Space and time are fundamental attributes of the external world. Deciphering the brain mechanisms involved in processing the surrounding environment is one of the main challenges in neuroscience. This is particularly defiant when situations change rapidly over time because of the intertwining of spatial and temporal information. However, understanding the cognitive processes that allow coping with dynamic environments is critical, as the nervous system evolved in them due to the pressure for survival. Recent experiments have revealed a new cognitive mechanism called time compaction. According to it, a dynamic situation is represented internally by a static map of the future interactions between the perceived elements (including the subject itself). The salience of predicted interactions (e.g. collisions) over other spatiotemporal and dynamic attributes during the processing of time-changing situations has been shown in humans, rats, and bats. Motivated by this ubiquity, we study an artificial neural network to explore its minimal conditions necessary to represent a dynamic stimulus through the future interactions present in it. We show that, under general and simple conditions, the neural activity linked to the predicted interactions emerges to encode the perceived dynamic stimulus. Our results show that this encoding improves learning, memorization and decision making when dealing with stimuli with impending interactions compared to no-interaction stimuli. These findings are in agreement with theoretical and experimental results that have supported time compaction as a novel and ubiquitous cognitive process.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• neuronové sítě * MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• rozhodování fyziologie   MeSH
• učení fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání času fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Processing of memory is supported by coordinated activity in a network of sensory, association, and motor brain regions. It remains a major challenge to determine where memory is encoded for later retrieval. Here, we used direct intracranial brain recordings from epilepsy patients performing free recall tasks to determine the temporal pattern and anatomical distribution of verbal memory encoding across the entire human cortex. High γ frequency activity (65-115 Hz) showed consistent power responses during encoding of subsequently recalled and forgotten words on a subset of electrodes localized in 16 distinct cortical areas activated in the tasks. More of the high γ power during word encoding, and less power before and after the word presentation, was characteristic of successful recall and observed across multiple brain regions. Latencies of the induced power changes and this subsequent memory effect (SME) between the recalled and forgotten words followed an anatomical sequence from visual to prefrontal cortical areas. Finally, the magnitude of the memory effect was unexpectedly found to be the largest in selected brain regions both at the top and at the bottom of the processing stream. These included the language processing areas of the prefrontal cortex and the early visual areas at the junction of the occipital and temporal lobes. Our results provide evidence for distributed encoding of verbal memory organized along a hierarchical posterior-to-anterior processing stream.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• elektrokortikografie MeSH
• gama rytmus EEG fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• mozková kůra fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• percepce řeči fyziologie   MeSH
• refrakterní epilepsie patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• rozpomínání fyziologie   MeSH
• slovní zásoba MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

Ten Enterobacteriaceae isolates collected in a Czech hospital carried blaKPC-positive plasmids of different sizes (∼30, ∼45, and ∼80 kb). Sequencing revealed three types of plasmids (A to C) with the Tn4401a transposon. Type A plasmids comprised an IncR backbone and a KPC-2-encoding multidrug resistance (MDR) region. Type B plasmids were derivatives of type A plasmids carrying an IncN3-like segment, while type C plasmids were IncP6 plasmids sharing the same KPC-2-encoding MDR region with type A and B plasmids.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• beta-laktamasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Citrobacter freundii účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• enterobakteriální infekce farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• izoenzymy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• karbapenemy terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Klebsiella pneumoniae účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• Morganella morganii účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• otevřené čtecí rámce MeSH
• plazmidy chemie   klasifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• transpozibilní elementy DNA MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The aim of the present study was to characterize sporadic cases and an outbreak of NDM-like-producing Enterobacteriaceae recovered from hospital settings, in Czechia. During 2016, 18 Entrobacteriaceae isolates including 10 Enterobacter cloacae complex (9 E. xiangfangensis and 1 E. asburiae), 4 Escherichia coli, 1 Kluyvera intermedia, 1 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 1 Klebsiella oxytoca, and 1 Raoultella ornithinolytica that produced NDM-like carbapenemases were isolated from 15 patients. Three of the patients were colonized or infected by two different NDM-like producers. Moreover, an NDM-4-producing isolate of E. cloacae complex, isolated in 2012, was studied for comparative purposes. All isolates of E. cloacae complex, except the E. asburiae, recovered from the same hospital, were assigned to ST182. Additionally, two E. coli belonged to ST167, while the remaining isolates were not clonally related. Thirteen isolates carried blaNDM-4, while six isolates carried blaNDM-1 (n = 3) or blaNDM-5 (n = 3). Almost all isolates carried blaNDM-like-carrying plasmids being positive for the IncX3 allele, except ST58 E. coli and ST14 K. pneumoniae isolates producing NDM-1. Analysis of plasmid sequences revealed that all IncX3 blaNDM-like-carrying plasmids exhibited a high similarity to each other and to previously described plasmids, like pNDM-QD28, reported from worldwide. However, NDM-4-encoding plasmids differed from other IncX3 plasmids by the insertion of a Tn3-like transposon. On the other hand, the ST58 E. coli and ST14 K. pneumoniae isolates carried two novel NDM-1-encoding plasmids, pKpn-35963cz, and pEsco-36073cz. Plasmid pKpn-35963cz that was an IncFIB(K) molecule contained an acquired sequence, encoding NDM-1 metallo-β-lactamase (MβL), which exhibited high similarity to the mosaic region of pS-3002cz from an ST11 K. pneumoniae from Czechia. Finally, pEsco-36073cz was a multireplicon A/C2+R NDM-1-encoding plasmid. Similar to other type 1 A/C2 plasmids, the blaNDM-1 gene was located within the ARI-A resistance island. These findings underlined that IncX3 plasmids have played a major role in the dissemination of blaNDM-like genes in Czech hospitals. In combination with further evolvement of NDM-like-encoding MDR plasmids through reshuffling, NDM-like producers pose an important public threat.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• Escherichia coli genetika   patogenita   MeSH
• faktory virulence MeSH
• sérotypizace MeSH
• shiga toxin 1 izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• shiga toxin 2 izolace a purifikace   MeSH

The aim of this study was to characterize four Enterobacterales co-producing NDM- and OXA-48-like carbapenemases from Czech patients with travel history or/and previous hospitalization abroad. Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates belonged to "high risk" clones ST147, ST11, and ST15, while the Escherichia coli isolate was assigned to ST167. All isolates expressed resistance against most β-lactams, including carbapenems, while retaining susceptibility to colistin. Furthermore, analysis of WGS data showed that all four isolates co-produced OXA-48- and NDM-type carbapenemases, in different combinations (Kpn47733: blaNDM-5 + blaOXA-181; Kpn50595: blaNDM-1 + blaOXA-181; Kpn51015: blaNDM-1 + blaOXA-244; Eco52418: blaNDM-5 + blaOXA-244). In Kpn51015, the blaOXA-244 was found on plasmid p51015_OXA-244, while the respective gene was localized in the chromosomal contig of E. coli Eco52418. On the other hand, blaOXA-181 was identified on a ColKP3 plasmid in isolate Kpn47733, while a blaOXA-181-carrying plasmid being an IncX3-ColKP3 fusion was identified in Kpn50595. The blaNDM-1 gene was found on two different plasmids, p51015_NDM-1 belonging to a novel IncH plasmid group and p51015_NDM-1 being an IncF K1-FIB replicon. Furthermore, the blaNDM-5 was found in two IncFII plasmids exhibiting limited nucleotide similarity to each other. In both plasmids, the genetic environment of blaNDM-5 was identical. Finally, in all four carbapenemase-producing isolates, a diverse number of additional replicons, some of these associated with important resistance determinants, like blaCTX-M-15, arr-2 and ermB, were identified. In conclusion, this study reports the first description of OXA-244-producing Enterobacterales isolated from Czech hospitals. Additionally, our findings indicated the genetic plurality involved in the acquisition and dissemination of determinants encoding OXA/NDM carbapenemases.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Two multidrug resistance (MDR) plasmids, carrying the VIM-1-encoding integron In110, were characterized. Plasmid pLec-476cz (311,758 bp), from aLeclercia adecarboxylataisolate, consisted of an IncHI1 backbone, a MDR region, and two accessory elements. Plasmid pKpn-431cz (142,876 bp), from a sequence type 323 (ST323)Klebsiella pneumoniaeisolate, comprised IncFIIY-derived and pKPN3-like sequences and a mosaic region. A 40,400-bp sequence of pKpn-431cz was identical to the MDR region of pLec-476cz, indicating theen blocacquisition of the VIM-1-encoding region from one plasmid by the other.

• MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• beta-laktamasy genetika   MeSH
• beta-laktamová rezistence genetika   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• integrony genetika   MeSH
• Klebsiella pneumoniae účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• plazmidy genetika   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Environmental adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes is a complex process involving various mechanisms that can contribute to their survival in the environment, further spreading throughout the food chain and the development of listeriosis. The aim of this study was to analyze whole-genome sequencing data in a set of 270 strains of L. monocytogenes derived from human listeriosis cases and food and environmental sources in order to compare the prevalence and type of genetic determinants encoding cadmium, arsenic, and benzalkonium chloride resistance. Most of the detected genes of cadmium (27.8%), arsenic (15.6%), and benzalkonium chloride (7.0%) resistance were located on mobile genetic elements, even in phylogenetically distant lineages I and II, which indicates the possibility of their horizontal spread. Although no differences were found in the prevalence of these genes between human and food strains, they have been detected sporadically in strains from the environment. Regarding cadmium resistance genes, cadA1C1_Tn5422 predominated, especially in clonal complexes (CCs) 121, 8, and 3 strains. At the same time, qacH_Tn6188-encoding benzalkonium chloride resistance was most frequently detected in the genome of CC121 strains. Genes encoding arsenic resistance were detected mainly in strains CC2 (located on the chromosomal island LGI2) and CC9 (carried on Tn554). The results indicated a relationship between the spread of genes encoding resistance to cadmium, arsenic, and benzalkonium chloride in certain serotypes and CCs and showed the need for a more extensive study of L. monocytogenes strains to better understand their ability to adapt to the food production environment.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

In 2003 to 2004, the first five VIM-2 metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MPPA) isolates with an In4-like integron, In461 (aadB-blaVIM-2-aadA6), on conjugative plasmids were identified in three hospitals in Poland. In 2005 to 2015, MPPA expanded much in the country, and as many as 80 isolates in a collection of 454 MPPA (∼18%) had In461, one of the two most common MBL-encoding integrons. The organisms occurred in 49 hospitals in 33 cities of 11/16 main administrative regions. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) classified them into 55 pulsotypes and 35 sequence types (STs), respectively, revealing their remarkable genetic diversity overall, with only a few small clonal clusters. S1 nuclease/hybridization assays and mating of 63 representative isolates showed that ∼85% of these had large In461-carrying plasmids, ∼350 to 550 kb, usually self-transmitting with high efficiency (∼10-1 to 10-2 per donor cell). The plasmids from 19 isolates were sequenced and subjected to structural and single-nucleotide-polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogenetic analysis. These formed a subgroup within a family of IncP-2-type megaplasmids, observed worldwide in pseudomonads from various environments and conferring resistance/tolerance to multiple stress factors, including antibiotics. Their microdiversity in Poland arose mainly from acquisition of different accessory fragments, as well as new resistance genes and multiplication of these. Short-read sequence and/or PCR mapping confirmed the In461-carrying plasmids in the remaining isolates to be the IncP-2 types. The study demonstrated a large-scale epidemic spread of multidrug resistance plasmids in P. aeruginosa populations, creating an epidemiological threat. It contributes to the knowledge on IncP-2 types, which are interesting research objects in resistance epidemiology, environmental microbiology, and biotechnology.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• beta-laktamasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• epidemie * MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí * epidemiologie   MeSH
• integrony genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• pseudomonádové infekce * farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• pulzní gelová elektroforéza MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Polsko MeSH