• MeSH
• biomedicínské technologie MeSH
• lékařská informatika MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kongresy MeSH
• sborníky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NLK Obory
• lékařská informatika

• MeSH
• Cushingův syndrom MeSH
• ergoliny MeSH
• habituace (psychofyziologie) účinky léků   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

Využití znalostí ve formě postupů, konkrétně organizačních procesů a formalizovaných lékařských doporučení, může být vhodné pro vytvoření znalostní báze systému pro podporu v rozhodování (DSS) v oblasti poskytování zdravotní péče. Problém nastává v případě, že pro vývoj DSS chceme použít multiagentní přístup z důvodu rozdílů mezi formalizací chováním se agentů a procesním zápisem. V tomto příspěvku pokračujeme v práci na nové multiagentní architektuře a představíme její integraci do stávajícího systému na podporu v rozhodování (K4Care) v oblasti domácí péče. Základní metodou byla analýza dostupné dokumentace ke komplexnímu systému K4Care, na jejímž základě jsme identifikovali společná místa v rámci již existující funkcionality a návrhu nové architektury. Ta dále posloužila jako výchozí body pro vylepšení modelu K4Care s ohledem na novou multiagentní architekturu založenou na procesech. Analýza potvrdila nejen možnost takové integrace, ale také její přímočarost a minimum nutných změn v modelu K4Care díky dostatečně obecnému návrhu multiagentní architektury založené na procesech. Na základě integrace byly identifikovány okamžité vylepšení podporující lidského experta při jeho práci se systémem, jakož i možnosti dalšího rozšíření systému K4Care na základě této integrace. Integrace multiagentní architektury může být přínosná i pro stávající systémy pro podporu v rozhodování a díky ní otevře nové možnosti založené na multiagentním přístupu.

Utilization of procedural knowledge in the form of organizational processes and formalized medical guidelines can be useful in decision support systems (DSSs) in health care domain. The problem of using this form of knowledge arises when a multi-agent paradigm is to be applied in a DSS due to differences in specification of behavioural models of agents and process formalisms. In this work we continue in enhancing a novel process-based multi-agent architecture and demonstrate its integration into an existing DSS (K4care) focused on home care. We analysed available documentation of the complex system K4Care and identified possible mutual common functionalities of implemented multi-agent system with the new architecture. These were the entry points, using which we further enhanced the K4Care platform with respect to the process-based multi-agent architecture. The analysis proved that the integration is not only possible, but thanks to the general design of the process-based multi-agent architecture can be done with only small changes in the existing K4Care model. Immediate improvements in supporting human experts were identified and possible further improvements of the system were discussed. Adopting the process-based multi-agent architecture can be beneficial even for existing DSSs and can open new possible features emerging from the multi-agent paradigm.

• Klíčová slova
• multiagentní systémy, multiagentní architektury, organizační procesy, formalizované lékařské doporučení, zdravotní péče, domácí péče K4Care,
• MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metody pro podporu rozhodování MeSH
• služby domácí péče MeSH
• software MeSH
• systémy podporující rozhodování v léčbě využití   MeSH
• systémy pro podporu klinického rozhodování využití   MeSH
• zajištění kvality zdravotní péče metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

In direct compression of tablets, it is crucial to maintain content uniformity within acceptable margins, especially in formulations with low drug loading. To assure it, complex and multistep mixing processes are utilized in the industry. In this study, we suggest the use of a simple segregation test to evaluate mixing process performance and mixture segregation to produce tablets having satisfying content uniformity while keeping the process as simple and low cost as possible. Eventually, the formulation propensity to segregation can be evaluated using process analytical technology (PAT) to adjust the mixing process parameters to changing source drug properties. In this study, that approach was examined on a model drug with a broad batch-to-batch variability in particle size and shape. Excipients were chosen so that the resulting blend composition mimicked some marketed formulations. For each drug batch, two formulation blends were prepared through different preparation processes (one simple and one complex) and subsequently subjected to segregation tests. From those, segregation coefficients were obtained to compare segregation tendencies and homogeneity robustness between the drug batches and the blend preparation methods. The inter-particulate interactions were substantially influenced by the drug particle morphology and size and resulted in different segregation behavior. Based on these findings, a simple segregation test proved to be a useful tool for determining the suitability of different batches of the model drug to be used in a certain formulation. Moreover, for a particular batch A, the test revealed a potential for mixing process simplification and therefore process intensification and cost reduction.

• MeSH
• farmaceutická technologie metody   MeSH
• pomocné látky chemická syntéza   MeSH
• prášky, zásypy, pudry MeSH
• příprava léků metody   MeSH
• tablety MeSH
• tlak MeSH
• velikost částic * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• chemické látky - účinky a užití MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• nebezpečné látky aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH

• Konspekt
• Životní prostředí a jeho ochrana
• NLK Obory
• chemie, klinická chemie
• environmentální vědy
• NLK Publikační typ
• publikace WHO

In the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI) there exists a unique set of meteorological measurements consisting of the values of vertical atmospheric levels of beta and gamma radiation. In this paper a stochastic data-driven model based on nonlinear regression and on nonhomogeneous Poisson process is suggested. In the first part of the paper, growth curves were used to establish an appropriate nonlinear regression model. For comparison we considered a nonhomogeneous Poisson process with its intensity based on growth curves. In the second part both approaches were applied to the real data and compared. Computational aspects are briefly discussed as well. The primary goal of this paper is to present an improved understanding of the distribution of environmental radiation as obtained from the measurements of the vertical radioactivity profiles by the radioactivity sonde system.

• MeSH
• atmosféra chemie   MeSH
• beta částice MeSH
• chemické modely MeSH
• monitorování radiace MeSH
• nelineární dynamika MeSH
• Poissonovo rozdělení MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• záření gama MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Effects of chemicals are, in most cases, caused by internal concentrations within organisms which rely on uptake and elimination kinetics. These processes might be key components for assessing the effects of time-variable exposure of chemicals which regularly occur in aquatic systems. However, the knowledge of toxicokinetic patterns caused by time-variable exposure is limited, and gaining such information is complex. In this work, a previously developed mechanistic growth model of Myriophyllum spicatum is coupled with a newly developed toxicokinetic part, providing a model that is able to predict uptake and elimination of chemicals, as well as distribution processes between plant compartments (leaves, stems, roots) of M. spicatum. It is shown, that toxicokinetic patterns, at least for most of the investigated chemicals, can be calculated in agreement with experimental observations, by only calibrating two chemical- specific parameters, the cuticular permeability and a plant/water partition coefficient. Through the model-based determination of the cuticular permeabilities of Isoproturon, Iofensulfuron, Fluridone, Imazamox and Penoxsulam, their toxicokinetic pattern can be described with the model approach. For the use of the model for predicting toxicokinetics of other chemicals, where experimental data is not available, equations are presented that are based on the log (P oct/wat) of a chemical and estimate parameters that are necessary to run the model. In general, a method is presented to analyze time-variable exposure of chemicals more in detail without conducting time and labour intensive experiments.

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu farmakokinetika   toxicita   MeSH
• Magnoliopsida účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• teoretické modely * MeSH
• toxikokinetika MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Carbon allocation plays a key role in ecosystem dynamics and plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Hence, proper description of this process in vegetation models is crucial for the simulations of the impact of climate change on carbon cycling in forests. Here we review how carbon allocation modelling is currently implemented in 31 contrasting models to identify the main gaps compared with our theoretical and empirical understanding of carbon allocation. A hybrid approach based on combining several principles and/or types of carbon allocation modelling prevailed in the examined models, while physiologically more sophisticated approaches were used less often than empirical ones. The analysis revealed that, although the number of carbon allocation studies over the past 10 years has substantially increased, some background processes are still insufficiently understood and some issues in models are frequently poorly represented, oversimplified or even omitted. Hence, current challenges for carbon allocation modelling in forest ecosystems are (i) to overcome remaining limits in process understanding, particularly regarding the impact of disturbances on carbon allocation, accumulation and utilization of nonstructural carbohydrates, and carbon use by symbionts, and (ii) to implement existing knowledge of carbon allocation into defence, regeneration and improved resource uptake in order to better account for changing environmental conditions.

• MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• klimatické změny * MeSH
• koloběh uhlíku MeSH
• lesy MeSH
• uhlík MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

V zimním semestru 2011 jsme odučili první semestr inovovaného předmětu Modelování a simulace pro magisterský obor Biomedicínské inženýrství na Katedře kybernetiky FEL ČVUT. Těžiště inovace spočívalo zejména ve změnách cvičení – oproti minulým letům, kdy se na cvičení vyučoval jazyk MATLAB/Simulink, rozhodli jsme se zacílit na moderní jazyk Modelica, což si vyžádalo kompletní revizi předmětu. Získané poznatky se dají využít při výuce jakéhokoli předmětu, kde cvičíme zejména dovednosti. Jelikož jazyk není syntakticky složitý, prakticky od začátku jsme začali pracovat na jednoduchých modelech fyziologických procesů. Důraz byl kladen zejména na analýzu a pochopení modelu, čímž se studenti učili nejen chápat části fyziologie (jejíž základy již mají z minulých předmětů), ale i analyticky přemýšlet a skládat si souvislosti. Stavěli jsme před studenty náročná témata, což povětšinou vedlo k hlubšímu zájmu a pochopení látky. Předmět patřil mezi časové náročné, měl domácí úlohu na každou hodinu (cca 4h domácí práce týdně), testy v semestru a semestrální práci (cca 50h). S náročnými úkoly však musí být cvičící vždy připraveni a ochotni pomoci a vysvětlit. Zejména u méně zorientovaných studentů bylo třeba mnoho úsilí proto, aby z předmětu neodcházeli frustrováni. Studenti FEL obecně nejsou zvyklí chodit konzultovat, přesto se nám podařilo je na tuto jinde běžnou praxi navyknout. V článku prezentujeme výukové postupy a jejich zhodnocení, některé klíčové postřehy, dále srovnáváme vývojová prostředí a praktickou využitelnost znalostí pro absolventy.

An innovated subject, Modelling and Simulation, was taught for the first time in the winter semester of 2011 for the master's course Biomedical Engineering at the Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering (FEE), Czech Technical University (CTU). The innovation consisted particularly in modifications of the seminars – unlike previous years when the seminars had been based on the instructional language MATLAB/Simulink, we decided to focus on the modern language Modelica, which required revising the subject completely. The knowledge gained can be used in the teaching of any subject focused specifically on training the skills. Given that the syntax of the language is not complicated, simple models of physiological processes could be worked on virtually from the beginning. An emphasis was laid particularly on the model analysis and understanding, meaning that the students learned not only to understand parts of physiology (whose basics they had gained in previous subjects), but also to develop analytical thinking and find connections. The students could be faced with demanding topics, which usually led to a deeper interest and understanding of the matter. The subject was one of the more time demanding ones, homework was given for every lesson (approx. 4 hours of homework weekly), tests during the semester and a semester paper (approx. 50 hours). However, the trainers must always be ready and willing to help and provide explanation when demanding tasks are handled. A lot of effort was needed particularly in less oriented students to make sure they did not leave the class frustrated. In general, FEL students are not used to attend consultations; in spite of that, we succeeded in making them become accustomed to this practice quite common elsewhere. The article presents teaching procedures and their assessment, some key observations, and a comparison of the development environments and applicability of the knowledge for graduates.

• MeSH
• audiovizuální pomůcky MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• počítačem řízená výuka MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• software MeSH
• vyučování metody   MeSH

Natural selection is considered to be the main process that drives biological evolution. It requires selected entities to originate dependent upon one another by the means of reproduction or copying, and for the progeny to inherit the qualities of their ancestors. However, natural selection is a manifestation of a more general persistence principle, whose temporal consequences we propose to name "stability-based sorting" (SBS). Sorting based on static stability, i.e., SBS in its strict sense and usual conception, favours characters that increase the persistence of their holders and act on all material and immaterial entities. Sorted entities could originate independently from each other, are not required to propagate and need not exhibit heredity. Natural selection is a specific form of SBS-sorting based on dynamic stability. It requires some form of heredity and is based on competition for the largest difference between the speed of generating its own copies and their expiration. SBS in its strict sense and selection thus have markedly different evolutionary consequences that are stressed in this paper. In contrast to selection, which is opportunistic, SBS is able to accumulate even momentarily detrimental characters that are advantageous for the long-term persistence of sorted entities. However, it lacks the amplification effect based on the preferential propagation of holders of advantageous characters. Thus, it works slower than selection and normally is unable to create complex adaptations. From a long-term perspective, SBS is a decisive force in evolution-especially macroevolution. SBS offers a new explanation for numerous evolutionary phenomena, including broad distribution and persistence of sexuality, altruistic behaviour, horizontal gene transfer, patterns of evolutionary stasis, planetary homeostasis, increasing ecosystem resistance to disturbances, and the universal decline of disparity in the evolution of metazoan lineages. SBS acts on all levels in all biotic and abiotic systems. It could be the only truly universal evolutionary process, and an explanatory framework based on SBS could provide new insight into the evolution of complex abiotic and biotic systems.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• modely genetické MeSH
• rozmnožování MeSH
• selekce (genetika) * MeSH
• společenstvo MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH