Noncoding RNAs
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Systems biology approaches, especially in the big data era, have revolutionized modern parasitology. Of the many different molecules participating in parasite-host interactions, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are now known to be (i) transmitted by the vector to possibly modulate vertebrate host responses and favor vector survival and (ii) regulated in the host by parasites to favor parasite survival. Here we provide an overview of the involvement of ncRNAs in the parasite-vector-host triad and their effect on host homeostasis based on recent advances and accumulating knowledge about the role of endogenous vertebrate noncoding RNAs in vertebrate host physiology.
- MeSH
- homeostáza fyziologie MeSH
- infekce přenášené vektorem * MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita genetika imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nekódující RNA genetika imunologie MeSH
- obratlovci imunologie parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
We summarize current knowledge regarding regulatory functions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in yeast, with emphasis on lncRNAs identified recently in yeast colonies and biofilms. Potential regulatory functions of these lncRNAs in differentiated cells of domesticated colonies adapted to plentiful conditions versus yeast colony biofilms are discussed. We show that specific cell types differ in their complements of lncRNA, that this complement changes over time in differentiating upper cells, and that these lncRNAs target diverse functional categories of genes in different cell subpopulations and specific colony types.
- MeSH
- biofilmy růst a vývoj MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- RNA dlouhá nekódující metabolismus MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae patogenita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Oocyte-to-embryo transition is a process during which an oocyte ovulates, is fertilized, and becomes a developing embryo. It involves the first major genome reprogramming event in life of an organism where gene expression, which gave rise to a differentiated oocyte, is remodeled in order to establish totipotency in blastomeres of an early embryo. This remodeling involves replacement of maternal RNAs with zygotic RNAs through maternal RNA degradation and zygotic genome activation. This review is focused on expression and function of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and small RNAs during oocyte-to-embryo transition in mammals. LncRNAs are an assorted rapidly evolving collection of RNAs, which have no apparent protein-coding capacity. Their biogenesis is similar to mRNAs including transcriptional control and post-transcriptional processing. Diverse molecular and biological roles were assigned to lncRNAs although most of them probably did not acquire a detectable biological role. Since some lncRNAs serve as precursors for small noncoding regulatory RNAs in RNA silencing pathways, both types of noncoding RNA are reviewed together.
- MeSH
- blastomery chemie MeSH
- gastrulace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- malá nekódující RNA genetika MeSH
- RNA dlouhá nekódující genetika MeSH
- savci embryologie genetika MeSH
- stabilita RNA MeSH
- vývojová regulace genové exprese MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gut, has been on the rise in recent years-not only in the adult population but also especially in pediatric patients. Despite the absence of curative treatments, current therapeutic options are able to achieve long-term remission in a significant proportion of cases. To this end, however, there is a need for biomarkers enabling accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response to therapies to facilitate a more individualized approach to pediatric IBD patients. In recent years, evidence has continued to evolve concerning noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their roles as integral factors in key immune-related cellular pathways. Specific deregulation patterns of ncRNAs have been linked to pathogenesis of various diseases, including pediatric IBD. In this article, we provide an overview of current knowledge on ncRNAs, their altered expression profiles in pediatric IBD patients, and how these are emerging as potentially valuable clinical biomarkers as we enter an era of personalized medicine.
- MeSH
- biologické markery analýza MeSH
- Crohnova nemoc genetika MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- genetické markery genetika MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty genetika MeSH
- individualizovaná medicína trendy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nekódující RNA analýza MeSH
- signální transdukce genetika MeSH
- transkriptom MeSH
- ulcerózní kolitida genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- úvodní články MeSH
The first described small non-coding RNA was microRNA lin-4 from Caenorhabditis elegans in 1993. This miRNA has begun a new age of research leading to the discovery of previously unknown, endogenous, single stranded, 22–25 nucleotides long molecules regulating nearly 30 % of genes. Recently, it was demonstrated that a number of organic substances presented in the diet induces the formation of various miRNAs. Besides this, plant and animal miRNA may enter the host organisms as food. In host organism, they can resist degradation and can enter the bloodstream. Although lacking sufficient experimental support, the discussion whether such dietary miRNAs can participate in post-transcriptional regulation of host genes is an actual topic. Either of these mechanisms could also explain some of the biological activities of medicinal plants. Non-coding RNAs have also significance as diagnostic biomarkers of some diseases or as targets for complex disease therapies.
- MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- genetická transkripce genetika imunologie MeSH
- iniciace genetické transkripce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikro RNA izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- nekódující RNA * genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- potraviny MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u nádorů genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND/AIM: Prediction of response to azacitidine (AZA) treatment is an important challenge in hematooncology. In addition to protein coding genes (PCGs), AZA efficiency is influenced by various noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and transposable elements (TEs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: RNA sequencing was performed in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes or acute myeloid leukemia before AZA treatment to assess contribution of ncRNAs to AZA mechanisms and propose novel disease prediction biomarkers. RESULTS: Our analyses showed that lncRNAs had the strongest predictive potential. The combined set of the best predictors included 14 lncRNAs, and only four PCGs, one circRNA, and no TEs. Epigenetic regulation and recombinational repair were suggested as crucial for AZA response, and network modeling defined three deregulated lncRNAs (CTC-482H14.5, RP11-419K12.2, and RP11-736I24.4) associated with these processes. CONCLUSION: The expression of various ncRNAs can influence the effect of AZA and new ncRNA-based predictive biomarkers can be defined.
... Content -- INTRODUCTION З -- CHAPTER I: Non-coding RNAs 5 -- 1.1 Small non-coding RNAs 6 -- 1.1.1 MicroRNAs ... ... 6 -- 1.1.2 Small interfering RNAs 7 -- 1.1.3 PIWI proteins associated RNAs 8 -- 1.1.4 Small nucleolar ... ... RNAs 9 -- 1.2 Long non-coding RNAs 10 -- 1.2.1 Long intergenic non-coding RNAs 11 -- 1.2.2 Transcribed-ultraconserved ... ... regions 11 -- CHAPTER II: Expression Profiling of Non-coding RNAs 15 -- 2.1 Oesophageal cancer 15 -- ... ... cancer 47 -- 4.6 Colorectal cancer 49 -- CHAPTER V: Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Non-coding RNAs ...
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- MeSH
- gastrointestinální nádory diagnóza MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery MeSH
- nekódující RNA MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- gastroenterologie
- biologie
- NLK Publikační typ
- studie
Incidence maligního melanomu, závažného kožního nádoru, celosvětově narůstá. Léčba tohoto onemocnění při pozdním odhalení je v dnešní době téměř nemožná. Nekódující RNA, dříve považované za „odpad“ evoluce, byly odhaleny jako klíčoví hráči ve většině buněč‑ ných procesů a mohou ovlivňovat i růst a prognózu nádorů. Očekává se, že poznatky v rychle se rozvíjejícím výzkumu nekódujících RNA přispějí k diagnostice a léčbě nádorových onemocnění.
Incidence of malignant melanoma, a very dangerous skin cancer, is rising worldwide. Later stages of melanoma are refractory to thera‑ py. Noncoding RNAs, previously considered as „junk“ RNA, were currently confirmed as key players in almost all cellular processes and may also influence tumour growth and prognosis. Research of noncoding RNAs is expected to contribute to diagnosis and treatment of malignant diseases.
Although the existence of small molecules of RNA that do not encode any amino acid chain has been proven two decades ago, their significance and extensive effect on cellular processes is still amazing. Many new studies fo-cused on finding new non-coding RNAs and the clarifica-tion of their functions in the organism are continuously published. This paper summarizes the current knowledge of small non-coding RNAs and their functions, both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
Lidský genom obsahuje asi 22 000 protein kódujících genů, které dávají vznik ještě většímu množství messengerové RNA (mRNA). Výsledky projektu ENCODE z roku 2012 však ukazují, že byť je až 90 % našeho genomu aktivně přepisováno, tak mRNA dávající vznik proteinům tvoří pouze 2–3 % z celkového množství přepsané RNA. Zbývající RNA transkripty nedávají vznik proteinům a nesou proto označení „nekódující RNA“. Dříve se nekódující RNA považovala za „temnou hmotu genomu“, nebo za „odpad“, který se v naší DNA nahromadil v průběhu evoluce. Dnes již víme, že nekódující RNA plní v našem těle celou řadu regulačních funkcí – zasahují do epigenetických procesů od remodelace chromatinu k metylaci histonů, nebo do vlastního procesu transkripce, či do posttranskripčních procesů. Dlouhé nekódující RNA (lncRNA) jsou jednou ze tříd nekódujících RNA s délkou nad 200 nukleotidů (nekódující RNA s délkou pod 200 nukleotidů označujeme jako krátké nekódující RNA). lncRNA představují velice pestrou a rozsáhlou skupinu molekul s rozličnými regulačními funkcemi. Můžeme je identifkovat ve všech myslitelných buněčných typech, či tkáních, nebo dokonce v extracelulárním prostoru, a to včetně krve, potažmo plazmy. Jejich hladiny se mění v průběhu organogeneze, jsou specifické pro jednotlivé tkáně a k jejich změnám dochází i při vzniku různých onemocnění, včetně aterosklerózy. Cílem tohoto souhrnného článku je jednak představit problematiku lncRNA a některé jejich konkrétní zástupce ve vztahu k procesu aterosklerózy (popsat zapojení lncRNA do biologie endotelových buněk, hladkosvalových buněk cévní stěny, či buněk imunitních), a dále poukázat na možný klinický potenciál lncRNA, ať již v diagnostice či terapii aterosklerózy a jejích klinických manifestací.
The human genome contains about 22 000 protein-coding genes that are transcribed to an even larger amount of messenger RNAs (mRNA). Interestingly, the results of the project ENCODE from 2012 show, that despite up to 90 % of our genome being actively transcribed, protein-coding mRNAs make up only 2–3 % of the total amount of the transcribed RNA. The rest of RNA transcripts is not translated to proteins and that is why they are referred to as “non-coding RNAs”. Earlier the non-coding RNA was considered “the dark matter of genome”, or “the junk”, whose genes has accumulated in our DNA during the course of evolution. Today we already know that non-coding RNAs fulfil a variety of regulatory functions in our body – they intervene into epigenetic processes from chromatin remodelling to histone methylation, or into the transcription process itself, or even post-transcription processes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are one of the classes of non-coding RNAs that have more than 200 nucleotides in length (non-coding RNAs with less than 200 nucleotides in length are called small non-coding RNAs). lncRNAs represent a widely varied and large group of molecules with diverse regulatory functions. We can identify them in all thinkable cell types or tissues, or even in an extracellular space, which includes blood, specifically plasma. Their levels change during the course of organogenesis, they are specific to different tissues and their changes also occur along with the development of different illnesses, including atherosclerosis. This review article aims to present lncRNAs problematics in general and then focuses on some of their specific representatives in relation to the process of atherosclerosis (i.e. we describe lncRNA involvement in the biology of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells or immune cells), and we further describe possible clinical potential of lncRNA, whether in diagnostics or therapy of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations.
- MeSH
- ateroskleróza * patofyziologie MeSH
- endotel fyziologie MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- RNA dlouhá nekódující * fyziologie klasifikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH