Given probable the increment in the nutritional needs of both humans and animals, animal production will have increased dramatically by 2050. Insect meals could be an alternative protein source for livestock, and they would also be able to reduce the environmental problems related to intensive animal production system. The aim of this study was to evaluate productive performance, blood analysis, nutrient digestibility, and changes in the internal organs of laying hens fed Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HI) at two different levels in substitution (25 or 50%) of soybean meal (SBM). A total of 162 Hy-line Brown hens (sixteen weeks old) were equally divided into three experimental groups and fed isoprotein and isoenergetic diets. Egg weight, feed intake, and feed conversion rate were not affected by the soybean meal substitution at both inclusion levels of insect meal. Egg mass was positively affected by the insect meal diets, as was the lay percentage, although only at the lowest inclusion level. Dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestibility coefficients were lower for the HI50 diet, probably due to the negative effect of chitin. A reduction in serum cholesterol and triglycerides was observed in both insect-meal fed groups, while serum globulin level increased only at the highest level of insect meal inclusion, and, consequently, the albumin to globulin ratio decreased. Overall, a protein replacement of 25% with an insect meal from Hermetia illucens larvae in the diet of laying hens seems to be more suitable and closer to the optimal level.

• MeSH
• dieta veterinární   MeSH
• Diptera * MeSH
• fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
• Glycine max MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata analýza   MeSH
• kur domácí fyziologie   MeSH
• larva MeSH
• nutriční hodnota MeSH
• triglyceridy MeSH
• živiny MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

AIM: The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrient profile of labelled foods and also understand the application of two international nutrient profiling models of labelled foods and beverages. METHODS: WXYfm and NRF 9.3 nutrient profiling models were used to evaluate 3,171 labelled foods and beverages of 38 food categories and 500 different brands. RESULTS: According to the WXYfm model, pasta, grains and legumes and frozen foods had the best scores whereas oils had the worst scores. According to the NRF 9.3 model per 100 kcal, the best scores were obtained for frozen foods, grains and legumes and milk products whereas the confectionery foods had the worst scores. According to NRF 9.3 per serving size, grains and legumes had the best scores and flavoured milks had the worst scores. A comparison of WXYfm and NRF 9.3 nutrient profiling models ranked scores showed a high positive correlation (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The two nutrient models evaluated yielded similar results. Further studies are needed to test other category specific nutrient profiling models in order to understand how different models behave.

• MeSH
• analýza potravin MeSH
• informace pro uživatele zdravotní péče normy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nápoje klasifikace   normy   MeSH
• nutriční hodnota * MeSH
• označování výrobků * MeSH
• potraviny klasifikace   normy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Turecko MeSH

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a biofilm-forming bacterial strain that can cause major problems as an agent of nosocomial infections. Bacteria in biofilms are shielded from the environment and can survive high doses of antibiotics. We here test the antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus epidermidis to rising gentamicin concentrations in optimal growth conditions as used in routine bacteriology laboratories with low nutrient situations as suggested to be found in clinical situations. We found that gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms survived in the absence of external nutrient supply in PBS. While addition of gentamicin sulfate significantly reduced the pH value of all used media and solutions, this acidification did not alter survival of bacteria in the biofilm. We found a statistically significant and dose-dependent reduction of survival in low nutrient situations using gentamicin sulfate in three out of four patient isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis which have been tested to be gentamicin-resistant under optimal growth conditions. Supporting the original profiling, survival in full media under the same antibiotic dosages was not significantly reduced. Our data here show that antibiotic resistance is a function of the provided nutrient concentration. Antibiotic resistance profiling should consider variations in nutrient availability.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence účinky léků   MeSH
• biofilmy účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• gentamiciny farmakologie   MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální viabilita účinky léků   MeSH
• Staphylococcus epidermidis účinky léků   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Despite several scientific or ethical issues, fetal bovine serum (FBS) remains the standard nutrient supplement in the mesenchymal stem cell cultivation medium. Cell amplification plays an important role in human stem cell therapies. Increasing interest in this field has supported attempts to find suitable human alternatives to FBS for in vitro cell propagation. Human platelet lysate (hPL) has recently been determined as one of them. Our study aimed to evaluate the influence of 2% hPL in the growth medium for in vitro expansion of human natal dental pulp stem cells (hNDP-SCs). The effect was determined on proliferation rate, viability, phenotype profile, expression of several markers, relative telomere length change, and differentiation potential of four lineages of hNDP-SCs. As a control, hNDP-SCs were simultaneously cultivated in 2% FBS. hNDP-SCs cultivated in hPL showed a statistically significantly higher proliferation rate in initial passages. We did not observe a statistically significant effect on mesenchymal stem cell marker (CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90) or stromal-associated marker (CD13, CD166) expression. The cell viability, relative telomere length, or multipotency remained unaffected in hNDP-SCs cultivated in hPL-medium. In conclusion, hPL produced under controlled and standardized conditions is an efficient serum supplement for in vitro expansion of hNDP-SCs.

• MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky * MeSH
• proliferace buněk MeSH
• živiny MeSH
• zubní dřeň * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The membrane-embedded FtsH proteases found in bacteria, chloroplasts, and mitochondria are involved in diverse cellular processes including protein quality control and regulation. The genome of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 encodes four FtsH homologs designated FtsH1 to FtsH4. The FtsH3 homolog is present in two hetero-oligomeric complexes: FtsH2/3, which is responsible for photosystem II quality control, and the essential FtsH1/3 complex, which helps maintain Fe homeostasis by regulating the level of the transcription factor Fur. To gain a more comprehensive insight into the physiological roles of FtsH hetero-complexes, we performed genome-wide expression profiling and global proteomic analyses of Synechocystis mutants conditionally depleted of FtsH3 or FtsH1 grown under various nutrient conditions. We show that the lack of FtsH1/3 leads to a drastic reduction in the transcriptional response to nutrient stress of not only Fur but also the Pho, NdhR, and NtcA regulons. In addition, this effect is accompanied by the accumulation of the respective transcription factors. Thus, the FtsH1/3 complex is of critical importance for acclimation to iron, phosphate, carbon, and nitrogen starvation in Synechocystis.plantcell;31/12/2912/FX1F1fx1.

• MeSH
• aklimatizace genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• dusík nedostatek   metabolismus   MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• fosfáty nedostatek   metabolismus   MeSH
• fosforylace MeSH
• fotosystém II (proteinový komplex) chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• metaloproteasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• proteiny vázající fosfáty genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteolýza MeSH
• proteom genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteomika MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u bakterií genetika   MeSH
• regulon genetika   MeSH
• represorové proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• ribozomální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Synechocystis enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• uhlík nedostatek   metabolismus   MeSH
• živiny nedostatek   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The neurotropic bird schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti possesses papain-like cysteine peptidases which have also been shown to be crucial enzymes in various developmental stages of the related human parasites Schistosoma spp. In this paper, we present data obtained by real-time polymerase chain reaction on the temporal distribution of transcripts of two cathepsins in different developmental stages of T. regenti: cathepsin B1 originally described from the gut lumen of schistosomula with presumptive role in nutrient digestion and cathepsin B2 originally found in penetration glands of cercariae with probable involvement in invasion of the final host. In spite of their mutual resemblance at the sequence level, the mRNA expression profiles clearly show distinct expression of cathepsins B1 and B2 during the development from eggs to cercariae. In the case of both cathepsins, the highest level of transcription was detected in intravertebrate stages. Putative functions of cathepsins B1 and B2 in schistosome developmental stages are discussed.

• MeSH
• hlemýždi MeSH
• izoenzymy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• kachny MeSH
• kathepsin B genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny červů genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Schistosomatidae enzymologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• stadia vývoje MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Tropical rainforests are frequently limited by soil nutrient availability. However, the response of the metabolic phenotypic plasticity of trees to an increase of soil nutrient availabilities is poorly understood. We expected that increases in the ability of a nutrient that limits some plant processes should be detected by corresponding changes in plant metabolome profile related to such processes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We studied the foliar metabolome of saplings of three abundant tree species in a 15 year field NPK fertilization experiment in a Panamanian rainforest. The largest differences were among species and explained 75% of overall metabolome variation. The saplings of the large canopy species, Tetragastris panamensis, had the lowest concentrations of all identified amino acids and the highest concentrations of most identified secondary compounds. The saplings of the "mid canopy" species, Alseis blackiana, had the highest concentrations of amino acids coming from the biosynthesis pathways of glycerate-3P, oxaloacetate and α-ketoglutarate, and the saplings of the low canopy species, Heisteria concinna, had the highest concentrations of amino acids coming from the pyruvate synthesis pathways. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The changes in metabolome provided strong evidence that different nutrients limit different species in different ways. With increasing P availability, the two canopy species shifted their metabolome towards larger investment in protection mechanisms, whereas with increasing N availability, the sub-canopy species increased its primary metabolism. The results highlighted the proportional distinct use of different nutrients by different species and the resulting different metabolome profiles in this high diversity community are consistent with the ecological niche theory.

• MeSH
• deštný prales * MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• listy rostlin růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• Magnoliopsida růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolom * MeSH
• průmyslová hnojiva * analýza   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• stromy růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• tropické klima MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Eight women of reproductive age with normal body mass index were given 5 standardised meals, and their hormonal milieu was determined during the course of the day. Plasma from 12 withdrawals was analysed for dehydroepiandrosterone and its 7- and 16-hydroxylated metabolites. Overall, there was a maximum in the levels of steroid hormones in the morning, followed by decreases throughout the day. There was also an additional significant decrease found for dehydroepiandrosterone and its 7α-hydroxyderivative in association with the consumption of main meals, but not for the 7β-isomer or 16α-hydroxyderivative.

• MeSH
• adjuvancia imunologická aplikace a dávkování   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• dehydroepiandrosteron aplikace a dávkování   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hydroxylace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• přijímání potravy účinky léků   MeSH
• rozvrh dávkování léků MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Interactions with microorganisms might enable house dust mites (HDMs) to derive nutrients from difficult-to-digest structural proteins and to flourish in human houses. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the effects of changes in the mite culture growth and population of two HDM species on HDM microbiome composition and fitness. Growing cultures of laboratory and industrial allergen-producing populations of Dermatophagoides farinae (DFL and DFT, respectively) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DPL and DPT, respectively) were sampled at four time points. The symbiotic microorganisms of the mites were characterized by DNA barcode sequencing and quantified by qPCR using universal/specific primers. The population growth of mites and nutrient contents of mite bodies were measured and correlated with the changes in bacteria in the HDM microbiome. The results showed that both the population and culture age significantly influenced the microbiome profiles. Cardinium formed 93% and 32% of the total sequences of the DFL and DFT bacterial microbiomes, respectively, but this bacterial species was less abundant in the DPL and DPT microbiomes. Staphylococcus abundance was positively correlated with increased glycogen contents in the bodies of mites, and increased abundances of Aspergillus, Candida, and Kocuria were correlated with increased lipid contents in the bodies of mites. The xerophilic fungus Wallemia accounted for 39% of the fungal sequences in the DPL microbiome, but its abundance was low in the DPT, DFL, and DFT microbiomes. With respect to the mite culture age, we made three important observations: the mite population growth from young cultures was 5-8-fold higher than that from old cultures; specimens from old cultures had greater abundances of fungi and bacteria in their bodies; and yeasts predominated in the gut contents of specimens from young cultures, whereas filamentous mycelium prevailed in specimens from old cultures. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that mites derive nutrients through associations with microorganisms.

• MeSH
• Bacteria * klasifikace   MeSH
• bakteriální RNA analýza   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fungální RNA analýza   MeSH
• houby * klasifikace   MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• Pyroglyphidae mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S analýza   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S analýza   MeSH
• taxonomické DNA čárové kódování MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The glycemic index (GI) is routinely measured 120 minutes after food intake (GI120). The purpose of this prospective open label study was to assess (1) the dynamics of glycemia over the 210 minutes following food consumption and (2) the evolution of GIs based on 120-, 150-, 180-, and 210-minute glycemic profiles. METHOD: Twenty healthy subjects (mean +/- SE; 21.9 +/- 1.39 years of age; body mass index 23.6 +/- 0.63 kg/m(2); 7 men and 13 women) completed the study. Each subject consumed 10 different foods with known GI120 on three separate occasions at four different times of day according to a defined meal plan over a 9-day period; 32 meals were evaluated. The GIs for intervals of 120, 150, 180 and 210 minutes after food consumption were determined using a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) to measure glycemia. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to compare the GIs. RESULTS: Glycemia returned to baseline within 120 minutes for honey and tomato soup; within 210 minutes for white bread, choco-rice cookies, fish and potatoes, wafers, and meat ravioli with cheese; and later for dark chocolate, apricot dumplings, and choco-wheat cookies. The extended GIs were higher than the respective GI120s in eight of the foods. CONCLUSIONS: The 120-minute glycemic index fails to fully account for changes in glycemia after ingestion of a mixed meal because glycemia remains above baseline for a longer period. The CGMS is a convenient method to determine the glucose response/GIs over intervals extended up to 210 minutes, which is adequate time for the absorption of most foods.

• MeSH
• čas MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• glykemický index fyziologie   MeSH
• krevní glukóza analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• potraviny MeSH
• přijímání potravy fyziologie   MeSH
• software MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH