BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Biparametric magnetic resonance imaging (bpMRI), excluding dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is a potential replacement for multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) in diagnosing clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa). An extensive international multireader multicase observer study was conducted to assess the noninferiority of bpMRI to mpMRI in csPCa diagnosis. METHODS: An observer study was conducted with 400 mpMRI examinations from four European centers, excluding examinations with prior prostate treatment or csPCa (Gleason grade [GG] ≥2) findings. Readers assessed bpMRI and mpMRI sequentially, assigning lesion-specific Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) scores (3-5) and a patient-level suspicion score (0-100). The noninferiority of patient-level bpMRI versus mpMRI csPCa diagnosis was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) alongside the sensitivity and specificity at PI-RADS ≥3 with a 5% margin. The secondary outcomes included insignificant prostate cancer (GG1) diagnosis, diagnostic evaluations at alternative risk thresholds, decision curve analyses (DCAs), and subgroup analyses considering reader expertise. Histopathology and ≥3 yr of follow-up were used for the reference standard. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS: Sixty-two readers (45 centers and 20 countries) participated. The prevalence of csPCa was 33% (133/400); bpMRI and mpMRI showed similar AUROC values of 0.853 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.819-0.887) and 0.859 (95% CI, 0.826-0.893), respectively, with a noninferior difference of -0.6% (95% CI, -1.2% to 0.1%, p < 0.001). At PI-RADS ≥3, bpMRI and mpMRI had sensitivities of 88.6% (95% CI, 84.8-92.3%) and 89.4% (95% CI, 85.8-93.1%), respectively, with a noninferior difference of -0.9% (95% CI, -1.7% to 0.0%, p < 0.001), and specificities of 58.6% (95% CI, 52.3-63.1%) and 57.7% (95% CI, 52.3-63.1%), respectively, with a noninferior difference of 0.9% (95% CI, 0.0-1.8%, p < 0.001). At alternative risk thresholds, mpMRI increased sensitivity at the expense of reduced specificity. DCA demonstrated the highest net benefit for an mpMRI pathway in cancer-averse scenarios, whereas a bpMRI pathway showed greater benefit for biopsy-averse scenarios. A subgroup analysis indicated limited additional benefit of DCE MRI for nonexperts. Limitations included that biopsies were conducted based on mpMRI imaging, and reading was performed in a sequential order. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: It has been found that bpMRI is noninferior to mpMRI in csPCa diagnosis at AUROC, along with the sensitivity and specificity at PI-RADS ≥3, showing its value in individuals without prior csPCa findings and prostate treatment. Additional randomized prospective studies are required to investigate the generalizability of outcomes.

• MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging * MeSH
• Prostatic Neoplasms * diagnostic imaging   pathology   MeSH
• Observer Variation MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Neoplasm Grading MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Multicenter Study MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH

PURPOSE: Ktrans$$ {K}^{\mathrm{trans}} $$ has often been proposed as a quantitative imaging biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response assessment for various tumors. None of the many software tools for Ktrans$$ {K}^{\mathrm{trans}} $$ quantification are standardized. The ISMRM Open Science Initiative for Perfusion Imaging-Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (OSIPI-DCE) challenge was designed to benchmark methods to better help the efforts to standardize Ktrans$$ {K}^{\mathrm{trans}} $$ measurement. METHODS: A framework was created to evaluate Ktrans$$ {K}^{\mathrm{trans}} $$ values produced by DCE-MRI analysis pipelines to enable benchmarking. The perfusion MRI community was invited to apply their pipelines for Ktrans$$ {K}^{\mathrm{trans}} $$ quantification in glioblastoma from clinical and synthetic patients. Submissions were required to include the entrants' Ktrans$$ {K}^{\mathrm{trans}} $$ values, the applied software, and a standard operating procedure. These were evaluated using the proposed OSIPIgold$$ \mathrm{OSIP}{\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{gold}} $$ score defined with accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility components. RESULTS: Across the 10 received submissions, the OSIPIgold$$ \mathrm{OSIP}{\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{gold}} $$ score ranged from 28% to 78% with a 59% median. The accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility scores ranged from 0.54 to 0.92, 0.64 to 0.86, and 0.65 to 1.00, respectively (0-1 = lowest-highest). Manual arterial input function selection markedly affected the reproducibility and showed greater variability in Ktrans$$ {K}^{\mathrm{trans}} $$ analysis than automated methods. Furthermore, provision of a detailed standard operating procedure was critical for higher reproducibility. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports results from the OSIPI-DCE challenge and highlights the high inter-software variability within Ktrans$$ {K}^{\mathrm{trans}} $$ estimation, providing a framework for ongoing benchmarking against the scores presented. Through this challenge, the participating teams were ranked based on the performance of their software tools in the particular setting of this challenge. In a real-world clinical setting, many of these tools may perform differently with different benchmarking methodology.

• MeSH
• Algorithms MeSH
• Contrast Media * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging * methods   MeSH
• Reproducibility of Results MeSH
• Software MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

During hypoxia, tissues are subjected to an inadequate oxygen supply, disrupting the balance needed to maintain normal function. This deficiency can occur due to reduced oxygen delivery caused by impaired blood flow or a decline in the blood's ability to carry oxygen. In tumors, hypoxia and vascularization play crucial roles, shaping their microenvironments and influencing cancer progression, response to treatment and metastatic potential. This chapter provides guidance on the use of non-invasive imaging methods including Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging to study tumor oxygenation in pre-clinical settings. These imaging techniques offer valuable insights into tumor vascularity and oxygen levels, aiding in understanding tumor behavior and treatment effects. For example, PET imaging uses tracers such as [18F]-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) to visualize hypoxic areas within tumors, while MRI complements this with anatomical and functional images. Although directly assessing tumor hypoxia with MRI remains challenging, techniques like Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) provide valuable information. BOLD can track changes in oxygen levels during oxygen challenges, while DCE-MRI offers real-time access to perfusion and vessel permeability data. Integrating data from these imaging modalities can help assess oxygen supply, refine treatment strategies, enhance therapeutic effectiveness, and ultimately improve patient outcomes.

• MeSH
• Hypoxia diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Oxygen metabolism   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging * methods   MeSH
• Misonidazole analogs & derivatives   MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Tumor Hypoxia MeSH
• Neoplasms diagnostic imaging   blood supply   pathology   MeSH
• Neovascularization, Pathologic diagnostic imaging   pathology   MeSH
• Positron-Emission Tomography * methods   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

PURPOSE: Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE) MRI with 2nd generation pharmacokinetic models provides estimates of plasma flow and permeability surface-area product in contrast to the broadly used 1st generation models (e.g. the Tofts models). However, the use of 2nd generation models requires higher frequency with which the dynamic images are acquired (around 1.5 s per image). Blind deconvolution can decrease the demands on temporal resolution as shown previously for one of the 1st generation models. Here, the temporal-resolution requirements achievable for blind deconvolution with a 2nd generation model are studied. METHODS: The 2nd generation model is formulated as the distributed-capillary adiabatic-tissue-homogeneity (DCATH) model. Blind deconvolution is based on Parker's model of the arterial input function. The accuracy and precision of the estimated arterial input functions and the perfusion parameters is evaluated on synthetic and real clinical datasets with different levels of the temporal resolution. RESULTS: The estimated arterial input functions remained unchanged from their reference high-temporal-resolution estimates (obtained with the sampling interval around 1 s) when increasing the sampling interval up to about 5 s for synthetic data and up to 3.6-4.8 s for real data. Further increasing of the sampling intervals led to systematic distortions, such as lowering and broadening of the 1st pass peak. The resulting perfusion-parameter estimation error was below 10% for the sampling intervals up to 3 s (synthetic data), in line with the real data perfusion-parameter boxplots which remained unchanged up to the sampling interval 3.6 s. CONCLUSION: We show that use of blind deconvolution decreases the demands on temporal resolution in DCE-MRI from about 1.5 s (in case of measured arterial input functions) to 3-4 s. This can be exploited in increased spatial resolution or larger organ coverage.

• MeSH
• Algorithms MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Contrast Media * pharmacokinetics   MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging * methods   MeSH
• Perfusion MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI is not available in all imaging centres to investigate adnexal masses. We proposed modified magnetic resonance (MR) scoring system based on an assessment of the enhancement of the solid tissue on early phase postcontrast series and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map and investigated the validity of this protocols in the current study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional retrospective study, pelvic MRI of a total of 245 patients with 340 adnexal masses were studied based on the proposed modified scoring system and ADNEX MR scoring system. RESULTS: Modified scoring system with the sensitivity of 87.3% and specificity of 94.6% has an accuracy of 92.1%. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of ADNEX MR scoring system is 96.6%, 91%, and 92.9%, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the modified scoring system and ADNEX MR scoring system is 0.909 (with 0.870-0.938 95% confidence interval [CI]) and 0.938 (with 0.907-0.961 95% CI), respectively. Pairwise comparison of these area under the curves showed no significant difference (P = .053). CONCLUSIONS: Modified scoring system is less sensitive than the ADNEX MR scoring system and more specific but the accuracy is not significantly different. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: According to our study, MR scoring system based on subjective assessment of the enhancement of the solid tissue on early phase postcontrast series and DWI with ADC map could be applicable in imaging centres that DCE is not available.

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging * MeSH
• Ovary * MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

PURPOSE: To investigate combined MRI and 18F-FDG PET for assessing breast tumor metabolism/perfusion mismatch and predicting pathological response and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in women treated for breast cancer. METHODS: Patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for locally-advanced breast cancer were imaged at three timepoints (pre, mid, and post-NAC), prior to surgery. Imaging included diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE-) MRI and quantitative 18F-FDG PET. Tumor imaging measures included apparent diffusion coefficient, peak percent enhancement (PE), peak signal enhancement ratio (SER), functional tumor volume, and washout volume on MRI and standardized uptake value (SUVmax), glucose delivery (K1) and FDG metabolic rate (MRFDG) on PET, with percentage changes from baseline calculated at mid- and post-NAC. Associations of imaging measures with pathological response (residual cancer burden [RCB] 0/I vs. II/III) and RFS were evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients with stage II/III invasive breast cancer were enrolled in the prospective study (median age: 43, range: 31-66 years, RCB 0/I: N = 11/35, 31%). Baseline imaging metrics were not significantly associated with pathologic response or RFS (p > 0.05). Greater mid-treatment decreases in peak PE, along with greater post-treatment decreases in several DCE-MRI and 18F-FDG PET measures were associated with RCB 0/I after NAC (p < 0.05). Additionally, greater mid- and post-treatment decreases in DCE-MRI (peak SER, washout volume) and 18F-FDG PET (K1) were predictive of prolonged RFS. Mid-treatment decreases in metabolism/perfusion ratios (MRFDG/peak PE, MRFDG/peak SER) were associated with improved RFS. CONCLUSION: Mid-treatment changes in both PET and MRI measures were predictive of RCB status and RFS following NAC. Specifically, our results indicate a complementary relationship between DCE-MRI and 18F-FDG PET metrics and potential value of metabolism/perfusion mismatch as a marker of patient outcome.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 therapeutic use   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods   MeSH
• Breast Neoplasms * diagnostic imaging   drug therapy   MeSH
• Neoadjuvant Therapy methods   MeSH
• Positron-Emission Tomography methods   MeSH
• Prospective Studies MeSH
• Radiopharmaceuticals therapeutic use   MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Cieľ: Kontrastná ultrasonografia (z angl. contrast-enhanced ultrasound – CEUS) predstavuje diagnostickú metódu, ktorá umožňuje dynamické zobrazenie tkaniva v reálnom čase so zaznamenávaním charakteristického vzoru vysycovania ložiska kontrastnou látkou. Cieľom autorov je poukázať na význam tejto zobrazovacej modality v diferenciálnej diagnostike tumorov pečene u novorodeneckých pacientov prostredníctvom dvoch kazuistických prípadov. Metodika: Po intravenóznej aplikácii kontrastnej látky s výlučne intravaskulárnou distribúciou sa v jednotlivých fázach CEUS vyšetrenia zaznamenáva intenzita signálu kontrastnej látky v ložisku pečene a jeho okolí. V priebehu artériovej fázy je hodnotená vaskularizácia ložiska, následne v portálnej a neskorej fáze je možné podrobnejšie hodnotiť dignitu lézie. Výsledky: Dvaja novorodenci s tumoróznym ložiskom pečene podstúpili CEUS vyšetrenie s cieľom bližšej charakterizácie lézie. Na základe CEUS vyšetrenia boli u týchto novorodencov diagnostikované hemangióm a hepatoblastóm. U pacientov sme nezaznamenali nežiadúce účinky v súvislosti s intravenóznym podaním kontrastnej látky. Záver: Podľa našich doterajších skúseností je CEUS vyšetrenie vhodná diagnostická metóda v diferenciálnej diagnostike tumoróznych lézií pečene aj u pacientov v novorodeneckom veku. Realizácia a následná interpretácia výsledkov si však vyžadujú zaškolený zdravotný personál.

Aim: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a novel diagnostic method that enables dynamic imaging of tissues in real time with recording characteristic pattern of bearing contrast agent in liver lesion. The aim of the authors is to point out the importance of this imaging modality in the differential diagnosis of liver tumors in newborns through the presentation of two case reports. Methodology: After intravenous application of microbubble contrast agent with exclusively intravascular distribution the signal intensity is recorded in the individual phases of the examination in liver lesion and its surroundings. During the arterial phase the vascularization of the lesion is evaluated, in the portal and late phase is possible to specify the dignity of the liver lesion more precisely. Results: Two newborns with liver tumors underwent CEUS examination with the aim of closer characterization of the lesion. Based on the CEUS in these newborns were diagnosed hemangioma and hepatoblastoma. We did not observe any adverse effects related to the intravenous administration of the contrast agent. Conclusion: According to our expiriences so far is CEUS a suitable diagnostic method in differential diagnosis of liver tumors also at patients of neonatal age. Realization and interpretation of results reguire trained medical staff.

• Keywords
• kontrastní ultrasonografie,
• MeSH
• Contrast Media MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Liver Neoplasms * diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Ultrasonography methods   MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

• MeSH
• Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging * methods   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Carcinoma, Lobular * diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Neoplasm Staging methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

BACKGROUND/AIM: To test the correlation of 68Ga-PSMA-11 uptake and the expression of PSMA (prostatic specific membrane antigen) with the Gleason score, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from dynamic contrast agent-enhanced MRI/PET. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty newly diagnosed, therapy naïve patients with prostatic carcinoma (PC) (mean age of 56.7, range=34-79), who were referred for 68Ga-PSMA-11-PET/MRI for primary staging and had undergone radical prostatectomy (RAPE) were included in this prospective study. Their blood samples were tested for serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and proPSA. The patients' prostates were evaluated using whole-mount sections, which helped determine the extent and grade of the tumor; tests were performed to determine immunohistochemical PSMA expression. RESULTS: A correlation between PSMA expression and the accumulation of 68Ga-PSMA-11 was found using the Spearman correlation coefficient (p=0.0011). A stronger correlation was found between Gleason patterns 3 or 4 and PSMA expression (p=0.06). Furthermore, the correlation of Gleason score with the overall 68Ga-PSMA-11 accumulation within the tumor or non-tumor tissue was found to be significant (p=0.0157). A significant relation was found only with the Kep elimination rate constant, which was stronger in Gleason pattern 4 than in Gleason pattern 3. A weaker correlation was found between the accumulation of 68Ga-PSMA-11 and Ktrans in Gleason pattern 4: the most significant relation being between ADCmin and Gleason pattern 3 and 4 (p=0.0074). The total size of the tumor correlated with levels of proPSA (p<0.0001), and its extra prostatic extension correlated with levels of proPSA (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: 68Ga-PSMA-11 correlates well with the expression of PSMA. Gleason pattern 3 and 4 had a higher correlation with 68Ga-PSMA-11 levels than did Gleason pattern 5. Either no correlation, or a weak correlation, was established with pharmacokinetics.

• MeSH
• Edetic Acid MeSH
• Carcinoma * MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Prostatic Neoplasms * diagnostic imaging   surgery   metabolism   MeSH
• Oligopeptides MeSH
• Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography MeSH
• Positron-Emission Tomography MeSH
• Prospective Studies MeSH
• Prostate pathology   MeSH
• Gallium Radioisotopes MeSH
• Neoplasm Grading MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Preoperative clinical MRI protocols for gliomas, brain tumors with dismal outcomes due to their infiltrative properties, still rely on conventional structural MRI, which does not deliver information on tumor genotype and is limited in the delineation of diffuse gliomas. The GliMR COST action wants to raise awareness about the state of the art of advanced MRI techniques in gliomas and their possible clinical translation. This review describes current methods, limits, and applications of advanced MRI for the preoperative assessment of glioma, summarizing the level of clinical validation of different techniques. In this second part, we review magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST), susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), MRI-PET, MR elastography (MRE), and MR-based radiomics applications. The first part of this review addresses dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI, arterial spin labeling (ASL), diffusion-weighted MRI, vessel imaging, and magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF). EVIDENCE LEVEL: 3. TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

• MeSH
• Glioma * diagnostic imaging   surgery   pathology   MeSH
• Contrast Media MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy methods   MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging * methods   MeSH
• Brain Neoplasms * diagnostic imaging   surgery   pathology   MeSH
• Preoperative Period MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH