OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus aureus (SA) represents one of the most important microorganism that is part of the normal microflora of humans, but in certain conditions can cause very serious infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for a wide spectrum of nosocomial and community associated infections worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine community acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA), as well as the frequency of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types in isolates obtained from outpatients in the region of 700,000 people (Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) Methods: Our investigation included phenotypic and genotypic markers such as antimicrobial resistance, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), SCC typing, and PVL detection. RESULTS: Antimicrobial susceptibility: all MRSA isolates were resistant to the β-lactam antibiotics tested, and all isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole, rifampicin, fusidic acid, linezolid, and vancomycin. After the PFGE analysis, the isolates were grouped into five similarity groups: A-E. The largest number of isolates belonged to one of two groups: C - 60% and D - 27%. In both groups C and D, SCCmec type IV was predominant (60% and 88.8%, respectively). A total of 24% of the isolates had positive expression of PVL genes, while 76% showed a statistically significantly greater negative expression of PVL genes. CONCLUSIONS: Using combination techniques, we were able to investigate the origin and genetic background of the strains. PFGE analysis revealed two large, genetically related groups of strains consisting of 87 isolates. Our results suggest failure to apply the screening policy, and a lack of knowledge about multiresistant MRSA strains. This study showed the local epidemiological situation which should be the basis of antimicrobial empiric therapy for non-hospitalized patients.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• bakteriální toxiny genetika   MeSH
• chromozomy MeSH
• exotoxiny genetika   MeSH
• infekce získané v komunitě epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• leukocidiny genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• methicilin MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• proteiny vázající penicilin MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Bosna a Hercegovina MeSH

The Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) confers methicillin resistance to Staphylococcus aureus. While SCCmec is generally regarded as a mobile genetic element, the precise mechanisms by which large SCCmec elements are exchanged between staphylococci have remained enigmatic. In the present studies, we observed that the clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolate UMCG-M4 with the sequence type 398 contains four prophages belonging to the serological groups A, B and Fa. Previous studies have shown that certain serological group B bacteriophages of S. aureus are capable of generalized transduction. We therefore assessed the transducing capabilities of the phages from strain UMCG-M4. The results show that some of these phages can indeed transduce plasmid pT181 to the recipient S. aureus strain RN4220. Therefore, we also investigated the possible involvement of these transducing phages in the transmission of the large SCCmec type V (5C2&5) element of S. aureus UMCG-M4. While no transduction of the complete SCCmec element was observed, we were able to demonstrate that purified phage particles did contain large parts of the SCCmec element of the donor strain, including the methicillin resistance gene mecA. This shows that staphylococcal phages can encapsulate the resistance determinant mecA of a large SCCmec type V (5C2&5) element, which may lead to its transfer to other staphylococci.

• MeSH
• bakteriální geny * MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus genetika   virologie   MeSH
• plazmidy MeSH
• profágy genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• rezistence na methicilin MeSH
• sestavení viru * MeSH
• stafylokokové bakteriofágy klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• transdukce genetická * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the main tick-borne viral infection in Eurasia. Its manifestations range from inapparent infections and fevers with complete recovery to debilitating or fatal encephalitis. The basis of this heterogeneity is largely unknown, but part of this variation is likely due to host genetic. We have previously found that BALB/c mice exhibit intermediate susceptibility to the infection of TBE virus (TBEV), STS mice are highly resistant, whereas the recombinant congenic strain CcS-11, carrying 12.5% of the STS genome on the background of the BALB/c genome is even more susceptible than BALB/c. Importantly, mouse orthologs of human TBE controlling genes Oas1b, Cd209, Tlr3, Ccr5, Ifnl3 and Il10, are in CcS-11 localized on segments derived from the strain BALB/c, so they are identical in BALB/c and CcS-11. As they cannot be responsible for the phenotypic difference of the two strains, we searched for the responsible STS-derived gene-locus. Of course the STS-derived genes in CcS-11 may operate through regulating or epigenetically modifying these non-polymorphic genes of BALB/c origin. METHODS: To determine the location of the STS genes responsible for susceptibility of CcS-11, we analyzed survival of TBEV-infected F2 hybrids between BALB/c and CcS-11. CcS-11 carries STS-derived segments on eight chromosomes. These were genotyped in the F2 hybrid mice and their linkage with survival was tested by binary trait interval mapping. We have sequenced genomes of BALB/c and STS using next generation sequencing and performed bioinformatics analysis of the chromosomal segment exhibiting linkage with TBEV survival. RESULTS: Linkage analysis revealed a novel suggestive survival-controlling locus on chromosome 7 linked to marker D7Nds5 (44.2 Mb). Analysis of this locus for polymorphisms between BALB/c and STS that change RNA stability and genes' functions led to detection of 9 potential candidate genes: Cd33, Klk1b22, Siglece, Klk1b16, Fut2, Grwd1, Abcc6, Otog, and Mkrn3. One of them, Cd33, carried a nonsense mutation in the STS strain. CONCLUSIONS: The robust genetic system of recombinant congenic strains of mice enabled detection of a novel suggestive locus on chromosome 7. This locus contains 9 candidate genes, which will be focus of future studies not only in mice but also in humans.

• MeSH
• ABC transportéry genetika   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské chromozomy, pár 7 genetika   MeSH
• mapování chromozomů * MeSH
• myši MeSH
• transportní proteiny genetika   MeSH
• virové nemoci mortalita   MeSH
• viry klíšťové encefalitidy patogenita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Genome structure characterization can contribute to a better understanding of processes such as adaptation, speciation, and karyotype evolution, and can provide useful information for refining genome assemblies. We studied the genome of an important North American boreal forest pest, the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, through a combination of molecular cytogenetic analyses and construction of a high-density linkage map based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers obtained through a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach. Cytogenetic analyses using fluorescence in situ hybridization methods confirmed the haploid chromosome number of n = 30 in both sexes of C. fumiferana and showed, for the first time, that this species has a WZ/ZZ sex chromosome system. Synteny analysis based on a comparison of the Bombyx mori genome and the C. fumiferana linkage map revealed the presence of a neo-Z chromosome in the latter species, as previously reported for other tortricid moths. In this neo-Z chromosome, we detected an ABC transporter C2 (ABCC2) gene that has been associated with insecticide resistance. Sex-linkage of the ABCC2 gene provides a genomic context favorable to selection and rapid spread of resistance against Bacillus thuringiensis serotype kurstaki (Btk), the main insecticide used in Canada to control spruce budworm populations. Ultimately, the linkage map we developed, which comprises 3586 SNP markers distributed over 30 linkage groups for a total length of 1720.41 cM, will be a valuable tool for refining our draft assembly of the spruce budworm genome.

• MeSH
• chromozomy hmyzu genetika   MeSH
• genetická vazba * MeSH
• genom hmyzu * MeSH
• hmyzí proteiny genetika   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• Lepidoptera genetika   MeSH
• proteiny spojené s mnohočetnou rezistencí k lékům genetika   MeSH
• rezistence k insekticidům MeSH
• syntenie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• ABC transportéry genetika   MeSH
• adrenoleukodystrofie genetika   MeSH
• delece genu MeSH
• genetická vazba MeSH
• kodon MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské chromozomy X MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences are often found in plant nuclear genomes, but patterns of their chromosomal distribution are not fully understood. The distribution of cpDNA on the sex chromosomes can only be studied in dioecious plant species possessing heteromorphic sex chromosomes. We reconstructed the whole chloroplast genome of Rumex acetosa (sorrel, XY1Y2 system) from next generation sequencing data. We systematically mapped the chromosomal localization of various regions of cpDNA in R. acetosa and in Silene latifolia (white campion, XY system) using fluorescence in situ hybridization. We found that cpDNA was accumulated on the Y chromosomes of both studied species. In R. acetosa, the entire Y chromosome gathered all parts of cpDNA equally. On the contrary, in S. latifolia, the majority of the cpDNA, corresponding to the single copy regions, was localized in the centromere of the Y chromosome, while the inverted repeat region was present also in other loci. We found a stronger accumulation of cpDNA on the more degenerated Y1 and Y2 chromosomes of R. acetosa than in evolutionary younger S. latifolia Y chromosome. Our data stressed the prominent role of the Y chromosome centromere in cpDNA accumulation.

• MeSH
• centromera MeSH
• chromozomy rostlin genetika   MeSH
• DNA chloroplastová * MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• genom chloroplastový MeSH
• genová dávka MeSH
• hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
• inzerční mutageneze MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• pohlavní chromozomy genetika   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• rekombinace genetická MeSH
• Rumex genetika   MeSH
• Silene genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

• MeSH
• ABC transportéry genetika   MeSH
• adrenoleukodystrofie genetika   MeSH
• chromozom X genetika   MeSH
• genetická vazba genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• MeSH
• ABC transportéry genetika   MeSH
• adrenoleukodystrofie genetika   MeSH
• delece genu MeSH
• exony MeSH
• genetická vazba MeSH
• heterozygot MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské chromozomy X MeSH
• matky MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• zdraví rodiny MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

• MeSH
• fatální výsledek MeSH
• inzerční mutageneze * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské chromozomy, pár 11 MeSH
• lidské chromozomy, pár 12 MeSH
• lidské chromozomy, pár 19 MeSH
• lidské chromozomy, pár 6 MeSH
• myelodysplastické syndromy komplikace   diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• myeloidní leukemie etiologie   MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-ets genetika   MeSH
• refrakterní anemie s nadbytkem blastů genetika   MeSH
• represorové proteiny genetika   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• translokace genetická * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

Genetic factors, in particular human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are important determinants of susceptibility to sarcoidosis, a chronic granulomatous disease of undetermined etiology. To clarify the role of HLA in sarcoidosis we determined HLA-DR and -DQ alleles in case-control samples from three European populations (United Kingdom, Czech, and Polish) and compared these results with those published for three additional populations (Italian, Japanese, and Scandinavian) to determine whether the HLA-DR and/or -DQ alleles act as ethnic-dependent, or ethnic-independent modifiers of disease risk. Although variations were apparent in the alleles associated with susceptibility, reductions in the frequency of alleles associated with protection were remarkably consistent in the six populations. Previously detected associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the TAP2 locus and sarcoidosis were shown to be due to linkage disequilibrium with the HLA-DR locus. The protective HLA-DR alleles, which encode the DR1 and DR4 antigens, were found to share characteristic small hydrophobic residues at position 11, which were replaced by small hydrophilic residues in the remaining, nonprotective, HLA-DR alleles. This residue position is within a pocket of the HLA-DR complex antigen binding groove (designated P6), where it is the only variable amino acid and therefore determines the peptide binding preferences of this pocket. A highly significant reduction in the frequency of individuals carrying HLA-DR alleles with a hydrophobic residue at position 11 was observed in the sarcoidosis cases in the three populations we examined. This suggests this HLA-DR residue is an important protective marker in sarcoidosis.

• MeSH
• ABC transportér podrodiny B, člen 3 MeSH
• ABC transportéry genetika   MeSH
• alely MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• geny MHC třídy II * MeSH
• HLA-DR antigeny chemie   genetika   MeSH
• HLA-DRB1 řetězec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plicní sarkoidóza etnologie   genetika   imunologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Polsko MeSH
• Spojené království MeSH