Cingulate cortex
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Predné cingulum bolo v rámci limbického systému primárne považované za štruktúru zodpovednú za emócie. Na základe nálezov novších neurozobrazovacích metód, štúdiom cytoarchitektúry a konektivity bola popísaná funkčná i morfologická variabilita celého cingula ako aj jednotlivých subregiónov. V článku sa venujeme najprv tejto variabilite a následne uvádzame prehľad nálezov štrukturálnej magnetickej rezonancie predného cingula pacientov s diagnózou schizofrénie.
Anterior cingulate cortex, a subregion of the cingulate gyrus and the dorsal component of the limbic lobe, has a major role in most theories of emotions. Based on cytoarchitectural and connectivity studies, cingulate functional and morphological heterogeneity was described. MRI findings support this approach. We discuss the functional and morfological variability of anterior cingulate cor tex in our article. There is also a brief review of MRI findings of the anterior cingulate cortex in chronic schizophrenia patients as well as first episodes and ultra – high risk patients in conclusion.
Quinpirole (QNP) sensitization is a well-established model of stereotypical checking relevant to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Previously, we found that QNP-treated rats display deficits in hippocampus-dependent tasks. The present study explores the expression of immediate early genes (IEG) during QNP-induced stereotypical checking in the hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Adult male rats were injected with QNP (0.5 mg/mL/kg; n = 15) or saline (n = 14) daily for 10 days and exposed to an arena enriched with two objects. Visits to the objects and the corners of the arena were recorded. QNP-treated rats developed an idiosyncratic pattern of visits that persisted across experimental days. On day 11, rats were exposed to the arena twice for 5 min and sacrificed. The expression of IEGs Arc and Homer1a was determined using cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescence in situ hybridization. IEG-positive nuclei were counted in the CA1 area of the hippocampus, ACC, OFC, and mPFC. We found significantly fewer IEG-positive nuclei in the CA1 in QNP-treated rats compared to controls. The overlap between IEG expressing neurons was comparable between the groups. We did not observe significant differences in IEG expression between QNP treated and control rats in ACC, OFC, and mPFC. In conclusion, treatment of rats with quinpirole decreases plasticity-related activity in the hippocampus during stereotypical checking.
- MeSH
- antagonisté dopaminu D2 farmakologie MeSH
- chinpyrol farmakologie MeSH
- cingulární gyrus účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- hipokampus účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- neurony účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- neuroplasticita účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- okamžité časné geny MeSH
- pohybová aktivita účinky léků MeSH
- potkani Long-Evans MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- receptory dopaminu D2 metabolismus MeSH
- receptory dopaminu D3 antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- regulace genové exprese účinky léků MeSH
- stereotypní chování účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Neurons in anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex (ACC/PFC) carry information about behaviorally relevant target stimuli. This information is believed to affect behavior by exerting a top-down attentional bias on stimulus selection. However, attention information may not necessarily be a biasing signal but could be a corollary signal that is not directly related to ongoing behavioral success, or it could reflect the monitoring of targets similar to an eligibility trace useful for later attentional adjustment. To test this suggestion we quantified how attention information relates to behavioral success in neurons recorded in multiple subfields in macaque ACC/PFC during a cued attention task. We found that attention cues activated three separable neuronal groups that encoded spatial attention information but were differently linked to behavioral success. A first group encoded attention targets on correct and error trials. This group spread across ACC/PFC and represented targets transiently after cue onset, irrespective of behavior. A second group encoded attention targets on correct trials only, closely predicting behavior. These neurons were not only prevalent in lateral prefrontal but also in anterior cingulate cortex. A third group encoded target locations only on error trials. This group was evident in ACC and PFC and was activated in error trials "as if" attention was shifted to the target location but without evidence for such behavior. These results show that only a portion of neuronaly available information about attention targets biases behavior. We speculate that additionally a unique neural subnetwork encodes counterfactual attention information.
- MeSH
- akční potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- analýza rozptylu MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cingulární gyrus cytologie MeSH
- Macaca mulatta MeSH
- neurony klasifikace fyziologie MeSH
- podněty MeSH
- pozornost fyziologie MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra cytologie MeSH
- reakční čas fyziologie MeSH
- světelná stimulace MeSH
- vnímání prostoru fyziologie MeSH
- výběrové chování fyziologie MeSH
- zkreslení výsledků (epidemiologie) MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Abnormal functional responses and reductions in functional connectivity associated with functional abnormalities of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is one of the most consistent findings in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, the significance of such findings for the pathophysiology of autism is unclear. In this study, we investigated cellular neurochemistry with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (1H-MRS) in both, anterior (ACC) and posterior (PCC) cingulate cortices, brain regions associated, with networks sub serving alerting and executive control of attention in patients with ASD. Compared to typical development (TD) group, the ASD group showed significantly higher N-acetyl-aspartate/choline (NAA/Cho) ratio in PCC and demonstrated the metabolic differences between anterior and posterior cingulated cortices as a contribution to the pathogenesis of autism. Furthermore, provide the first direct evidence of the relationship between abnormal metabolic activity and posterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in ASD.
Although animals often learn and monitor the spatial properties of relevant moving objects such as conspecifics and predators to properly organize their own spatial behavior, the underlying brain substrate has received little attention and hence remains elusive. Because the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) participates in conflict monitoring and effort-based decision making, and ACC neurons respond to objects in the environment, it may also play a role in the monitoring of moving cues and exerting the appropriate spatial response. We used a robot avoidance task in which a rat had to maintain at least a 25cm distance from a small programmable robot to avoid a foot shock. In successive sessions, we trained ten Long Evans male rats to avoid a fast-moving robot (4cm/s), a stationary robot, and a slow-moving robot (1cm/s). In each condition, the ACC was transiently inactivated by bilateral injections of muscimol in the penultimate session and a control saline injection was given in the last session. Compared to the corresponding saline session, ACC-inactivated rats received more shocks when tested in the fast-moving condition, but not in the stationary or slow robot conditions. Furthermore, ACC-inactivated rats less frequently responded to an approaching robot with appropriate escape responses although their response to shock stimuli remained preserved. Since we observed no effect on slow or stationary robot avoidance, we conclude that the ACC may exert cognitive efforts for monitoring dynamic updating of the position of an object, a role complementary to the dorsal hippocampus.
- MeSH
- agonisté receptorů GABA-A farmakologie MeSH
- cingulární gyrus účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- muscimol farmakologie MeSH
- neurony účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- podněty MeSH
- potkani Long-Evans MeSH
- pozornost účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- prostorové chování účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- reakční čas fyziologie MeSH
- učení vyhýbat se účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Previous EEG studies reported the presence of synchronised 15-30 Hz oscillations in vertex electrodes following innocuous somatosensory stimulation and noxious laser stimulation. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the sources of poststimulus increases of 15-30 Hz oscillations during noxious laser stimulation of four different body regions and to compare the sources of the poststimulus synchronisation with the sources of the N2 component of laser-evoked potential (LEP). In 10 healthy subjects, moderately painful laser stimuli were applied to the dorsum of the right hand, dorsum of the right foot, right groin, and right side of the face. EEG data, recorded from 111 scalp sites, were analysed using event-related desynchronisation method and source dipole analysis. A profound amplitude increase of 15-30 Hz oscillations peaking 1-2 s after noxious laser stimulation was found during stimulation of each body part. The sources of these oscillations were located in the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex and showed no somatotopic arrangement. The sources of the N2-LEP component were located in the anterior mid-cingulate cortex 25-30 mm rostral to the sources of 15-30 Hz oscillations. The amplitude of the poststimulus synchronisation of 15-30 Hz oscillations correlated (P<0.05) with the amplitude of N2-LEP component. Results show that noxious laser stimuli induce bursts of 15-30 Hz oscillations in the posterior cingulate cortex. The poststimulus increases of 15-30 Hz oscillations may stand for transient cortical inhibition possibly aiding temporary suppression of motor programs that have been primed by noxious stimulation.
- MeSH
- bolest patofyziologie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cingulární gyrus patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- evokované potenciály MeSH
- funkční lateralita MeSH
- korová synchronizace MeSH
- lasery škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mapování mozku MeSH
- mozek patofyziologie MeSH
- noha (od hlezna dolů) patofyziologie MeSH
- obličej patofyziologie MeSH
- periodicita MeSH
- počítačové zpracování signálu MeSH
- ruka patofyziologie MeSH
- třísla patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
In this study, we utilized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to understand the role of glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) of OCD patients in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC). In total, 54 patients with OCD and 54 healthy controls (HC) matched for age and sex were included in the study. They underwent MRS in the pgACC region to calculate the concentrations of Glu, Gln, GABA, and Glu + Gln (Glx). After quality control of the MRS data, 21 OCD and 21 HC were statistically analyzed. The severity of symptoms were evaluated using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS). In the statistical analysis, we compared differences between groups for the metabolites; in the OCD we analyzed the correlations with symptom severity, medication status, age, and duration of illness. A significant decrease in Glx, in Glu, and in Gln in the pgACC were observed in the OCD compared to HC. The correlation statistics showed a significant positive correlation between Glu levels and the YBOCS compulsions subscale. The results indicate that patients with OCD present a disturbance in glutamatergic metabolism in the pgACC. The results also demonstrate that these changes correlate with the severity of compulsions.
- MeSH
- cingulární gyrus * metabolismus MeSH
- GABA metabolismus MeSH
- glutamin metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina glutamová metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie metody MeSH
- obsedantně kompulzivní porucha * metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Recent findings indicate that complex cognitive functions are organized at a global level in the brain and rely on large-scale information processing requiring functional integration of multiple disparate neural assemblies. The critical question of the integration of distributed brain activities is whether the essential integrative role can be attributed to a specific structure in the brain or whether this ability is inherent to the cognitive network as a whole. The results of the present study show that mean values of the running correlation function in frontal-temporal EEG pairs with one electrode in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are significantly higher than the same values in other frontal-temporal pairs. These findings indicate a particular role of the ACC in large-scale communication, which could reflect its unique integrative functions in cognitive processing.
- MeSH
- amygdala patofyziologie MeSH
- beta rytmus EEG fyziologie MeSH
- čelní lalok patofyziologie MeSH
- cingulární gyrus patofyziologie MeSH
- dominance mozková fyziologie MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- epilepsie patofyziologie MeSH
- Fourierova analýza MeSH
- gyrus parahippocampalis patofyziologie MeSH
- hipokampus patofyziologie MeSH
- implantované elektrody MeSH
- korová synchronizace fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mapování mozku MeSH
- počítačové zpracování signálu MeSH
- spánkový lalok patofyziologie MeSH
- vědomí fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Předchozí studie poukazují na významnou roli předního cingula a jeho jednotlivých častí v patofyziologii obsedantně-kompulzivní poruchy. tudie byl ná pomoci metod kvantitativní EEG může být prediktivním faktorem odpovědi na kognitivně-behaviorální terapii v kombinaci s antidepresivy či bez nich u pacientů s obsedantně-kompulzivní poruchou. Metodika: Do studie bylo zařazeno 19 pacientů s obsedantně-kompulzivní poruchou (13 žen). Pacienti podstoupili systematickou skupinovou kognitivně-behaviorální terapii v délce 6-8 týdnů. Medikace nebyla v průběhu terapie měněna. Před započetím terapie pacienti podstoupili vyšetření EEG v klidovém stavu. Závažnost psychopatologie byla hodnocena pomocí objektivního dotazníku Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scille a Beckovy sebeposuzovací stupnice úzkosti před započetím terapie a na jejím konci. Byla analyzována souvislost elektrofyziologické aktivity celého předního cingula, jeho části rostrální a dorzální před započetím terapie, závažností psychopatologie a její relativní změny vlivem terapie. Výsledky: Vlivem terapie došlo k výraznému poklesu intenzity obsesí a kompulzí. Vyšší průměrná hodnota proudové hustoty pásma theta (6,5-8 Hz) v oblasti celého předního cingula a v jeho části dorsální před léčbou souvisela s menší změnou úzkosti. V případě rostrální části předního cingula byla nalezena souvislost mezi vyšší průměrnou hodnotou proudové hustoty theta pásma a menší změnou úzkosti i intenzity spe¬ cifických OCD symptomů. Závěr: Relativní hodnota proudové hustoty pásma theta v oblasti předního cingula je kandidátem biologického prediktoru odpovědi terapii z hlediska úzkosti.
Previous studies have pointed at an important role of anterior cingulate and its rostral and dorsal components in the pathophys iology of ob- sessive-compulsive disorder. The aim of this study was to examine whether the characteristic electrophysiological activity in delta and theta band in the anterior c ingulate cortex measured by the methods of quantitative EEG can be a predictive factor of cognitive-behavioral therapy combined with ant idepressants or without phamacotherapy in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Methods: The study included 19 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (13 women). Patients underwent a systematic group cognitive- behavioral therapy in the duration of 6–8 weeks. Medication was not changed during the therapy. Patients underwent EEG in rest st ate before ini- tiating the group therapy. The severity of psychopathology was assessed using an objective questionnaire the Yale-Brown Obsessi ve-compulsi- ve Scale and Beck Anxiety Inventory at the baseline and at the end of the therapy. We analyzed the relationship between the ave rage relative cur- rent density of theta and delta bands in the anterior cingulate cortex and in the rostral and dorsal part separately before ini tiating the therapy and severity of psychopathology and its relative change due to therapy. Results: The severity of anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms significantly decreased as a result of therapy. Higher average curren t density of theta band (6.5–8 Hz) in the whole anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsal part at the baseline was associated with a less pronounced change in anxiety. In the case of rostral anterior cingulate cortex, the relationship between the higher average current densit y of theta band and a smaller change of the intensity of anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Conclusion: The relative value of current density of theta band in the anterior cingulate is a candidate as biological predictor of respons e to the therapy in terms of anxiety.
- Klíčová slova
- výsledek léčby, kognitivně-behaviorální terapie, sLORETA, přední cingulum, EEG,
- MeSH
- cingulární gyrus fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- delta rytmus EEG MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- elektroencefalografie přístrojové vybavení statistika a číselné údaje využití MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- kognitivně behaviorální terapie MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obsedantně kompulzivní porucha diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- psychiatrické posuzovací škály MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- theta rytmus EEG MeSH
- úzkost diagnóza MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
