SCOPE: This study aims to assess in rats whether normalizing maternal diet during lactation prevents the harmful effects of western diet (WD) consumption during the whole perinatal period on the lipidomic profile in maternal milk and offspring plasma. METHODS AND RESULTS: Control dams (CON-dams), fed with standard diet (SD); WD-dams, fed with WD prior and during gestation and lactation; and reversion dams (REV-dams), fed as WD-dams but moved to SD during lactation are followed. Lipidomic analysis is performed in milk and plasma samples from pups. Milk of WD-dams presents a different triacylglycerol composition and free fatty acid (FA) profile compared to CON-dams, including an increased ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory long-chain polyunsaturated FA. Such alterations, which are also present in the plasma of their offspring, are widely reversed in the milk of REV-dams and the plasma of their pups. This is related with the recovery of control adiponectin expression levels in the mammary gland, and the presence of decreased expression of pro-inflammatory factors. CONCLUSION: Implementing a healthy diet during lactation prevents early alterations in the plasma lipidome of pups associated to the maternal intake of an obesogenic diet, which may be related to the normalization of milk lipid content and the inflammatory state in the mammary gland.

• MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• laktace metabolismus   MeSH
• lipidomika * MeSH
• mastné kyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• mléko * chemie   MeSH
• obezita etiologie   metabolismus   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zdravá strava MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To determine transplacental passage of topiramate and its transport to colostrum, mature maternal milk and breastfed infants, we examined data from 27 women treated with topiramate from 2004 to 2020. METHODS: In this cohort study, maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, milk and infant serum levels were measured by gas chromatography in the delivery subgroup, the colostrum subgroup (3-4 days postpartum) and the mature milk subgroup (7-30 days postpartum). Paired umbilical cord serum, maternal serum, breastfed infant serum, and milk levels were used to assess the ratios of umbilical cord/maternal serum, milk/maternal serum and infant/maternal serum levels. RESULTS: Topiramate levels varied from 1.0 to 7.1 mg/L in maternal serum and from 0.8 to 6.2 mg/L in umbilical cord serum, and the mean umbilical cord/maternal serum ratio was 0.93 ± 0.11. At 3-4 days after delivery, topiramate concentrations were 1.4-8.4 mg/L in maternal serum, 1.5-8.6 mg/L in milk and 0.3-4.4 mg/L in infant serum. The mean milk/maternal serum ratio was 0.99 ± 0.45, and the mean infant/maternal serum ratio was 0.25 ± 0.15. At 7-30 days after delivery, maternal serum levels varied from 1.9 to 9.7 mg/L, milk levels ranged from 2.3 to 10.6 mg/L and infant serum levels ranged from 0.3 to 6.5 mg/L. The mean milk/maternal serum ratio was 1.07 ± 0.31, and the mean infant/maternal serum ratio was 0.51 ± 0.27. CONCLUSIONS: We extended information about free transplacental passage of topiramate and its extensive transport to maternal milk with lower serum concentrations in breastfed infants in the largest group of patients ever reported to our knowledge. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT: Authors declare that take full responsibility for the data, the analyses and interpretation, and the conduct of the research; that they have full access to all of the data; and that they have the right to publish all data. Authors were not participations in industry-sponsored research and corporate activities for evaluation of a manuscript.

• MeSH
• antikonvulziva aplikace a dávkování   analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• kojení MeSH
• laktace účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mateřské mléko účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• monitorování léčiv metody   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• topiramat aplikace a dávkování   analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• vedení porodu metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

There is increasing evidence that bisphenols BPS and BPF, which are analogues of BPA, have deleterious effects on reproduction even at extremely low doses. Indirect exposure via the maternal route (i.e. across the placenta and/or by breastfeeding) is underestimated, although it can be assumed to be a cause of idiopathic female infertility. Therefore, we hypothesised the deleterious effects of exposure to BPA analogues during breastfeeding on the ovarian and oocyte quality of offspring. A 15-day exposure period of pups was designed, whilst nursing dams (N ≥ 6 per experimental group) were treated via drinking water with a low (0.2 ng/g body weight/day) or moderate (20 ng/g body weight/day) dose of bisphenol, mimicking real exposure in humans. Thereafter, female pups were bred to 60 days and oocytes were collected. Immature oocytes were used in the in-vitro maturation assay; alternatively, in-vivo-matured oocytes were isolated and used for parthenogenetic activation. Both in-vitro- and in-vivo-matured oocytes were subjected to immunostaining of spindle microtubules (α-tubulin) and demethylation of histone H3 on the lysine K27 (H3K27me2) residue. Although very low doses of both BPS and BPF did not affect the quality of ovarian histology, spindle formation and epigenetic signs were affected. Notably, in-vitro-matured oocytes were significantly sensitive to both doses of BPS and BPF. Although no significant differences in spindle-chromatin quality were identified in ovulated and in-vivo-matured oocytes, developmental competence was significantly damaged. Taken together, our mouse model provides evidence that bisphenol analogues represent a risk to human reproduction, possibly leading to idiopathic infertility in women.

• MeSH
• aparát dělícího vřeténka účinky léků   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• benzhydrylové sloučeniny metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• epigeneze genetická MeSH
• fenoly metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• fertilita účinky léků   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• IVM techniky MeSH
• kojená zvířata MeSH
• laktace metabolismus   MeSH
• matka - expozice noxám MeSH
• mléko metabolismus   MeSH
• myši inbrední ICR MeSH
• oocyty účinky léků   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• ovariální rezerva účinky léků   MeSH
• ovarium účinky léků   metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• sulfony metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese MeSH
• ženská infertilita chemicky indukované   metabolismus   patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Lipids are secreted into milk as bilayer-coated structures: milk fat globules (MFGs). Adipophilin (ADRP) and perilipin 3 (TIP47) are associated with MFGs in human breast milk; however, the role of these proteins in milk lipid secretion is not fully understood. The study aimed to investigate levels of ADRP, TIP47 and total lipid content in human breast milk, their mutual correlations, and dynamics during lactation. Milk samples from 22 healthy lactating women (Caucasian, Central European) were collected at five time points during lactation (1-3, 12-14, 29-30, 88-90 and 178-180 days postpartum). Mass spectrometry-based method was used for quantification of ADRP and TIP47 in the samples. The gravimetric method was used to determine milk total lipid content. We observed distinctive trends in ADRP, TIP47 levels and lipid content in human breast milk during the first six months of lactation. We also found a significant association between lipid content and ADRP, lipid content and TIP47, and ADRP and TIP47 concentrations in breast milk at all sampling points. A mass spectrometry-based method was developed for quantifying ADRP and TIP47 in human breast milk. Strong mutual correlations were found between ADRP, TIP47 and total lipid content in human breast milk.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• glykolipidy metabolismus   MeSH
• glykoproteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• laktace metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidová tělíska MeSH
• mateřské mléko metabolismus   MeSH
• perilipin 2 metabolismus   MeSH
• perilipin 3 metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Ruminants are often fed a high-concentrate (HC) diet to meet lactating demands, yet long-term concentrate feeding induces subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and leads to a decrease in milk fat. Buffering agent could enhance the acid base buffer capacity and has been used to prevent ruminant rumen SARA and improve the content of milk fat. Therefore, we tested whether a buffering agent increases lipid anabolism in the livers of goats and influences of milk fat synthesis. Twelve Saanen-lactating goats were randomly assigned to two groups: one group received a HC diet (Concentrate: Forage=60:40, Control) and the other group received the same diet with a buffering agent added (10 g sodium butyrate, C(4)H(7)NaO(2); 10 g sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO(3); BG) over a 20-week experimental period. Overall, milk fat increase (4.25+/-0.08 vs. 3.24+/-0.10; P<0.05), and lipopolysaccharide levels in the jugular (1.82+/-0.14 vs. 3.76+/-0.33) and rumen fluid (23,340+/-134 vs. 42,550+/-136) decreased in the buffering agent group (P<0.05). Liver consumption and release of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) into the bloodstream increased (P<0.05). Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) up-regulated significantly in the livers of the buffering agent group (P<0.05). It also up-regulated expression of the transcription factor sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and its downstream targets involved in fatty acid synthetic, including fatty acid synthetase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD-1) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) (P<0.05). The BG diet increased insulin levels in blood (19.43+/-0.18 vs. 13.81+/-0.10, P<0.05), and insulin receptor was likewise elevated in the liver (P<0.05). Cumulatively, the BG diet increased plasma concentrations of NEFA by INS-PI3K/AKTSREBP-1c signaling pathway promoting their synthesis in the liver. The increased NEFA concentration in the blood during BG feeding may explain the up-regulated in the milk fat of lactating goats.

• MeSH
• 1-fosfatidylinositol-3-kinasa metabolismus   MeSH
• inzulin farmakologie   MeSH
• kozy MeSH
• laktace účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-akt metabolismus   MeSH
• pufry MeSH
• signální transdukce fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We investigated the impact of a high-fat (HF) diet during pre- and post-weaning periods on the intestinal microbiota and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in male rats. Nutrition from birth was influenced by feeding rat dams with either a standard or HF diet. After weaning male pups nursed by control dams continued on a standard diet (CC) or HF diet (C->HF), while offspring nursed by HF dams continued on HF diet (HF) or standard diet (HF->C). The numbers of Bacteroides/Prevotella (BAC) and Lactobacillus/Enterococcus (LAB) in the gut were determined by FISH technique. HF pups displayed enhanced adiposity and increased AP activity (19 %), as well as higher LAB (P<0.001) and lower numbers of BAC (P<0.001) in the jejunum and colon than controls. In HF->C rats, post-weaning lower fat intake resulted in decreased fat deposition accompanied by reduced AP activity (20 %) compared to HF rats. Composition of the intestinal microbiota in these rats was not influenced. In contrast, in comparison with controls, C->HF rats displayed higher LAB (P<0.001) and lower BAC (P<0.001) together with increased adiposity and AP activity (14 %). These results indicate that consumption of diet with different fat content could modulate gut microbial/functional conditions depending on the period when the nutritional manipulation occurs.

• MeSH
• aktivace enzymů fyziologie   MeSH
• alkalická fosfatasa metabolismus   MeSH
• dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dietní tuky aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• hmotnostní přírůstek fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• laktace metabolismus   MeSH
• odstavení * MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra fyziologie   MeSH
• tuková tkáň metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Přehledový článek pojednává o významu příjmu kalcia a jeho esenciální potřeby v době gravidity a laktace. Popisuje specifika jeho utilizace a mechanizmy, kterými je regulována jeho plazmatická koncentrace, nezbytná pro specifické činnosti tkání, ale také pro formování fetálního skeletu a v době laktace k tvorbě mléka, v němž je udržována jeho stabilní koncentrace, nezávislá na nutričním příjmu. V článku jsou diskutovány v ČR doporučené denní dávky kalcia, které se v hodnotě 1 000 mg/den pro těhotné a kojící zdají dle autorů nízké, čemuž odpovídá i relativně častý výskyt symptomů jeho deplece, a to jak v době gravidity, tak laktace a jsou ve vztahu k demineralizaci mateřského skeletu. Zároveň je tato denní dávka nižší než dávka, kterou doporučuje WHO a FAO (1 200 mg/den). Součástí je přehled pozitivních a negativních faktorů, ovlivňující utilizaci kalcia ve střevech, jak po nutričním příjmu, tak ve formě suplement. Závěrem jsou uvedena doporučení k suplementaci kalciem u těhotných a kojících žen: při malém nutričním příjmu kalcia, případně averzi k mléku nebo mléčným výrobkům (např. při nesnášenlivosti laktózy, alergie na mléčné bílkoviny, různé formy vegetariánství), při projevech symptomů souvisejících s deplecí kalcia, prevence ge­stační hypertenze, prevence preeklampsie, v případech osteopenie a osteoporózy, v případech aplikace léčiv přispívající k depleci kalcia a demineralizaci skeletu (např. heparin, kortikoidy, aluminiová antacida, antikonvulziva, laxancia).

This review article discusses the importance of calcium intake and the essential need of this mineral during pregnancy and lactation. This article describes the specifics of its utilization, the regulatory mechanisms and plasma concentration required for the specific activity of tissues. Also the importance during formation of the fetal ske­leton and during lactation for milk production, which is maintained in a stable concentration, independent of the nutritional intake. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of calcium for pregnant and lactating in the Czech Republic are discussed. The value of 1 000 mg/day according to the authors seem to be low, which corresponds to relatively frequent symptoms of its depletion, both during pregnancy and lactation and in relation to the demine­ralization of the breast bone. They are also lower than the recommended RDA by WHO and FAO (1 200 mg/day). Part of this article is an overview of the positive and negative factors affecting the calcium utilization in the intestines, both nutritional intake and in the form of supplements. Finally, recommendations are given for calcium supplementation in pregnant and lactating women: with low nutritional calcium intake, or an aversion to milk or dairy products (eg. lactose intolerance, allergies to milk proteins, different forms of vegetarianism), with symptoms associated with the depletion of calcium , prevention of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia prevention, in cases of osteopenia and osteoporosis, in cases of administration of drugs that contribute to depletion of calcium and bone demineralization (e.g. heparin, corticosteroids, aluminum antacids, anticonvulsants, laxatives).

• MeSH
• laktace metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nutriční nároky MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vápník dietní aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• vápník * metabolismus   nedostatek   MeSH
• výživové doporučené dávky * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• 25-hydroxyvitamin D 2 krev   MeSH
• endokrinologie trendy   MeSH
• institut lékařství (USA) MeSH
• intestinální absorpce MeSH
• kalcifediol krev   MeSH
• laktace metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nedostatek vitaminu D diagnóza   etnologie   krev   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• nutriční nároky etnologie   MeSH
• parathormon krev   MeSH
• podpora zdraví MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
• společnosti vědecké MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vápník dietní metabolismus   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• vitamin D aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• souhrny MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

Human milk is a living fluid that changes with time, composition and volume. Circadian rhythms regulate a variety of biological processes in living organisms; and perhaps the most evident function is the sleep-wake cycle. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the circadian rhythm of breast milk amino acids and their evolution throughout the breastfeeding period. Human breast milk samples from 77 donors were collected every 3 hours over a 24-h period. The rhythmicity of the amino acids was determined by cosinor analysis. Colostrum samples showed no circadian rhythm in most amino acids except tryptophan. However, daily variations were observed in tryptophan and methionine at transitional phase, according to the newborn’s pattern of intake every 3 hours regardless of whether it is day or night. During the last stage (mature milk), when breast milk has fully stabilized, most amino acids showed a circadian rhythm. In conclusion, breast milk should be given to the baby at the same time of day it is expressed. Thus, the baby would be adjusting its circadian pattern in harmony with his environment (day/night), which is crucial for the proper functioning and synchronization of all systems in the human body.

• MeSH
• aminokyseliny * analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• chronobiologické jevy MeSH
• cirkadiánní rytmus * fyziologie   MeSH
• interval spolehlivosti MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• kojení MeSH
• kolostrum chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• laktace metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mateřské mléko * chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• methionin analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• tryptofan analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Přehled problematiky: Magnézium je čtvrtým nejčastějším kationtem v lidském organizmu a po draslíku druhým kationtem v intracelulárním prostoru. Účastní se jako kofaktor enzymů metabolických reakcí, tvorby a utilizace energie a je nezbytný k udržení elektrolytové rovnováhy. Tělo dospělého člověka obsahuje asi 0,043 % (535-730 mmol) magnézia, což je v přepočtu asi 22-30 g (60 % v kostěném skeletu, 40 % intracelulárně ve svalovině a měkkých tkáních, 1 % (7,5-10 mmol) je obsaženo v extracelulární tekutině). Denní potřeba magnézia se odhaduje na 10-20 mmol, tj. 200-400 mg. Ve vztahu k podané dávce pak platí, že čím vyšší podaná dávka, tím nižší procento rezorbce ze střeva. Z doporučené denní dávky 15 mmol (365 mg) se rezorbuje pouze okolo 1/3. Význam magnézia v těhotenství: Důsledkem manifestního nedostatku magnézia může být: 1. zvýšené riziko potratu - předčasný porod (inkompetence hrdla děložního, předčasný odtok vody plodové), 2. placentární insuficience a hypotrofizace plodu, 3. rozvoj gestózy u matky, 4. zvýšené riziko astmatu a ekzému u dětí. Magnézium sulfát, podávaný těhotným ohroženým předčasným porodem (23+0 -30+0), snižuje riziko dětské mozkové obrny u přežívajících novorozenců. Souhrn: Nedoporučuje se používat intravenózní magnézium sulfát v indikaci léčby hrozícího předčasného porodu déle jak 5-7 dní. Tato omezení se nijak nevztahují na perorální užívání magnézia.

Objectives: Magnesium is the fourth most common cation in the human body, and the second cation to potassium in the intracellular space. It participates as a cofactor of enzymes in the metabolic reactions, creation and utilization of energy and is necessary for the maintenance of electrolyte balance. The body of an adult contains about 0.043% (535-730 mmol) of magnesium, which is the equivalent of about 22-30 g (60% in the bony skeleton, 40% intracellular in muscles and soft tissue, 1% (7.5-10 mmol) in extracellular fluid). The daily requirement of magnesium is estimated at 10 to 20 mmol, i.e. 200-400 mg. As for dosage, the higher the dose, the lower the percentage of absorption from the intestine. Of the recommended daily dose of 15 mmol (365 mg), only about a third is absorbed. The importance of magnesium in pregnancy: implications of a manifest lack of magnesium may include: 1. increased risk of miscarriage – preterm labor (cervical incompetence, premature rupture of membranes); 2. placental insufficiency and fetal hypotrophy; 3. development of maternal gestosis; 4. increased risk of asthma and eczema in neonates. Magnesium sulfate given to pregnant women with threatened preterm labor (23+0 – 30+0) reduces the risk of cerebral palsy in surviving infants. Summary: In cases of threatened preterm labor it is not recommended to administer magnesium sulfate intravenously for more than 5-7 days. This restriction does not apply to the oral application of magnesium.

• MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• dysmenorea prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• hořčík * krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• hypoxie plodu prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• intravenózní podání MeSH
• laktace metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nedostatek hořčíku * farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• placentární insuficience prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• preeklampsie prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• síran hořečnatý * aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• sloučeniny hořčíku terapeutické užití   MeSH
• těhotenství * metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství * metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH