Alveolar osteitis (AO) is a common complication following the extraction of the teeth, particularly the lower third molars. It starts within a few days after the extraction and manifests mainly as pain in the extraction site. Several strategies of treatment are available in order to relieve pain and heal the extraction wound. Recently, a novel medical device combining hyaluronic acid (HA) and octenidine (OCT) was introduced for the treatment of AO. This series of case reports aims to summarize the initial clinical experiences with this new device and to highlight factors possibly interfering with this treatment. The medical documentation of five patients with similar initial situations treated for AO with HA + OCT device was analyzed in detail. Smoking and previous treatment with Alveogyl (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France) were identified as factors interfering with the AO treatment with the HA + OCT device. In three patients without these risk factors, the treatment led to recovery within two or three days. The patient pretreated with Alveogyl and the smoker required six and seven applications of the HA + OCT device, respectively. According to these initial observations, it seems smoking and previous treatment with Alveogyl prolong the treatment of AO using the HA + OCT device that, in turn, shows a rapid effect if these risk factors are not present.
- MeSH
- Pain drug therapy etiology physiopathology surgery MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Tooth Extraction adverse effects MeSH
- Drug Combinations MeSH
- Wound Healing drug effects physiology MeSH
- Imines therapeutic use MeSH
- Hydrocarbons, Iodinated adverse effects MeSH
- Smoking adverse effects MeSH
- Creosote adverse effects MeSH
- Hyaluronic Acid therapeutic use MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Molar surgery MeSH
- Dry Socket drug therapy etiology physiopathology surgery MeSH
- Pyridines therapeutic use MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Thymol adverse effects MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Equipment and Supplies MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Carvacrol and thymol, both plant-derived volatile compounds, have extensively been studied individually as well as in combination with other agents for their antimicrobial activity in liquid phase. However, in contrast to well-established assays for testing of antimicrobial combinatory effects in liquid media, there are no standardized methods for evaluation of interactions between volatile compounds in vapour phase. The objective of this study was to verify new broth volatilization chequerboard method by testing the combination of carvacrol and thymol and to determine in vitro inhibitory effect of these compounds in liquid and vapour phase against twelve Staphylococcus aureus strains. The new method, based on combination of standard microdilution chequerboard and new broth volatilization tests allowing calculation of fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs), was used. Combination of carvacrol and thymol produced the additive antimicrobial effect against all strains tested. In several cases, they reached ΣFIC values lower than 0.6, which can be considered as a strong additive interaction. The best result was found in vapour phase against one standard strain at combination of 128 μg/mL of carvacrol and 16-256 μg/mL of thymol (ΣFIC = 0.51) and in liquid phase against one clinical isolate at combination of 256 μg/mL of carvacrol and 256 μg/mL of thymol (ΣFIC = 0.53). The study verified that the new technique is suitable for simple and rapid high-throughput combinatory antimicrobial screening of volatile compounds simultaneously in vapour and liquid phase and that it allows determination and comparison of MIC and FIC values in both, liquid and solid media.
The key to obtaining an optimum performance of an enzyme is often a question of devising a suitable enzyme and optimisation of conditions for its immobilization. In this study, laccases from the native isolates of white rot fungi Fomes fomentarius and/or Trametes versicolor, obtained from Czech forests, were used. From these, cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) were prepared and characterised when the experimental conditions were optimized. Based on the optimization steps, saturated ammonium sulphate solution (75 wt.%) was used as the precipitating agent, and different concentrations of glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent were investigated. CLEA aggregates formed under the optimal conditions showed higher catalytic efficiency and stabilities (thermal, pH, and storage, against denaturation) as well as high reusability compared to free laccase for both fungal strains. The best concentration of glutaraldehyde seemed to be 50 mM and higher efficiency of cross-linking was observed at a low temperature 4 °C. An insignificant increase in optimum pH for CLEA laccases with respect to free laccases for both fungi was observed. The results show that the optimum temperature for both free laccase and CLEA laccase was 35 °C for T. versicolor and 30 °C for F. fomentarius. The CLEAs retained 80% of their initial activity for Trametes and 74% for Fomes after 70 days of cultivation. Prepared cross-linked enzyme aggregates were also investigated for their decolourisation activity on malachite green, bromothymol blue, and methyl red dyes. Immobilised CLEA laccase from Trametes versicolor showed 95% decolourisation potential and CLEA from Fomes fomentarius demonstrated 90% decolourisation efficiency within 10 h for all dyes used. These results suggest that these CLEAs have promising potential in dye decolourisation.
- MeSH
- Azo Compounds chemistry MeSH
- Color MeSH
- Coloring Agents chemistry MeSH
- Bromthymol Blue chemistry MeSH
- Enzymes, Immobilized chemistry MeSH
- Glutaral chemistry MeSH
- Catalysis MeSH
- Laccase chemistry MeSH
- Polyporales enzymology MeSH
- Cross-Linking Reagents chemistry MeSH
- Rosaniline Dyes chemistry MeSH
- Ammonium Sulfate chemistry MeSH
- Temperature MeSH
- Trametes enzymology MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
With aim to develop effective proof-of-concept approach which can be used in a development of new preparations for the inhalation therapy, we designed a new screening method for simple and rapid simultaneous determination of antibacterial potential of plant volatiles in the liquid and the vapour phase at different concentrations. In addition, EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) capmat™ as vapour barrier cover was used as reliable modification of thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for cytotoxicity testing of volatiles on microtiter plates. Antibacterial activity of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, 8-hydroxyquinoline, thymol and thymoquinone was determined against Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae using new broth microdilution volatilization method. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was evaluated using MTT test in lung fibroblast cells MRC-5. The most effective antibacterial agents were 8-hydroxyquinoline and thymoquinone with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 2 to 128μg/mL, but they also possessed the highest toxicity in lung cell lines with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values 0.86-2.95μg/mL. The lowest cytotoxicity effect was identified for eugenol with IC50 295.71μg/mL, however this compound produced only weak antibacterial potency with MICs 512-1024μg/mL. The results demonstrate validity of our novel broth microdilution volatilization method, which allows cost and labour effective high-throughput antimicrobial screening of volatile agents without need of special apparatus. In our opinion, this assay can also potentially be used for development of various medicinal, agricultural, and food applications that are based on volatile antimicrobials.
- MeSH
- Acrolein analogs & derivatives chemistry MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents chemistry MeSH
- Benzoquinones chemistry MeSH
- Cell Line MeSH
- Eugenol chemistry MeSH
- Phytochemicals chemistry MeSH
- Haemophilus influenzae drug effects MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests methods MeSH
- Monoterpenes chemistry MeSH
- Oxyquinoline chemistry MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus drug effects MeSH
- Streptococcus pneumoniae drug effects MeSH
- Volatile Organic Compounds chemistry MeSH
- Tetrazolium Salts MeSH
- Thiazoles MeSH
- Thymol chemistry MeSH
- Volatilization * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Cronobacter sakazakii and C. malonaticus are opportunistic pathogens that cause infections in children and immunocompromised adults. In the present study, the antibacterial activity of 19 plant-derived compounds, 5 essential oils, and an extract of propolis were assessed against C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus. The effects of most of these antimicrobials have not been reported previously. Both strains were susceptible to thymol, carvacrol, thymoquinone, p-cymene, linalool, camphor, citral, eugenol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde as well as cinnamon, lemongrass, oregano, clove, and laurel essential oils; their minimum inhibitory concentrations varied between 0.1 and 2.0 mg/mL. As an alternative treatment method, vapors of the volatiles were tested as an indirect treatment. Vapors of trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, oregano, and cinnamon essential oils inhibited both tested strains, while vapors of linalool were only active against C. sakazakii. To our knowledge, this study is the first time that the inhibitory activity of the vapors of these compounds and essential oils has been reported against Cronobacter spp.
- MeSH
- Acrolein analogs & derivatives chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Benzoquinones chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Cronobacter sakazakii drug effects MeSH
- Cronobacter drug effects MeSH
- Cymbopogon chemistry MeSH
- Origanum chemistry MeSH
- Eugenol chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Camphor chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests MeSH
- Monoterpenes chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Oils, Volatile chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Plant Oils chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Plant Extracts chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Sesquiterpenes chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Cinnamomum zeylanicum chemistry MeSH
- Syzygium chemistry MeSH
- Thymol chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
In this study we analyzed molecular mechanisms of antioxidative protection of thymol and thyme oil using differentiated PC12 cells, a widely accepted neuronal model. Thymol due to multiple functions is commonly used for clinical applications. However, its action on nervous tissue remains poorly understood. We evaluated the effect of 24 h incubation of the cells with thymol (100 and 400 μM) and equivalent content of thyme oil. Microsomal glutathione transferase 1 (Mgst1) is an important player in anti-oxidative protection because of its transferase and peroxidase activities. Since its expression decreases during aging, we also used stable transfected cells with downregulated Mgst1 (PC12_M). We analyzed cell viability, lipid peroxidation level, glutathione content and expression of key enzymes responsible for cellular reduced glutathione – catalytic subunit of γ-glutamylcysteine ligase and glutathione reductase. Whereas thymol and thyme oil improved antioxidant capacity of control cells, diminished protection was observed in PC12_M line. Increasing interest in natural dietary components has focused attention on plants used as a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals. However, currently available information on the safe amount for thyme oil using appears to be insufficient. Our results indicate that the thyme oil should be used with caution, especially by elderly people.
- MeSH
- Antioxidants * physiology chemistry MeSH
- PC12 Cells drug effects MeSH
- Glutathione physiology drug effects MeSH
- Glutathione Transferase MeSH
- Neurons drug effects MeSH
- Plant Oils * pharmacology chemistry MeSH
- Lipid Peroxidation drug effects MeSH
- Aging drug effects MeSH
- Statistics as Topic MeSH
- In Vitro Techniques statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Thymol * pharmacology MeSH
- Thymus Plant MeSH
- Cell Survival drug effects MeSH
- Publication type
- Evaluation Study MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Quinones are compounds frequently contained in medicinal plants used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the impact of plant-derived quinones on the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway is worthy of investigation. In this study, twenty-three quinone compounds of plant origin were tested in vitro for their potential to inhibit leukotriene B4 (LTB4) biosynthesis in activated human neutrophil granulocytes with 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activity. The benzoquinones primin (3) and thymohydroquinone (4) (IC50 = 4.0 and 4.1 microM, respectively) showed activity comparable with the reference inhibitor zileuton (1C50 = 4.1 microM). Moderate activity was observed for the benzoquinone thymoquinone (2) (1C50 = 18.2 microM) and the naphthoquinone shikonin (1) (IC50 = 24.3 microM). The anthraquinone emodin and the naphthoquinone plumbagin (5) displayed only weak activities (IC50 > 50 microM). The binding modes of the active compounds were further evaluated in silico by molecular docking to the human 5-LOX crystal structure. This process supports the biological data and suggested that, although the redox potential is responsible for the quinone's activity on multiple targets, in the case of 5-LOX the molecular structure plays a vital role in the inhibition. The obtained results suggest primin as a promising compound for the development of dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitors.
- MeSH
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents analysis MeSH
- Benzoquinones pharmacology MeSH
- Quinones pharmacology MeSH
- Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors analysis MeSH
- Lipoxygenase Inhibitors analysis MeSH
- Plants, Medicinal chemistry MeSH
- Leukotriene B4 antagonists & inhibitors biosynthesis MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Neutrophils drug effects metabolism MeSH
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical MeSH
- Plant Extracts chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Molecular Docking Simulation MeSH
- Thymol analogs & derivatives pharmacology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Z důvodu omezené dostupnosti přípravků průmyslově vyráběných s obsahem lokálního anestetika určených k aplikaci na kůži a zvýšené poptávky po lidokainovém gelu použitelném před aplikací přípravku s obsahem kapsaicinu určeného k léčbě neuropatické bolesti se nabízí možnost magistraliter přípravy topického polotuhého přípravku s obsahem lokálního anestetika. Cílem bylo připravit směsný systém hydrogelu s vemulgovaným léčivem, využít látky snižující teplotu tání lidokainu a vytvořit eutektickou směs s vysokou koncentrací lidokainu, která tvoří olejovou fázi systému. Dle údajů ze zahraniční literatury byl pro vytvoření binární eutektické směsi s lidokainem zvolen thymol a za přídavku dalších pomocných látek formulován emulzní systém s vemulgovaným léčivem v lipofilní fázi stabilizovaný komplexním neiontovým emulgátorem a karbomerem. Pro vyhovující anestezující účinnost je dále třeba upravit hodnotu pH přípravku. Vhodnou zásaditě reagující látkou byl zvolen trometamol. Na základě přídavku různých množství trometamolu bylo následně měřeno pH jednotlivých vzorků emulgelů a v porovnání s hodnotou pH přípravku EMLA pak vytvořeno výsledné složení lidokainového emulgelu. Při formulaci receptury byl brán zřetel na praktičnost a dostupnost obsažených látek. Všechny složky jsou k dispozici pro přípravu léčivých přípravků v České republice s příslušným certifikátem jakosti. Receptura 5% lidokainového emulgelu s hodnotou pH cca 9,1 je formulována na bázi gelotvorné látky karbomeru s vemulgovanou olejovou fází představovanou eutektickou směsí lidokainu s thymolem, za přídavku ethanolu a propylenglykolu, stabilizovaného komplexním emulgátorem. Výhodou je absence přísady jiného lokálního anestetika.
Due to a limited availability of industrially manufactured products containing local anesthetics for skin application and an increased demand for lidocaine-containing gel applicable prior to a product containing capsaicin for neuropathic pain treatment, it is necessary to prepare a topical semi-solid preparation containing the local anesthetic in pharmacies. Our aim was to create a mixed system of a hydrophilic gel with the emulsified drug, using excipients to decrease the lidocaine melting point, thereby creating a eutectic mixture with a high concentration of lidocaine in the oil phase. Based on bibliographic data, thymol creating a binary eutectic system containing lidocaine has been chosen. After addition of other excipients, an emulsion system was prepared and the drug was stabilized in the oil phase by a mixed nonionic emulsifier and carbomera. For the optimal anesthetic effects, the pH value should be adjusted; trometamol has been chosen as a suitable basic reacting excipient. Based on the addition of different amounts of trometamol, pH values of individual emulgels have been measured and the final composition of lidocaine emulgel has been created. A recipe for a 5 % lidocaine emulgel with the pH value of 9.1 has been created, based on the gel-forming substance carbomera with an emulsion of the oil phase containing a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and thymol, with an addition of ethanol and propylenglycol, stabilized by a mixed nonionic emulsifier. The advantage is the absence of other local anesthetics.
- Keywords
- binary eutectic mixture,
- MeSH
- Anesthetics, Local * MeSH
- Administration, Cutaneous * MeSH
- Administration, Topical MeSH
- Dermatologic Agents MeSH
- Microscopy, Electron * MeSH
- Emulsions MeSH
- Hydrogels MeSH
- Capsaicin MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Lidocaine * MeSH
- Occlusive Dressings * MeSH
- Surface-Active Agents MeSH
- Drug Compounding * MeSH
- Drug Approval MeSH
- Thymol MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
In this study, the antioxidant capacities of main quinone constituents of Nigella sativa seeds, namely dithymoquinone (1), thymohydroquinone (2) and thymoquinone (3), were compared using DPPH and ORAC methods. The best scavenging activity was produced by 2, which showed a remarkable activity of 2.60 Trolox equivalents (TE) in a concentration range between 1.6 and 6.4 microg/mL and IC50 value of 2.4 microg/mL in ORAC and DPPH assays, respectively. Contrastingly, 3 possessed only weak DPPH scavenging efficacy (IC50 = 170 microg/mL) but significant antioxidative action of 1.91 TE in ORAC assay. No effect has been observed for 1. Additionally, modified protocol for synthesis of 2 has been developed with aim to enhance its availability for further studies as well as for its future potential use. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that 2 could be considered as a compound with prospective antioxidative properties.
- MeSH
- Antioxidants pharmacology MeSH
- Benzoquinones pharmacology MeSH
- Quinones pharmacology MeSH
- Nigella sativa chemistry MeSH
- Free Radical Scavengers pharmacology MeSH
- Seeds chemistry MeSH
- Thymol analogs & derivatives pharmacology MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
The inhibitory effect of some plant oil aromatics against three strains of Arcobacter butzleri, two strains of Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and one strain of Arcobacter skirrowii was evaluated. When MICs were determined using the broth macrodilution method, cinnamaldehyde was most inhibitory followed by thymol, carvacrol, caffeic acid, tannic acid, and eugenol (P < 0.001). Sublethal concentrations of the three most potent plant oil aromatics also were examined. Overall, cinnamaldehyde was the most bacteriostatic against all arcobacters tested except A. butzleri when these strains were exposed to the MIC25 of this aromatic aldehyde. The bacteriostatic activities of thymol and carvacrol were concentration and species dependent.
- MeSH
- Acrolein analogs & derivatives pharmacology MeSH
- Arcobacter growth & development drug effects MeSH
- Species Specificity MeSH
- Eugenol pharmacology MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Food Preservation methods MeSH
- Caffeic Acids pharmacology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests MeSH
- Monoterpenes pharmacology MeSH
- Plant Oils pharmacology chemistry MeSH
- Colony Count, Microbial MeSH
- Food Preservatives pharmacology MeSH
- Consumer Product Safety MeSH
- Tannins pharmacology MeSH
- Thymol pharmacology MeSH
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
