Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (MAA) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) are the most common mycobacterial species isolated from granulomatous lesions in swine in countries with controlled bovine tuberculosis. This study is focused on the immunological aspect of MAA and MAH infection in pigs. We detected induction of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in experimentally infected pigs. Specific antibodies were analyzed in serum by ELISA and the IFN-γ release assay was used for evaluation of cell-mediated immunity. While MAA induced a significant increase of both types of immune responses, MAH-infected pigs had an unvarying level of specific antibodies and showed low cell-mediated immunity with high individual variability. The subsequent in vitro experiment confirmed the lower immunogenicity of the MAH strain in comparison to MAA. MAH-infected porcine monocyte-derived macrophages showed a weaker induction of pro-inflammatory mediators in comparison to MAA, which included mRNA for IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-23p19, IL-18 and chemokines CCL-3, CCL-5, CXCL-8 and CXCL-10. Additionally, qualitative proteomic analysis revealed 28 proteins exclusively in MAA and 7 proteins unique to MAH. In conclusion, closely related M. avium subspecies MAA and MAH showed different capacities to stimulate the porcine immune system. From a diagnostic point of view, the IFN-γ release assay showed higher sensitivity than the detection of specific antibodies by ELISA and seems to be an effective tool for discrimination of MAA-infected pigs. In the case of MAH infection, the IFN-γ release assay could fail because of the low immunogenic capacity of the MAH strain.
- MeSH
- Immunity, Cellular MeSH
- Interleukin-18 genetics immunology metabolism MeSH
- Interleukin-23 Subunit p19 genetics immunology MeSH
- Macrophages immunology MeSH
- Inflammation Mediators immunology MeSH
- Mycobacterium avium classification isolation & purification physiology MeSH
- Swine Diseases genetics immunology microbiology MeSH
- Swine MeSH
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha genetics immunology MeSH
- Tuberculosis immunology veterinary MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
"Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis" often causes cervical lymphadenitis in children; its prompt and accurate identification enables adequate therapy, tracing, and prevention. The aims of this study were to determine the causative agent of lymphadenitis using culture, PCR, and triplex quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) methods with DNA directly isolated from tissue, as well as to identify possible sources of infection from the environment. We confirmed the diagnoses by detecting M. avium subsp. hominissuis using qPCR with DNA directly isolated from lymph node biopsy specimens of two patients. In order to trace the source of infection from the environment, a method of DNA isolation from soil and other environmental samples, such as dust, cobwebs, and compost, was developed. The triplex qPCR examination revealed the presence of M. avium subsp. hominissuis in a high proportion of the environmental samples (42.8% in the first patient's house and 47.6% in the second patient's house). Both patients were also exposed to M. avium subsp. avium, which was present due to the breeding of infected domestic hens. The high infectious dose of M. avium subsp. hominissuis or the increased susceptibility of humans to M. avium subsp. hominissuis compared to M. avium subsp. avium could be the reason why the children were infected with M. avium subsp. hominissuis.
- MeSH
- Bacteriological Techniques methods MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Neck microbiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Environmental Microbiology MeSH
- Molecular Typing MeSH
- Mycobacterium avium classification genetics growth & development isolation & purification MeSH
- Polymerase Chain Reaction methods MeSH
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Tuberculosis, Lymph Node diagnosis microbiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Case Reports MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
The aim of this work was to examine various purchased meat products and to find out if any traces of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium, M. avium subsp. hominissuis, and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis could be detected in these samples. Analysis of the meat products (raw, cooked, and fermented) was performed using a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) method for the detection of specific insertion sequences: duplex qPCR for the detection of IS900 specific for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and triplex qPCR for the detection of IS901 specific for Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and IS 1245 specific for M. avium subsp. hominissuis. Of the 77 analyzed meat samples, 17 (22%) were found to contain M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA, 4 (5%) samples contained Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium DNA, and in 12 (16%) samples M. avium subsp. hominissuis DNA was detected. The concentration of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. hominissuis DNA in some meat products exceeded 10(4) genomes per g. Culture examination of these mycobacterial subspecies was negative. By analyzing a range of meat products, we have provided evidence to support the hypothesis that M. avium is present in everyday commodities sold to the general public.
- MeSH
- DNA, Bacterial analysis MeSH
- Species Specificity MeSH
- Food Contamination analysis MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Meat Products microbiology MeSH
- Mycobacterium avium classification isolation & purification MeSH
- Polymerase Chain Reaction methods MeSH
- Prevalence MeSH
- Consumer Product Safety MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
We report on a coinfection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium var. Copenhagen phage type DT2 in pigeons from one flock, from which squabs were occasionally consumed by humans. Triplex quantitative real-time PCR and culture methods were used for M. a. avium detection in livers and culture method was used for the detection of Salmonella sp. in samples of liver and caecum of 33 examined birds. M. a. avium was detected in a total of 31 (93.9%) and Salmonella Typhimurium in a total of 11 (33.3%) pigeons. Coinfection with both pathogens was found in 10 (30.3%), infection with Salmonella Typhimurium alone in 1 (3.0%), and infection with M. a. avium alone in 21 (63.7%) pigeons. Neither pathogen was detected in one pigeon. There was no difference in clinical symptoms exhibited by pigeons infected by M. a. avium and/or Salmonella Typhimurium. All Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were sensitive to all 15 antimicrobials tested. According to these results we emphasize good heat treatment of consumed squabs.
- MeSH
- Anti-Infective Agents pharmacology MeSH
- Cecum microbiology MeSH
- Animal Husbandry MeSH
- Columbidae microbiology MeSH
- Disease Outbreaks veterinary MeSH
- Bacteriophage Typing veterinary MeSH
- Liver microbiology MeSH
- Coinfection epidemiology veterinary MeSH
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests MeSH
- Mycobacterium avium classification drug effects genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Bird Diseases epidemiology microbiology MeSH
- Tuberculosis, Avian epidemiology microbiology MeSH
- Salmonella typhimurium classification drug effects genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Salmonella Infections, Animal epidemiology microbiology MeSH
- Serotyping MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Zástupci komplexu Mycobacterium avium patří k nejčastěji prokazovaným původcům mykobakterióz u lidí. Jsou řazeni mezi podmíněně patogenní mykobakterie, přestože u ptáků (zejm. hrabavá drůbež) a savců (zejm. prasata domácí) představuje M. avium subsp. avium závažná zdravotní a ekonomická rizika. Tato infikovaná zvířata a jejich produkty (především vejce) pocházejí nejčastěji z malochovů a představují největší rizika pro infekci člověka. Druhý zástupce M. avium subsp. hominissuis bývá běžně izolován od člověka a prasat, ale jeho zdrojem jsou pro oba nejčastější hostitele především různé složky prostředí (například rašelina, kompost a povrchové vody). Třetí zástupce M. iníraceJiuJare se vyskytuje především v půdě a ve vodě, která nebyla ošetřena chlorováním (dnes se používá deionizace pitné vody). Proto se dá předpokládat zvýšený záchyt toho původce jak u lidí, tak u zvířat.
The members of Mycobacterium avium complex belong to the most common agents causing mycobacterioses in humans. They are classified as a potentially patogenic mycobacteria, although Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium represent veterinary and economic risks in birds (mainly poultry) as well as mammals (pigs etc.). Infected animals and their products (mainly eggs) often come from small household production and pose a risk for human health. The second member of this complex, Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis is commonly iso ated from humans and pigs. For both hosts, the sources are particularly various components of the environment (peat, compost and surface water). The third member, Mycobacterium intraceiiuiare is commonly found in soil and water which was not treated with chlorine. (Nowadays, ozone is used for the treatment of potable water). Consequently, infections of humans and animals caused by this agent are expected to rise.
- MeSH
- Food Contamination MeSH
- Humans microbiology MeSH
- Microbiological Techniques utilization MeSH
- Mycobacterium avium classification pathogenicity MeSH
- Zoonoses microbiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans microbiology MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- MeSH
- Research Support as Topic MeSH
- Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis genetics isolation & purification classification MeSH
- Mycobacterium avium genetics isolation & purification classification MeSH
- Paratuberculosis epidemiology microbiology pathology MeSH
- Tuberculosis epidemiology microbiology veterinary MeSH
- Deer microbiology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
- MeSH
- Drug Resistance, Microbial MeSH
- Antitubercular Agents MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Research Support as Topic MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Mycobacterium avium analysis classification pathogenicity MeSH
- Serotyping methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
- Congress MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
A cooperative study was conducted by the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy to correlate the agglutination serovar designations of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum strains with the species ascriptions of these organisms according to molecular criteria and cultural properties and to assess the reproducibility of serovar determinations for a set of 63 reference strains of these species. Among the molecular criteria, the level of agreement between results obtained with nucleic acid probes and T-catalase serology results was 94% for strains of M. avium and M. intracellulare. Nucleic acid probes were not available for M. scrofulaceum, but none of the 10 strains ascribed to this species on the basis of catalase serology data reacted with a nucleic acid probe for M. avium or M. intracellulare. Ascription to a species on the basis of mycolic acid high-performance liquid chromatography patterns was in agreement with catalase serology results in 86% of the cases examined. Most strains belonging to serovars 1 through 6 and 8 through 11 were identified by molecular criteria as M. avium, most strains belonging to serovars 7, 12 through 20, 23, and 25 were identified as M. intracellulare, and most strains belonging to serovars 41 through 43 were identified as M. scrofulaceum, in agreement with common current practice. Evidence for assigning serovar 27 to M. scrofulaceum was obtained. However, two strains of a given serovar may, on occasion, be placed in different species. The dominant species assignments for strains belonging to serovars 21, 24, 26, and 28 remain unresolved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- MeSH
- Agglutination Tests MeSH
- Bacterial Proteins analysis MeSH
- Cell Division MeSH
- Catalase analysis MeSH
- Mycobacterium avium Complex * genetics immunology classification MeSH
- Mycobacterium avium * genetics immunology classification MeSH
- Mycobacterium scrofulaceum * genetics immunology classification MeSH
- Antibodies, Bacterial immunology MeSH
- RNA, Ribosomal * genetics MeSH
- Publication type
- Multicenter Study MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
