Male infertility is a multifactorial condition contributing to approximately 50% of all cases of couple infertility. In recent years, significant advances have been made in both diagnostics and treatment. This review summarizes key developments from 2019 to 2024 with direct relevance to routine clinical practice in Czech urology and andrology. Particular attention is paid to the updated semen analysis standards (World Health Organisation 6th edition, 2021), sperm DNA fragmentation testing, genetic evaluation (karyotyping, Y chromosome microdeletions, and exome sequencing), surgical management of varicocele, and sperm retrieval techniques for azoospermia, including microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE). The article also discusses pharmacological options (gonadotropins, selective estrogen receptor modulators, antioxidants), the impact of lifestyle factors, and the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration with assisted reproduction centers. Future perspectives, including the role of preventive strategies in male reproductive health, are also addressed. The aim is to provide a comprehensive and clinically applicable overview of current recommendations and therapeutic approaches in andrology, with a focus on their implementation in the Czech urological setting.
- MeSH
- Semen Analysis methods MeSH
- Antioxidants pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Reproductive Techniques, Assisted MeSH
- Genetic Testing methods MeSH
- Gonadotropins therapeutic use MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Infertility, Male * diagnosis etiology therapy MeSH
- Sperm Retrieval MeSH
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Varicocele surgery MeSH
- Life Style MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Systematic Review MeSH
Immune checkpoints regulate the immune system response. Recent studies suggest that flavonoids, known as phytoestrogens, may inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. We explored the potential of estrogens and 17 Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) as inhibiting ligands for immune checkpoint proteins (CTLA-4, PD-L1, PD-1, and CD80). Our docking studies revealed strong binding energy values for quinestrol, quercetin, and bazedoxifene, indicating their potential to inhibit PD-1 and CTLA-4. Quercetin and bazedoxifene, known to modulate EGFR and IL-6R alongside estrogen receptors, can influence the immune checkpoint functionality. We discuss the impact of SERMs on PD-1 and CTLA-4, suggesting that these SERMs could have therapeutic effects through immune checkpoint inhibition. This study highlights the potential of SERMs as inhibitory ligands for immune checkpoint proteins, emphasizing the importance of considering PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibition when evaluating SERMs as therapeutic agents. Our findings open new avenues for cancer immunotherapy by exploring the interaction between various SERMs and immune checkpoint pathways.
- MeSH
- CTLA-4 Antigen MeSH
- B7-H1 Antigen MeSH
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor MeSH
- Immunotherapy MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Estrogen Receptor Modulators MeSH
- Neoplasms * therapy MeSH
- Immune Checkpoint Proteins * MeSH
- Quercetin MeSH
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators pharmacology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Keywords
- děložní myomy,
- MeSH
- Estrogen Antagonists pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Hormone Replacement Therapy adverse effects MeSH
- Aromatase Inhibitors pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Catechin therapeutic use MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Myoma * drug therapy MeSH
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Uterus pathology MeSH
- Vitamin D therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Estrogen deprivation is one of the major factors responsible for many age-related processes including poor wound healing in postmenopausal women. However, the reported side-effects of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) have precluded broad clinical administration. Therefore, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have been developed to overcome the detrimental side effects of ERT on breast and/or uterine tissues. The use of natural products isolated from plants (e.g., soy) may represent a promising source of biologically active compounds (e.g., genistein) as efficient alternatives to conventional treatment. Genistein as natural SERM has the unique ability to selectively act as agonist or antagonist in a tissue-specific manner, i.e., it improves skin repair and simultaneously exerts anti-cancer and chemopreventive properties. Hence, we present here a wound healing phases-based review of the most studied naturally occurring SERM.
- MeSH
- Phytoestrogens pharmacology MeSH
- Genistein pharmacology MeSH
- Wound Healing drug effects MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Regenerative Medicine trends MeSH
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators pharmacology MeSH
- Signal Transduction MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
The FDA-approved drugs raloxifene and bazedoxifene could be among the best candidates to prevent mortality in severe COVID-19 patients. Raloxifene and bazedoxifene inhibit IL-6 signaling at therapeutic doses, suggesting they have the potential to prevent the cytokine storm, ARDS and mortality in severe COVID-19 patients, as is being shown with humanized antibodies blocking IL-6 signaling. In addition, raloxifene and bazedoxifene are selective estrogen receptor modulators with strong antiviral activity.
- MeSH
- Betacoronavirus drug effects pathogenicity MeSH
- Cytokines antagonists & inhibitors genetics MeSH
- Indoles pharmacology MeSH
- Interleukin-6 antagonists & inhibitors genetics MeSH
- Coronavirus Infections drug therapy genetics mortality virology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Pandemics MeSH
- Raloxifene Hydrochloride pharmacology MeSH
- Receptors, Estrogen antagonists & inhibitors MeSH
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators pharmacology MeSH
- Signal Transduction drug effects MeSH
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome drug therapy prevention & control virology MeSH
- Pneumonia, Viral drug therapy genetics mortality virology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- MeSH
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone agonists antagonists & inhibitors therapeutic use MeSH
- Leiomyoma * drug therapy classification MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Norpregnadienes * therapeutic use MeSH
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators * pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- MeSH
- Diphosphonates administration & dosage adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Denosumab administration & dosage adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Hormone Replacement Therapy methods MeSH
- Bone Density Conservation Agents * administration & dosage adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Osteoporosis * diet therapy drug therapy therapy MeSH
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Exercise Therapy MeSH
- Teriparatide administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Calcium, Dietary administration & dosage metabolism therapeutic use MeSH
- Vitamin D administration & dosage metabolism therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- Keywords
- klimakterický syndrom, bazedoxifen,
- MeSH
- Atrophic Vaginitis drug therapy MeSH
- Estrogen Replacement Therapy methods MeSH
- Bone Density Conservation Agents pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Climacteric MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal prevention & control MeSH
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators * pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Keywords
- ulipristal acetát,
- MeSH
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone agonists antagonists & inhibitors therapeutic use MeSH
- Leiomyoma * diagnosis etiology drug therapy pathology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Norpregnadienes * therapeutic use MeSH
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators * pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
