Alcoholus Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
- Klíčová slova
- Alcoholus,
- MeSH
- farmakopea homeopatická jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- paranoidní chování klasifikace psychologie terapie MeSH
- pití alkoholu psychologie škodlivé účinky terapie MeSH
- zmatenost klasifikace psychologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
BACKGROUND: The use of legal and illegal drugs is currently considered as one of the most serious social problems. Experts are agreed that the groups most at risk, by threatening drugs, are young people. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper was to measure the level and type of influence of selected socio-economic variables on alcohol use and attitudes toward alcohol among Slovak university students. METHODS: The data set was obtained on the basis of a questionnaire survey. Data collection took place from December 2015 until the end of February 2016. Approximately 90% of questionnaires were completed in electronic form, others were filled in by hand. SAMPLE: 748 students (290 males (38.8%) and 458 women (61.2%) full-time students at Slovak universities. RESULTS: On the basis of our results we can claim that, the sex of student is by far the most influential socio-economic characteristic of alcohol use, prevalence and opinions of risks connected with its use. A lot of examined variables are dependent on sex e.g.: the age of first intoxication (p=0,001), number of alcohol consumptions during last year and during last month (p<0,001), number of beers and spirits consumed during last month (p<0,001), opinions of risks connected with alcohol use (p < 0,001) and also cumulative monthly alcohol consumption (p<0,001). All mentioned associations are in favour of female (they have got smaller alcohol consumption and they are more aware of the risks connected with alcohol use in comparison with male). CONCLUSIONS: The sex of the student influences alcohol use prevalence and opinions of risks connected with alcohol use, relatively much more in comparison with other examined characteristics.
- MeSH
- alkoholické nápoje ekonomika klasifikace statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- kouření marihuany MeSH
- kouření MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nárazové pití alkoholu MeSH
- pití alkoholu na vysoké škole * etnologie MeSH
- pití nezletilých MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- studenti MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- výzkum MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
In addition to individual negative health and social consequences, heavy drinking also affects alcohol users' social environment. Such harm increases with the quantity of ethanol consumed. The aim of this study was to explore the level and patterns of alcohol use in the small municipality of Jindřichovice in the Karlovy Vary region. METHOD: Questionnaire survey among all adult inhabitants: 267 addressed, 53 participated (32 men, 21 women). RESULTS: 37.8% of the respondents, of whom 52.4% were men and 18.8% women, had drunk alcohol every day or almost every day, which is approx. five times more than in the general Czech population. The quantity of pure alcohol consumed weekly per respondent reached 287.8 g, on average 49.8 g daily in the men and 26.1 g daily in the women, which is approx. double and triple, respectively, the amounts consumed among the general Czech population. The largest quantities were consumed by retired men, the lowest by retired women. CONCLUSION: The levels of alcohol consumption found in Jindřichovice are risky and suggest that alcohol use is strongly embedded in the lifestyle of its inhabitants.
- MeSH
- alkoholismus * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pití alkoholu MeSH
- poruchy sociálního chování MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- sociální problémy MeSH
- životní styl MeSH
- zpráva o sobě MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: A continuous tradition of institutional inpatient alcohol treatment in what is now the Czech Republic dates back to 1948. At present this type of treatment generally involves the so-called “Apolinar Addiction Treatment Model”. Prior to the establishment of this treatment facility, there were three institutional inpatient facilities specialising in the treatment of alcohol dependency in what was then, or was later to become, Czechoslovakia. They were located respectively in Velké Kunèice, Tuchlov, and Istebné nad Oravou. The founder of the current model built upon these earlier efforts. AIMS: To explore the development, operation, and dissolution of the specialised inpatient alcohol treatment facility in Velké Kunèice, the earliest establishment of its kind in what is now the Czech Republic, using a case study. The person of Father Bedøich Konaøík, its founder and a pioneer of modern addictology, will also be addressed. METHODS: Qualitative content analysis of available historical documents was used to collect the data. The subject matter of the documents was categorised with respect to their association with the onset and development of the phenomenon of institutional inpatient treatment. RESULTS: F. Bedøich Konaøík was concerned with the issues of alcohol dependency and alcohol abuse from 1901 onwards. His first treatises on alcohol dependency were published in 1908. In these texts, in addition to other observations, he advocated the establishment of a specialised institution dedicated to the treatment of alcohol dependency. The institution he had called for was opened in 1911, with F. Bedøich Konaøík-Beèvan becoming its manager. The treatment facility remained in operation until 1915, when it was closed down because all the patients were called up to fight in World War I. CONCLUSION: Qualitative analysis of historical documents confirmed the existence and efficiency of a fully-fledged institutional treatment facility, which from 1911 to 1915 provided alcohol treatment to male patients in Velké Kunèice. This unique treatment approach was initiated on the territory of this country by F. Bedøich Konaøík, who drew inspiration for this approach especially from Switzerland, Sweden, and Germany. In view of the above, F. Bedøich Konaøík can justly be considered the founder and pioneer of modern residential alcohol dependency treatment in Central Europe.
- MeSH
- alkoholismus * dějiny terapie MeSH
- chorobopisy MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- ergoterapie MeSH
- hospitalizace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- protialkoholické hnutí MeSH
- sociální problémy MeSH
- střídmost MeSH
- ustanovení a nařízení MeSH
- ústavy pro duševně nemocné * dějiny ekonomika organizace a řízení pracovní síly MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- historické články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Rakousko-Uhersko MeSH
- O autorovi
- Konařík-Bečvan, Bedřich, 1878-1944 Autorita
Fetální alkoholový syndrom (FAS) je komplexem syndromů, které se mohou vyskytnout u plodu matky, která během těhotenství konzumovala alkohol. Patří do širší skupiny FASD (Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders), kam patří dále ARBD (Alcohol-Related Birth Defects), ARND (Alcohol-Related Neurobehavioral Defects) a PFAS (Partial FAS). Diagnostika FAS se na tuzemské scéně podceňuje. Vychází většinou pouze z přítomnosti faciálních abnormalit (tzn. že statistické údaje v této oblasti jsou patrně značně zkreslené). Základní schéma komplexních diagnostických nástrojů bylo nastíněno roku 1996 v Diagnostických kritériích Institute of Medicine (IOM). Tato příručka bohužel trpěla výraznou neurčitostí jednotlivých kritérií. Diagnostic Guide for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders – The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code (4DDC) je druhou možností. Tento systematický a kategoricky pojatý nástroj je komplexním průvodcem diagnostikou FAS s jasně vymezenými hranicemi a kritérii. Nevýhodou této metody je časová náročnost diagnostického procesu, výhodou je podrobná diagnóza, umožňující a navrhující doporučené léčebné postupy. Americká centra pro kontrolu nemocí (CDC) vydala vlastní manuál Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis. Oproti 4DDC je diagnostický návod pojatý více narativní formou, přesto jasně definuje kritéria pro diagnostiku. Nabízí zároveň podklady pro diferenciální diagnostiku FAS. Posledním nástrojem jsou Canadian Guidelines for FASD Diagnosis. Vychází z větší části z 4DDC a jsou víceméně zkrácenou a „zjednodušenou“ formou této diagnostické příručky. Existují také screeningové testy rizikového pití v těhotenství. Mezi nejpoužívanější patří krátké dotazníky, např. TWEAK, které těží především z rychlé a snadné administrace a vyhodnocení. Jinou možností je sledování biologických markerů alkoholu v těle matky a dítěte. Jako nadějné se jeví sledování etyl esterů mastných kyselin (FAEEs) v mekoniu a vlasových vzorcích dítěte.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a complex of syndromes, occurring at fetus exposed prenatally to alcohol. It belongs to wider group of FASD, where belong also ARBD, ARND and PFAS1. Diagnostics of FAS in this country is underrated. It comes out mostly merely from presence of facial abnormalities (so the statistical and diagnostic entries in this field are very probably greatly underrated). The need of systematic approach to diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) led to formation of some complex diagnostic tools. The fundamental scheme was outlined in 1996 by Institute of Medicine Diagnostic Guide. Regrettably this tool suffered from strong non-specificity of diagnostic criteria. As a reaction to this critique, “Diagnostic Guide for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders – The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code” (4DDC) was developed. This systematic and categorically conceived tool is a complex guide through FAS diagnosis and offers clean-cut borders and criteria. By that it becomes a basis for further guidelines. The only disadvantage of this guide is the length of administration, the advantage is a detailed diagnosis, enabling and proposing consequent treatment. American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published their own material “Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis”. In comparison to 4DDC this tool is written in a more narrative way. Anyhow it avoids IOM Guide’s non-specificity and defines clearly the diagnostic criteria. It also offers details for FAS differential diagnosis. Last tool is “Canadian Guidelines for FASD Diagnosis”. They stem largely from 4DDC and represent more or less abbreviated and “simplified” form of diagnostic guidelines. The range of available tools, available for FAS diagnosis, is presently relatively wide. The first necessary step is however an increased specialists’ concern about prenatal alcohol exposure questions and an attempt to work systematically in this field. There are also screening tools of risk drinking during pregnancy. Mostly expanded are for instance TWEAK questionnaires. Their benefits are especially quick and easy administration and evaluation. Other possible way is to examine biological markers of alcohol in mother’s and child’s body. Mother’s markers are however affected by other possible reasons so they have minor predicative value. Actually promising method is the examination of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEEs) in meconium and hair samples of the child. Researches confirmed connection between concrete FAEEs levels and typical problems, paired with prenatal alcohol exposure. Samples’ developmental aspect is the only limitation, because they can tell us information only from second and third trimester.
- MeSH
- biologické markery analýza MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matka - expozice noxám škodlivé účinky MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- pití alkoholu škodlivé účinky MeSH
- plošný screening metody normy využití MeSH
- spektrum vrozených alkoholových poruch diagnóza MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
V České republice monitorujeme trendy vývoje kontaktní přecitlivělosti na vybrané pomocné látky přípravků farmaceutických a kosmetických u ekzematiků v rámci Sekce dermatoalergologické ČDS ČLS JEP. Kontaktní přecitlivělost na ty pomocné látky, které jsou součástí evropské standardní sady, tj. parabeny, Quaternium-15, Kathon CG, alcoholes adipis lanae, monitorujeme od roku 1995; přecitlivělost na bronopol, imidazolidinylureu, diazolidinylureu, DMDM-hydantoin, chloracetamid, dibromdikyanobutan/fenoxyetanol a kokamidopropylbetain monitorujeme od roku 2005. V roce 2011 činila frekvence senzibilizace u ekzematiků (n = 2944) na Kathon CG 4,1 %, na kokamidopropylbetain 1,8 %, alcoholes adipis lanae 1,4 %, dibromdikyanobutan/fenoxyetanol 1,1 %, parabeny 0,9 %, chloracetamid 0,8 %, Quaternium-15 0,7 %, bronopol a diazolidinylureu 0,6 %, DMDM-hydantoin 0,5 % a imidazolidinylureu 0,4 %. Je pozorován vzestup kontaktní přecitlivělosti na Kathon CG (v roce 2001 1,5 %) a pokles senzibilizace na alcoholes adipis lanae (v roce 2003 3,8 %).
In the Czech Republic the trends of development of contact sensitivity to additives in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products in patients with dermatitis are monitored by the section of dermatological allergology of The Czech Society of Dermatology of the Czech Medical Association JEP. Sensitivity to allergens from European standard series e. g. parabens, Quaternium-15, Kathon CG, lanolin alcohol are monitored since 1995. Sensitivity to bronopol, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, DMDM-hydantoin, chloroacetamide dibromdicyanobutan/phenoxyethanol a cocamidopropyl betaine is monitored since 2005. In 2011 the frequency of sensitization in dermatitis patients (n = 2944) was as follows: 4,1% to Kathon CG, 1,8% to cocamidopropyl betaine, 1,4% to lanolin alcohol, 1,1% to dibromdicyanobutan/phenoxyethanol, 0,9% to parabens, 0,8% to chloroacetamide, 0,7% to Quaternium-15, 0, 6% to bronopol and diazolidinyl urea, 0,5% to DMDM-hydantoin and 0,4% to imidazolidinyl urea. Increased sensitivity to Kathon CG (1,5% in 2001) and decreased sensitivity to lanolin alcohol (3,8% in 2003) was noticed.
- Klíčová slova
- kontaktní ekzém, emulgátory, konzervanty, kontaktní senzibilizace, bronopol, Quaternium-15, diazolidinylurea, DMDM-hydantoin, imidazolidinylurea, chloracetamid, metyldibromoglutaronitril,
- MeSH
- acetamidy škodlivé účinky MeSH
- alergeny MeSH
- antioxidancia škodlivé účinky MeSH
- emulgační látky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- farmaceutické pomocné látky * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- hydantoiny škodlivé účinky MeSH
- kontaktní dermatitida * epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- konzervační prostředky farmaceutické škodlivé účinky MeSH
- kosmetické přípravky * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methenamin analogy a deriváty škodlivé účinky MeSH
- močovina analogy a deriváty škodlivé účinky MeSH
- morbidita MeSH
- parabeny škodlivé účinky MeSH
- pomocné látky MeSH
- propylenglykoly škodlivé účinky MeSH
- thiazoly škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The research compares clinical and experimental studies of the effects of antenatal alcohol exposure on the central nervous system development. The experimental model, involving Vistar rats, was used to analyze the effects of one-month alcohol intake before and during pregnancy. To conduct light-optical analysis we used brain of one-month-old rat offsprings. Pathological studies of brain in infants with fetal alcohol syndrome (three lethal cases) revealed focuses of tissue rarefaction and dystrophic degeneration in the neurons along with a decreased amount of basket cells in the cerebellum. Such findings are in agreement with morphological analyses of brain, conducted on experimental animals. Moreover, employing heterogeneous solid-phase immunoassays, in experimental animals during pregnancy we analyzed the level of the transforming growth factor ß1 (ТGF- ß1).
BACKGROUND: Social work students deal with the topic of alcohol both as part of their studies and later in practice as helping professionals. OBJECTIVES: The article focuses on experience with alcohol use and on experience with alcohol-related problems in bachelor's students of social work. METHODS: The research was designed as a sample survey using questionnaires. The questionnaire consisted of questions developed specifically for the purposes of this research, selected questions from the ESPAD questionnaire, and the CAGE screening test. SAMPLE: The study group was made up of 302 bachelor's social work students at universities in Ústí nad Labem, Bratislava, and Banská Bystrica. The structure of sample in terms of gender corresponds to the assumed structure. RESULTS: Using Pearson'schi-squared test, there were no statistically significant differences in the CAGE scores between individual countries, universities, or gender. The 5.1% of the students who scored 3 or 4 were found to be a thigh risk of alcohol addiction. The most common alcohol-related problems faced by students included disputes, damage to an object or item of clothing, and reduced efficiency at school or at work. In addition, 20–30% of all the students have experienced problematic sexual behaviours – sexual experiences they regretted the next day and/or unprotected sex. CONCLUSION: The results show that social work students do not generally engage in problematic drinking behaviour. In comparison with students of other fields, however, social work poses some specific challenges to these students. Sexual experiences that respondents regretted the next day and unsafe sex may have a major impact on their relationships and mental health in their future life.
- MeSH
- alkoholické nápoje ekonomika klasifikace MeSH
- bydlení MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nárazové pití alkoholu MeSH
- pití alkoholu na vysoké škole * MeSH
- problémové chování MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- rizikový sex MeSH
- sexuální chování MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- sociální práce MeSH
- studenti MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- výzkum MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
Byla sledována frekvence kontaktní přecitlivělosti na 28 vybraných pomocných látek dermatologických extern a kosmetických přípravků v souboru 900 pacientů – chronických ekzematiků (289 mužů, 611 žen, průměrný věk 43,6 roků) ve vztahu k lokalizaci ekzému. U pacientů s ekzémem obličeje a krku (n 350) byly nejvýznamnějšími kontaktními alergeny alcoholes adipis lanae (4,3 %), bronopol (3,7 %), dibromodicyanobutan/ fenoxyetanol (2,9 %), imidazolidinylurea (2,9 %), chlorhexidindiglukonát (2,3 %), diazolidinylurea (2,3 %) a Kathon CG (2 %). Při lokalizaci ekzému na rukou a předloktí (n 504) byl nejvýznamnější formaldehyd (3,8 %), dále alcoholes adipis lanae (3 %), dibromodicyanobutan/fenoxyetanol (2,8 %), bronopol, chloracetamid a Kathon CG (2,4 %) a diazolidinylurea (2,2 %). Při lokalizaci ekzému na nohou a bércích (n 188) byla zjištěna senzibilizace na alcoholes adipis lanae – 12,8 %, parabeny-mix (4,8 %), formaldehyd (2,7 %) a chloracetamid (2,1 %). (Někteří pacienti měli postiženo ekzémem více lokalizací.) V souboru žen s ekzémem obličeje bylo procentuální zastoupení alergických reakcí statisticky významně vyšší (p<0,05) oproti souboru mužů (Fischer exact test).
The frequency of contact sensitivity to 28 selective additives of topical dermatologic medications and cosmetics in a group of nine hundred patients with chronic eczema (289 males, 611 females, mean age 43,6 years) was evaluated in relation to eczema localization. In patients with face and neck eczema (n 350) lanolin alcohols (4,3%), bronopol (3,7%), dibromdicyanobutan/phenoxyethanol (2,9%), imidazolidinylurea (2,9%), chlorhexidinegluconate (2,3%), diazolidinylurea (2,3%) and Kathon CG (2%) were the most important contact allergens. In eczema localized on hands and forearms (n 504) the most important allergen was formaldehyde (3,8%), lanolin alcohols (3%), dibromdicyanobutan/phenoxyethanol (2,8%), bronopol, chloracetamide and Kathon CG (2,4%), and diazolidinylurea (2,2%). In eczema localized on feet and legs (n 188) the sensitization to lanolin alcohols (12,8%), paraben mix (4,8%), formaldehyde (2,7%) and chloracetamide (2,1%) was detected. (In some patients more areas were involved.) In the group of women with face eczema the percentage of allergic reactions was statistically significantly higher (p<0,05) in comparison with the group of men (Fischer exact test).
- MeSH
- alergeny chemie MeSH
- antioxidancia chemie MeSH
- dermatologické látky chemie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- ekzém etiologie MeSH
- farmaceutické pomocné látky chemie MeSH
- kontaktní dermatitida diagnóza etiologie imunologie MeSH
- konzervační prostředky farmaceutické chemie MeSH
- kosmetické přípravky MeSH
- kožní testy metody statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
The aim of the study was to find out, after some time, what is the patients' condition in regard to the abstinence from the primary addictive substance (heroin/alcohol), which was the reason why they have requested the treatment in the Centre for Treatment of Drug Dependencies in Bratislava. Patients and Methods: The research was conducted one and three years after the treatment entry. Cohort 2001 was divided into two groups: (1) the group OpCohort2001 with dependence on heroin (n=146; males 73 %; average age 23.1 (SD ± 4.5 years) and (2) the group AlCohort2001 with alcohol dependence (n=136; males 71 %; average age 42.6 (SD ± 9.8 years). Results: The illicit opiates were used by 21 % and 15 % of the patients with dependence on heroin after one and three years, respectively. From the group of the patients with alcohol dependence continued to drink 26 % and 35 %, respectively. From the group of the patients with heroin dependence were in the methadone maintenance treatment 14 % and 21 % of them, respectively, while the total abstinence from the opiates ha s been achieved by 65 % after one year, and by 64 % after three years, it was 74 % and 65 % of the abstainers in the group with dependence on alcohol. Additional finding was decline from 71 % to 26 % in the rate of the unemployment among those treated due to heroin after three years and from 27 % to 12 % among those treated due to alcohol dependence. Conclusions: It is consistent with the other findings, that about two thirds of the patients is abstaining from the substance due to dependence on which they have requested the treatment after three years. This is suggesting a good prognosis of the disease for the majority of them.
The aim of the study was to find out, after some time, what is the patients' condition in regard to the abstinence from the primary addictive substance (heroin/alcohol), which was the reason why they have requested the treatment in the Centre for Treatment of Drug Dependencies in Bratislava. Patients and Methods: The research was conducted one and three years after the treatment entry. Cohort 2001 was divided into two groups: (1) the group OpCohort2001 with dependence on heroin (n=146; males 73 %; average age 23.1 (SD ± 4.5 years) and (2) the group AlCohort2001 with alcohol dependence (n=136; males 71 %; average age 42.6 (SD ± 9.8 years). Results: The illicit opiates were used by 21 % and 15 % of the patients with dependence on heroin after one and three years, respectively. From the group of the patients with alcohol dependence continued to drink 26 % and 35 %, respectively. From the group of the patients with heroin dependence were in the methadone maintenance treatment 14 % and 21 % of them, respectively, while the total abstinence from the opiates ha s been achieved by 65 % after one year, and by 64 % after three years, it was 74 % and 65 % of the abstainers in the group with dependence on alcohol. Additional finding was decline from 71 % to 26 % in the rate of the unemployment among those treated due to heroin after three years and from 27 % to 12 % among those treated due to alcohol dependence. Conclusions: It is consistent with the other findings, that about two thirds of the patients is abstaining from the substance due to dependence on which they have requested the treatment after three years. This is suggesting a good prognosis of the disease for the majority of them.
- MeSH
- alkoholismus * terapie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- klinické zkoušky jako téma MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- pozorovací studie jako téma MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- závislost na heroinu * terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
