared to healthy controls. The electrophysiological data show that sensory memory and predictive coding processes reflected by the mismatch negativity related to lateral prefrontal brain regions were weakened in XDP patients and thus induced less cognitive conflict than in controls as reflected by the N2 event-related potential (ERP). Consequently, attentional shifting (P3a ERP) and reorientation processes (RON ERP) were less pronounced in the XDP group. Taken together, these results suggests that striosomal dysfunction is related to predictive coding deficits leading to a better performance in concomitant perceptual decision-making, probably because predictive coding does not interfere with perceptual decision-making processes. These effects may reflect striatal imbalances between the striosomes and the matrix compartment.
- MeSH
- corpus striatum patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dystonické poruchy patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- evokované potenciály MeSH
- genetické nemoci vázané na chromozom X patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek patofyziologie MeSH
- reakční čas MeSH
- rozhodování fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Východiska: Na talent ve sportu je obvykle v České republice nahlíženo jako na statický, v čase neměnný atribut. To kontrastuje se stále více uplatňovanou praxí v anglosaských zemích zdůrazňujících jeho měnitelnou povahu. Ta se promítá do modelů popisujících jeho vývoj. Cíle: Cílem studie je představit moderní modely vývoje sportovního talentu. Metodika: Srovnání a rozbor následujících modelů – Balyiho Model dlouhodobého rozvoje sportovce, Côtého Vývojový model sportovní účasti, Csikszentmihalyiho Model plynutí optimální odbornosti a Baileyho a Morleyho Model rozvoje talentu. Závěry: Moderní modely rozvoje sportovního talentu nahlíží na talent jako na dynamický, v čase se vyvíjející se fenomén. Jejich východisky jsou především Simontonův Emergenetickoepigenetický model vývoje a Gagného Diferencovaný model talentu a nadání. Zatímco Balyiho model je především praktický, Côtého Vývojový model zdůrazňuje úlohu rodiny a promyšlené hry. Stejně jako Balyiho model uvádí periodizaci vývoje talentu. Csikszentmihalyiho model plynutí vysvětluje získávání zkušeností a vývoj sportovce v období puberty na základě struktury pozornosti a zážitku flow a Baileyho a Morleyho Model rozvoje talentu klade důraz na situační pojetí talentu a rozvoj schopností facilitující na jeho růstu.
Background: Sports talent in the Czech Republic is generally viewed as a static, stable phenomena. It stands in contrast with widespread praxis carried out in Anglo-Saxon countries that emphasise its fluctuant nature. This is reflected in the current models describing its development. Objectives: The aim is to introduce current models of talent development in sport. Methods: Comparison and analysing of the following models: Balyi – Long term athlete development model, Côté – Developmental model of sport participation, Csikszentmihalyi – The flow model of optimal expertise, Bailey and Morley – Model of talent development. Conclusion: Current models of sport talent development approach talent as dynamic phenomenon, varying in time. They are based in particular on the work of Simonton and his Emergenic and epigenic model and of Gagné and his Differentiated model of giftedness and talent. Balyi’s model is characterised by its applicability and impications for practice. Côté’s model highlights the role of family and deliberate play. Both models describe periodization of talent development. Csikszentmihalyi’s flow model explains how the athlete acquires experience and develops during puberty based on the structure of attention and flow experience. Bailey and Morley’s model accents the situational approach to talent and development of skills facilitating its growth.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motivace MeSH
- nadání * fyziologie klasifikace MeSH
- psychologie sportu MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon MeSH
- sporty * MeSH
- tělesná výkonnost MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- akustika řeči MeSH
- audiovizuální záznam metody využití MeSH
- jazyková terapie metody MeSH
- koktavost * rehabilitace terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- percepce řeči MeSH
- řečová terapie metody MeSH
- rehabilitace poruch řeči a jazyka * metody trendy MeSH
- srozumitelnost řeči MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- výsledky a postupy - zhodnocení (zdravotní péče) * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
Psychológia ľudí so zdravotným postihnutím je v teoretickej rovine i v rovine praxe ovplyvnená rôznymi prístupmi k človeku so zdravotným postihnutím. Cieľom príspevku je zmapovať modely a koncepty zdravotného postihnutia, ich význam a vplyv na zmenu v prístupe psychológie k ľuďom so zdravotným postihnutím. Zvláštny význam pre psychológiu má biopsychosociálny model zdravotného postihnutia reprezentovaný Medzinárodnou klasifikáciou funkčnej schoposti, dizability a zdravia. Súčasne je potrebné ozrejmiť aj možnosti psychológie podieľať sa na dotváraní konceptov zdravotného postihnutia. Príspevok ilustruje uplatnenie biopsychosociálneho modelu zdravotného postihnutia vo výskumných aktivitách Katedry psychológie a patopsychológie Pedagogickej fakulty Univerzity Komenského v Bratislave.
Psychology of people with disabilities is in theory and in practice level affected by different approaches to individuals with disabilities. This paper aims to map the models and concepts of disability, and impact these models on changes in the psychology of people with disabilities. The serious credit among psychologists has a biopsychosocial model of disability, represented by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. At the same time it is necessary to clarify the possibility of psychology to participate in creating the concepts of disability. The article illustrates the application of biopsychosocial model of disability in the research activities of the Department of Psychology and Pathosychology at the Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Education.
There is a long-lasting question of how distortion products (DPs) arising from nonlinear amplification processes in the cochlea are transmitted from their generation sites to the stapes. Two hypotheses have been proposed: (1) the slow-wave hypothesis whereby transmission is via the transverse pressure difference across the cochlear partition and (2) the fast-wave hypothesis proposing transmission via longitudinal compression waves. Ren with co-workers have addressed this topic experimentally by measuring the spatial vibration pattern of the basilar membrane (BM) in response to two tones of frequency f(1) and f(2). They interpreted the observed negative phase slopes of the stationary BM vibrations at the cubic distortion frequency f(DP) = 2f(1) - f(2) as evidence for the fast-wave hypothesis. Here, using a physically based model, it is shown that their phase data is actually in accordance with the slow-wave hypothesis. The analysis is based on a frequency-domain formulation of the two-dimensional motion equation of a nonlinear hydrodynamic cochlea model. Application of the analysis to their experimental data suggests that the measurement sites of negative phase slope were located at or apical to the DP generation sites. Therefore, current experimental and theoretical evidence supports the slow-wave hypothesis. Nevertheless, the analysis does not allow rejection of the fast-wave hypothesis.
- MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- deformace percepce fyziologie MeSH
- Fourierova analýza MeSH
- interferometrie metody MeSH
- kochlea fyziologie MeSH
- lasery MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- otoakustické emise spontánní fyziologie MeSH
- vibrace MeSH
- vnímání výšky zvuku fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- poruchy sociálního chování MeSH
- psychologické modely MeSH
- sociální psychologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- recenze MeSH
It is accepted that the formulation of the motor program in the brain is not only the perceptual and motor function but also the cognitive one. Therefore it is not surprising that the execution of saccadic eye movements can by substantially affected be the on-going mental activity of a given person. Not only the distribution of attention, but also the focusing the attention may influence the main gain of saccades, their accuracy. Patients suffering from mental disorders have strongly engaged their attention focused at their mental processes. The nature of their problems may be linked to perceptual and/or analytical processing. Such so-called mental set may significantly affect their oculomotor activity in the course of their saccadic eye movement examinations. This short comment points out not only to the influence of the contextually guided and generated saccadic eye movements upon their accuracy but also to the distribution and focusing the attention. The effect of the functional brain asymmetry upon the visually generated saccades and the possible effect of biologically active substances upon the voluntary generated saccades are briefly mentioned. All these influences should be taken into account when planning the saccadic eye movement task. It may be concluded that the repetition of the same oculomotor task in a given person has to be introduced. This may help to follow the effect of complex therapy namely.
- MeSH
- duševní poruchy komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely neurologické MeSH
- mozek patofyziologie MeSH
- poruchy hybnosti oka etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- pozornost MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon MeSH
- sakadické oční pohyby * MeSH
- zraková percepce MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- hmatová percepce MeSH
- horní končetina MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motorické dovednosti MeSH
- muskuloskeletální manipulace metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- neurorehabilitace * metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Mechanisms responsible for the integration of perceptual events and appropriate actions (sensorimotor processes) have been subject to intense research. Different theoretical frameworks have been put forward with the "Theory of Event Coding (TEC)" being one of the most influential. In the current study, we focus on the concept of 'event files' within TEC and examine what sub-processes being dissociable by means of cognitive-neurophysiological methods are involved in voluntary event coding. This was combined with EEG source localization. We also introduce reward manipulations to delineate the neurophysiological sub-processes most relevant for performance variations during event coding. The results show that processes involved in voluntary event coding included predominantly stimulus categorization, feature unbinding and response selection, which were reflected by distinct neurophysiological processes (the P1, N2 and P3 ERPs). On a system's neurophysiological level, voluntary event-file coding is thus related to widely distributed parietal-medial frontal networks. Attentional selection processes (N1 ERP) turned out to be less important. Reward modulated stimulus categorization in parietal regions likely reflecting aspects of perceptual decision making but not in other processes. The perceptual categorization stage appears central for voluntary event-file coding.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kognice fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely neurologické * MeSH
- odměna * MeSH
- plnění a analýza úkolů * MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- somatosenzorické korové centrum fyziologie MeSH
- ukládání a vyhledávání informací metody MeSH
- vůle fyziologie MeSH
- zraková percepce fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
