Systems biology approaches, especially in the big data era, have revolutionized modern parasitology. Of the many different molecules participating in parasite-host interactions, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are now known to be (i) transmitted by the vector to possibly modulate vertebrate host responses and favor vector survival and (ii) regulated in the host by parasites to favor parasite survival. Here we provide an overview of the involvement of ncRNAs in the parasite-vector-host triad and their effect on host homeostasis based on recent advances and accumulating knowledge about the role of endogenous vertebrate noncoding RNAs in vertebrate host physiology.
- MeSH
- Homeostasis physiology MeSH
- Disease Vectors * MeSH
- Host-Parasite Interactions genetics immunology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- RNA, Untranslated genetics immunology MeSH
- Vertebrates immunology parasitology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
Oocyte-to-embryo transition is a process during which an oocyte ovulates, is fertilized, and becomes a developing embryo. It involves the first major genome reprogramming event in life of an organism where gene expression, which gave rise to a differentiated oocyte, is remodeled in order to establish totipotency in blastomeres of an early embryo. This remodeling involves replacement of maternal RNAs with zygotic RNAs through maternal RNA degradation and zygotic genome activation. This review is focused on expression and function of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and small RNAs during oocyte-to-embryo transition in mammals. LncRNAs are an assorted rapidly evolving collection of RNAs, which have no apparent protein-coding capacity. Their biogenesis is similar to mRNAs including transcriptional control and post-transcriptional processing. Diverse molecular and biological roles were assigned to lncRNAs although most of them probably did not acquire a detectable biological role. Since some lncRNAs serve as precursors for small noncoding regulatory RNAs in RNA silencing pathways, both types of noncoding RNA are reviewed together.
- MeSH
- Blastomeres chemistry MeSH
- Gastrulation MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- RNA, Small Untranslated genetics MeSH
- RNA, Long Noncoding genetics MeSH
- Mammals embryology genetics MeSH
- RNA Stability MeSH
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
The first described small non-coding RNA was microRNA lin-4 from Caenorhabditis elegans in 1993. This miRNA has begun a new age of research leading to the discovery of previously unknown, endogenous, single stranded, 22–25 nucleotides long molecules regulating nearly 30 % of genes. Recently, it was demonstrated that a number of organic substances presented in the diet induces the formation of various miRNAs. Besides this, plant and animal miRNA may enter the host organisms as food. In host organism, they can resist degradation and can enter the bloodstream. Although lacking sufficient experimental support, the discussion whether such dietary miRNAs can participate in post-transcriptional regulation of host genes is an actual topic. Either of these mechanisms could also explain some of the biological activities of medicinal plants. Non-coding RNAs have also significance as diagnostic biomarkers of some diseases or as targets for complex disease therapies.
- MeSH
- Biomarkers metabolism MeSH
- Transcription, Genetic genetics immunology MeSH
- Transcription Initiation, Genetic MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- MicroRNAs isolation & purification metabolism MeSH
- RNA, Untranslated * genetics isolation & purification metabolism MeSH
- Food MeSH
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic genetics MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
We summarize current knowledge regarding regulatory functions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in yeast, with emphasis on lncRNAs identified recently in yeast colonies and biofilms. Potential regulatory functions of these lncRNAs in differentiated cells of domesticated colonies adapted to plentiful conditions versus yeast colony biofilms are discussed. We show that specific cell types differ in their complements of lncRNA, that this complement changes over time in differentiating upper cells, and that these lncRNAs target diverse functional categories of genes in different cell subpopulations and specific colony types.
- MeSH
- Biofilms growth & development MeSH
- Cell Differentiation MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- RNA, Long Noncoding metabolism MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae pathogenicity MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gut, has been on the rise in recent years-not only in the adult population but also especially in pediatric patients. Despite the absence of curative treatments, current therapeutic options are able to achieve long-term remission in a significant proportion of cases. To this end, however, there is a need for biomarkers enabling accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response to therapies to facilitate a more individualized approach to pediatric IBD patients. In recent years, evidence has continued to evolve concerning noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their roles as integral factors in key immune-related cellular pathways. Specific deregulation patterns of ncRNAs have been linked to pathogenesis of various diseases, including pediatric IBD. In this article, we provide an overview of current knowledge on ncRNAs, their altered expression profiles in pediatric IBD patients, and how these are emerging as potentially valuable clinical biomarkers as we enter an era of personalized medicine.
- MeSH
- Biomarkers analysis MeSH
- Crohn Disease genetics MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Genetic Markers genetics MeSH
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases genetics MeSH
- Precision Medicine trends MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- RNA, Untranslated analysis MeSH
- Signal Transduction genetics MeSH
- Transcriptome MeSH
- Colitis, Ulcerative genetics MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Introductory Journal Article MeSH
Transfer RNAs acquire a large plethora of chemical modifications. Among those, modifications of the anticodon loop play important roles in translational fidelity and tRNA stability. Four human wobble U-containing tRNAs obtain 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine (mcm5U34) or 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2U34), which play a role in decoding. This mark involves a cascade of enzymatic activities. The last step is mediated by alkylation repair homolog 8 (ALKBH8). In this study, we performed a transcriptome-wide analysis of the repertoire of ALKBH8 RNA targets. Using a combination of HITS-CLIP and RIP-seq analyses, we uncover ALKBH8-bound RNAs. We show that ALKBH8 targets fully processed and CCA modified tRNAs. Our analyses uncovered the previously known set of wobble U-containing tRNAs. In addition, both our approaches revealed ALKBH8 binding to several other types of noncoding RNAs, in particular C/D box snoRNAs.
- MeSH
- AlkB Homolog 8, tRNA Methyltransferase genetics MeSH
- Anticodon MeSH
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- RNA, Untranslated genetics MeSH
- RNA, Transfer * genetics metabolism MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
BACKGROUND/AIM: Prediction of response to azacitidine (AZA) treatment is an important challenge in hematooncology. In addition to protein coding genes (PCGs), AZA efficiency is influenced by various noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and transposable elements (TEs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: RNA sequencing was performed in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes or acute myeloid leukemia before AZA treatment to assess contribution of ncRNAs to AZA mechanisms and propose novel disease prediction biomarkers. RESULTS: Our analyses showed that lncRNAs had the strongest predictive potential. The combined set of the best predictors included 14 lncRNAs, and only four PCGs, one circRNA, and no TEs. Epigenetic regulation and recombinational repair were suggested as crucial for AZA response, and network modeling defined three deregulated lncRNAs (CTC-482H14.5, RP11-419K12.2, and RP11-736I24.4) associated with these processes. CONCLUSION: The expression of various ncRNAs can influence the effect of AZA and new ncRNA-based predictive biomarkers can be defined.
Incidence maligního melanomu, závažného kožního nádoru, celosvětově narůstá. Léčba tohoto onemocnění při pozdním odhalení je v dnešní době téměř nemožná. Nekódující RNA, dříve považované za „odpad“ evoluce, byly odhaleny jako klíčoví hráči ve většině buněč‑ ných procesů a mohou ovlivňovat i růst a prognózu nádorů. Očekává se, že poznatky v rychle se rozvíjejícím výzkumu nekódujících RNA přispějí k diagnostice a léčbě nádorových onemocnění.
Incidence of malignant melanoma, a very dangerous skin cancer, is rising worldwide. Later stages of melanoma are refractory to thera‑ py. Noncoding RNAs, previously considered as „junk“ RNA, were currently confirmed as key players in almost all cellular processes and may also influence tumour growth and prognosis. Research of noncoding RNAs is expected to contribute to diagnosis and treatment of malignant diseases.
Although the existence of small molecules of RNA that do not encode any amino acid chain has been proven two decades ago, their significance and extensive effect on cellular processes is still amazing. Many new studies fo-cused on finding new non-coding RNAs and the clarifica-tion of their functions in the organism are continuously published. This paper summarizes the current knowledge of small non-coding RNAs and their functions, both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
