Relatedness
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People tend to choose perfumes to complement their body odour. As kin share some body odour qualities, their ability to select complementary perfumes for relatives might be higher compared with selection for nonrelatives. We tested this in two studies, comparing selection of a perfume for a target man by himself and by either a familiar but unrelated individual (girlfriend; Study 1) or a relative (sister; Study 2). Target men applied the two perfumes (own or other's choice) to their axillae and then wore cotton pads for 12 hr. Collected perfume-body odour blends and perfumes alone were assessed by rater panels. In Study 1, the blends were rated as nominally more pleasant when body odours were mixed with the perfumes selected by girlfriends compared with those selected by target men themselves. In Study 2, body odours mixed with perfumes selected by sisters were rated significantly more attractive than those mixed with perfumes selected by target men. No significant differences were found for attractiveness and pleasantness ratings when perfumes were rated alone, suggesting that it was the resulting blends that were uniquely different. Our results indicate that sisters might be particularly tuned to select suitable perfumes for their siblings.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- odoranty * MeSH
- parfém MeSH
- rodina psychologie MeSH
- složení těla MeSH
- výběrové chování * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The invasion success of introduced plants is frequently explained as a result of competitive interactions with native flora. Although previous theory and experiments have shown that plants are largely equivalent in their competitive effects on each other, competitive nonequivalence is hypothesized to occur in interactions between native and invasive species. Small overlap in resource use with unrelated native species, improved competitiveness, and production of novel allelochemicals are all believed to contribute to the invasiveness of introduced species. I tested all three assumptions in a common-garden experiment by examining the effect of plant origin and relatedness on competition intensity. Competitive interactions were explored within 12 triplets, each consisting of an invasive species, a native congeneric (or confamilial) species, and a native heterogeneric species that are likely to interact in the field. Plants were grown in pots alone or in pairs and in the absence or the presence of activated carbon to control for allelopathy. I found that competition intensity was not influenced by the relatedness or origin of competing neighbors. Although some exotic species may benefit from size advantages and species-specific effects in competitive interactions, none of the three mechanisms investigated is likely to be a principal driver of their invasiveness.
- MeSH
- feromony MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- fylogeografie MeSH
- Magnoliopsida MeSH
- zavlečené druhy MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Plant-soil feedback is one of the mechanisms affecting co-existence of species, ecological succession, and species invasiveness. However, in contrast to conspecific plant-soil feedback, general patterns in heterospecific feedback are mostly unknown. We used a meta-analysis to search for correlations between heterospecific feedback and species relatedness, functional traits, and field co-occurrence patterns. We searched published literature and compiled a data set of 618 PSF interactions. We gathered data on species traits reflecting plant size and growth rate (height, specific leaf area, and life span), co-occurrence in habitats and phylogenetic distance between species pairs. We found that species grew better in soil conditioned by (i) close relatives than in conspecific soil, whereas there was no relationship with phylogeny for distantly related species, (ii) species of greater plant height (but there was no relationship with species SLA or life span), and (iii) species more frequently co-occurring in the field. The results show that heterospecific plant-soil feedback can be explained by plant traits (height) and is reflected in co-occurrence patterns. Phylogeny was a significant predictor of feedbacks over short phylogenetic distance, suggesting fast evolution of traits related to feedback. The low variability explained by the models, however, indicates that other factors such as environmental conditions possibly alter plant-soil feedback responses.
- MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- půda * MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- rostliny * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- metaanalýza MeSH
Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, ISSN 0355-3140 vol. 27, suppl. 1, 2001
102 s. : tab., grafy ; 30 cm
This paper examines the patterns of the US and Australian immigration geography and the process of regional population diversification and the emergence of new immigrant concentrations at the regional level. It presents a new approach in the context of human migration studies, focusing on spatial relatedness between individual foreign-born groups as revealed from the analysis of their joint spatial concentrations. The approach employs a simple assumption that the more frequently the members of two population groups concentrate in the same locations the higher is the probability that these two groups can be related. Based on detailed data on the spatial distribution of foreign-born groups in US counties (2000-2010) and Australian postal areas (2006-2011) we firstly quantify the spatial relatedness between all pairs of foreign-born groups and model the aggregate patterns of US and Australian immigration systems conceptualized as the undirected networks of foreign-born groups linked by their spatial relatedness. Secondly, adopting a more dynamic perspective, we assume that immigrant groups with higher spatial relatedness to those groups already concentrated in a region are also more likely to settle in this region in future. As the ultimate goal of the paper, we examine the power of spatial relatedness measures in projecting the emergence of new immigrant concentrations in the US and Australian regions. The results corroborate that the spatial relatedness measures can serve as useful instruments in the analysis of the patterns of population structure and prediction of regional population change. More generally, this paper demonstrates that information contained in spatial patterns (relatedness in space) of population composition has yet to be fully utilized in population forecasting.
- MeSH
- emigrace a imigrace trendy MeSH
- emigranti a imigranti * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- migrace lidstva trendy MeSH
- populace * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Austrálie MeSH
- Spojené státy americké MeSH
Diaspores of myrmecochorous plants consist of a seed (or fruit) and an attached appendage (elaiosome) which attracts ants. The elaiosome is a food resource for ants, whereas the seed is an energy source for subsequent germination and plant establishment. Although myrmecochory occurs in many phylogenetically unrelated lineages, multiple phylogenetic lineages display similar variation in elaiosome and seed metabolite composition due to convergent evolution. We focused on four families (Amaryllidaceae, Boraginaceae, Papaveraceae and Poaceae) each represented by two species from different genera. Diaspores of three populations per species were sampled and concentrations of 60 metabolites from five groups (amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids, polyols and sugars) were determined for both elaiosomes and seeds. Variability in metabolite composition was decomposed by hierarchical ANOVA and variation partitioning using redundancy analysis (reflecting both species nested within families, crossed with seed vs. elaiosome). Differences in the metabolite composition of elaiosomes and seeds were consistent across multiple phylogenetic origins (with more pronounced differences at the level of individual metabolites than at the level of metabolite groups) and supported the idea of convergent evolution under strong selection pressure. Elaiosomes contained higher amounts of easily digestible metabolites (especially amino acids) than seeds. Fatty acids were not more concentrated in elaiosomes, which contradicts the literal translation of "elaiosome" (= oil body). The differentiation of metabolite composition closely reflected taxonomic relatedness, particularly at the family level. Differences among populations within species were small, so the metabolite composition can thus be considered as a trait with relatively low intraspecific variability.
- MeSH
- Formicidae * MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- klíčení MeSH
- odměna MeSH
- semena rostlinná MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
