To trace evolution of Panton-Valentine leucocidin-positive clonal complex 398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the Czech Republic, we tested 103 MRSA isolates from humans. Five (4.9%) were Panton-Valentine leucocidin-positive clonal complex 398, sequence types 1232 and 9181. Spread to the Czech Republic may result from travel to or from other countries.
- MeSH
- bakteriální toxiny * biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- exotoxiny * genetika biosyntéza MeSH
- leukocidiny * genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce * mikrobiologie epidemiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The populations of Japanese deer and boar have increased dramatically and have a serious impact on farming and mountain villages. Although the Japanese government promotes the use of captured wild animals, game meat is not subject to sanitary control considering that it is not subject to meat inspection or quality control. Here, we have attempted to isolate Staphylococcus aureus, a typical foodborne pathogen, as a part of an investigation of contamination in the meats of wild animals and their processing stages. We examined 390 samples of deer feces, 117 samples of wild boar feces, and 75 samples of disemboweled deer meat for isolation of S. aureus; ultimately, 30 (positive rate: 7.7%), 2 (1.7%), and 21 (28.0%) strains were isolated, respectively, from the samples. The genome sequences of these isolates were analyzed and were subjected to multilocus sequence typing. We identified 12 new sequence types (STs) and a dominant population of S. aureus with a characteristic genetic background in wild animals, namely, the ST groups derived from CC121 (number of strains = 39). These strains did not harbor the enterotoxin gene or only harbored egc-related enterotoxin, which is of low involvement in Staphylococcal food poisoning. However, one ST2449 strain, which produces causative enterotoxins, was isolated from a deer's feces. Since there are several common STs isolated from feces and dismembered meat and because fecal contamination during dismemberment is suspected, continuous monitoring and guidance for improving sanitary management conditions during processing and handling of the meat are highly warranted with immediate effect.
BACKGROUND: A novel Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal complex (CC)5-MRSA-IVc ('Sri Lankan' clone) was recently described from Sri Lanka. Similar isolates caused a recent Irish hospital outbreak. AIM: To investigate the international dissemination and diversity of PVL-positive CC5-MRSA-IVc isolates from hospital and community settings using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). METHODS: Core-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) analysis, core-genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) and microarray-based detection of antimicrobial-resistance and virulence genes were used to investigate PVL-positive CC5-MRSA-IVc (N = 214 including 46 'Sri Lankan' clone) from hospital and community settings in 12 countries over 17 years. Comparators included 29 PVL-positive and 23 PVL-negative CC5/ST5-MRSA-I/II/IVa/IVc/IVg/V. RESULTS: Maximum-likelihood cgSNP analysis grouped 209/214 (97.7%) CC5-MRSA-IVc into Clade I; average of 110 cgSNPs between isolates. Clade III contained the five remaining CC5-MRSA-IVc; average of 92 cgSNPs between isolates. Clade II contained seven PVL-positive CC5-MRSA-IVa comparators, whereas the remaining 45 comparators formed an outlier group. Minimum-spanning cgMLST analysis revealed a comparably low average of 57 allelic differences between all CC5/ST5-MRSA-IVc. All 214 CC5/ST5-MRSA-IVc were identified as 'Sri Lankan' clone, predominantly spa type t002 (186/214) with low population diversity and harboured a similar range of virulence genes and variable antimicrobial-resistance genes. All 214 Sri Lankan clone isolates and Clade II comparators harboured a 9616-bp chromosomal PVL-encoding phage remnant, suggesting both arose from a PVL-positive meticillin-susceptible ancestor. Over half of Sri Lankan clone isolates were from infections (142/214), and where detailed metadata were available (168/214), most were community associated (85/168). CONCLUSIONS: Stable chromosomal retention of pvl may facilitate Sri-Lankan clone dissemination.
- MeSH
- exotoxiny genetika MeSH
- leukocidiny genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * MeSH
- methicilin MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
- nemocnice MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce * epidemiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Národní referenční laboratoř pro stafylokoky CEM SZÚ se i v roce 2022, v rámci zajištění surveillance stafylokokových infekcí, věnovala vyšetřování kmenů stafylokoků z humánního klinického materiálu. Celkem to bylo 661 kmenů, převážně druhu Staphylococcus aureus, které byly zaslány z 65 bakteriologických pracovišť z celé České republiky. Metodou PCR byla zjišťována přítomnost genů kódujících především Pantonův-Valentinův leukocidin (PVL), toxin syndromu toxického šoku TSST-1, exfoliatiny A, B, D a enterotoxiny A–D. Informace o produkci faktorů virulence jsou důležité pro ošetřující lékaře ke správnému stanovení klinické diagnózy a tedy i vhodné terapie. V roce 2022 jsme prokázali pozitivitu PVL leukocidinu z případu rozpadové pneumonie u novorozence. Zaregistrovali jsme 9 případů syndromu toxického šoku, kdy jsme mohli potvrdit původce – toxinogenní kmen S. aureus. U dvou pacientů se jednalo o komplikaci jiného stafylokokového onemocnění, v 7 případech to byla klasická menstruální forma. U jedné pacientky bylo v anamnéze použití menstruálního kalíšku, u zbývajících použití tamponu. V závěru roku nám byl zaslán kmen ze závažného onemocnění syndrom opařené kůže u půlroční dívky. Příčinou byl kmen S. aureus s produkcí exfoliatinu B, který sekundárně infikoval eflorescence při varicelle. V celém souboru bylo i 75 (11,3 %) kmenů koaguláza negativních stafylokoků. U těchto podmíněných patogenů jsme fenotypizací a metodou hmotnostní spektrometrie kmeny identifikovali, resp. konfirmovali identifikaci zjištěnou již v terénních laboratořích.
In 2022, the National Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci CEM of the National Institute of Public Health was dedicated to the detailed investigation of staphylococcal strains from human clinical material as part of the surveillance of staphylococcal infections. A total of 661 strains, mainly of Staphylococcus aureus species, were sent from 65 bacteriological departments from all over the Czech Republic. The PCR method was used to detect the presence of genes encoding mainly Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), toxic shock syndrome toxin TSST-1, exfoliatins A, B, D and enterotoxins A-D. Information on the production of virulence factors is important for treating physicians to decide on a correct clinical diagnosis and therefore appropriate therapy. In 2022, we demonstrated PVL leukocidin positivity from a case of disseminated pneumonia in a newborn. We registered 9 cases of toxic shock syndrome where we could confirm the causative agent, a toxigenic strain of S. aureus. In two patients it was a complication of another staphylococcal disease, in 7 cases it was the classic menstrual form. One patient had a history of menstrual cup use, the remaining patients had a history of tampon use. At the end of the year, we were sent a strain from a severe case of scalded skin syndrome in a six-month-old girl. The cause was a strain of S. aureus producing exfoliatin B, which secondarily infected the efflorescence in varicella. There were also 75 (11.3%) strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci in the entire cohort. For these conditional pathogens, we identified the strains by phenotyping and mass spectrometry or confirmed the identification already established in the field laboratories.
- MeSH
- bakteriální toxiny analýza MeSH
- enterotoxiny analýza MeSH
- exfoliatiny analýza MeSH
- leukocidiny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pneumonie stafylokoková MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- septický šok etiologie MeSH
- stafylokoková toxická epidermální nekrolýza diagnóza MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce * diagnóza epidemiologie MeSH
- Staphylococcus klasifikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Crossing of interspecies barriers by microorganisms is observed. In recent years, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius-a species formerly thought to be animal-has also been isolated from human clinical materials. Many virulence factors are responsible for the colonization, which is the first step an infection, of the new host organism. We analyzed the factors influencing this colonization as well as susceptibility to antibiotics in fourteen S. pseudintermedius strains isolated from clinical cases from humans and animals. The occurrence of genes responsible for binding elastin, fibronectin, and fibrinogen and some phenotypic features, although different between strains, is comparable in both groups. However, the animal isolates had more genes coding for virulence factors. All isolates tested had the exfoliating toxin gene and the leukotoxin determining genes, but only the human strains had enterotoxin genes. The assessment of antibiotic resistance of strains of both groups indicates their broad resistance to antibiotics commonly used in veterinary medicine. Antibiotic resistance was more common among animal isolates. The multilocus sequence typing analysis of the studied strains was performed. The results indicated a large diversity of the S. pseudintermedius population in both studied groups of strains. Equipped with important virulence factors, they showed the ability to infect animals and humans. The clonal differentiation of the methicillin-susceptible strains and the multidrug resistance of the strains of both studied groups should be emphasized. The considerable genetic diversity of strains from a limited geographical area indicates the processes of change taking place within this species. Thus, careful observation of the ongoing process of variation is necessary, as they may lead to the selection of S. pseudintermedius, which will pose a significant threat to humans.
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common bacterial pathogens, often asymptomatically colonizing healthy people, but capable of causing fatal disease. The ability to treat S. aureus infections is limited by the rapid spread of multidrug-resistant strains. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus carriage among students from Okada, Edo State, Nigeria, to analyze the antibiotic resistance patterns and molecular characteristics of S. aureus isolates. One hundred healthy students from Okada, Nigeria, were tested for nasal colonization by S. aureus. Isolates were identified using standard microbiological methods. The susceptibilities of the isolates to a panel of 22 antimicrobials were tested. spa and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing were performed. The prevalence of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) among the students was 23% and 6%, respectively. Of the six (26.1%; 6/23) MRSA isolates detected, CC88-MRSA-IVa (n = 2) and CC7-MRSA-V (n = 2) were the most frequent clones. The CC7-MRSA-V isolates were resistant to multiple antimicrobials. Overall, resistance to beta-lactams, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides was detected among the S. aureus and MRSA isolates. The high prevalence of MRSA and methicillin-susceptible isolates with resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes observed among the students is an alarming finding. This study indicated the circulation of resistant clones of S. aureus in Nigerian educational institutions and the community.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- rezistence na methicilin MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce * farmakoterapie epidemiologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus MeSH
- studenti MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Nigérie MeSH
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of health care-associated infections. Additionally, over the decades, the spread of community-associated (CA-MRSA) clones has become a serious problem. The aim of this study was to gain data on the current epidemiology of MRSA in Slovakia. Between January 2020 and March 2020, single-patient MRSA isolates (invasive and/or colonizing) were collected in Slovakia from hospitalized inpatients (16 hospitals) or outpatients (77 cities). Isolates were characterized via antimicrobial susceptibility testing, spa typing, SCCmec typing, the detection of mecA/mecC, genes coding for Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and the arcA gene (part of the arginine catabolic mobile element [ACME]). Out of 412 isolates, 167 and 245 originated from hospitalized patients and outpatients, respectively. Inpatients were most likely older (P < 0.001) and carried a strain exhibiting multiple resistance (P = 0.015). Isolates were frequently resistant to erythromycin (n = 320), clindamycin (n = 268), and ciprofloxacin/norfloxacin (n = 261). 55 isolates were resistant to oxacillin/cefoxitin only. By clonal structure, CC5-MRSA-II (n = 106; spa types t003, t014), CC22-MRSA-IV (n = 75; t032), and CC8-MRSA-IV (n = 65; t008) were the most frequent. We identified PVL in 72 isolates (17.48%; 17/412), with the majority belonging to CC8-MRSA-IV (n = 55; arcA+; t008, t622; the USA300 CA-MRSA clone) and CC5-MRSA-IV (n = 13; t311, t323). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the epidemiology of MRSA in Slovakia. The presence of the epidemic HA-MRSA clones CC5-MRSA-II and CC22-MRSA-IV was found, as was, importantly, the emergence of the global epidemic USA300 CA-MRSA clone. The extensive spread of USA300 among inpatients and outpatients across the Slovakian regions warrants further investigation. IMPORTANCE The epidemiology of MRSA is characterized by the rise and fall of epidemic clones. Understanding the spread, as well as the evolution of successful MRSA clones, depends on the knowledge of global MRSA epidemiology. However, basic knowledge about MRSA epidemiology is still fragmented or completely missing in some parts of the world. This is the first study of MRSA epidemiology in Slovakia to identify the presence of the epidemic HA-MRSA clones CC5-MRSA-II and CC22-MRSA-IV and, importantly and unexpectedly, the emergence of the global epidemic USA300 CA-MRSA clone in the Slovakian community and hospitals. So far, USA300 has failed to spread in Europe, and this study documents an extensive spread of this epidemic clone in a European country for the first time.
- MeSH
- infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí * epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * genetika MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- nemocnice MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce * epidemiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
Národní referenční laboratoř pro stafylokoky CEM SZÚ se i v roce 2021, v rámci zajištění surveillance stafylokokových infekcí, věnovala podrobnému vyšetřování kmenů stafylokoků z humánního klinického materiálu. Celkem to bylo 659 kmenů, převážně druhu Staphylococcus aureus, které byly zaslány asi z 90 bakteriologických pracovišť z celé České republiky. Metodou PCR byla zjišťována přítomnost genů kódujících především Pantonův - Valentinův leukocidin, toxin Syndromu toxického šoku, exfoliatiny A, B, D a enterotoxiny A–D. Informace o produkci faktorů virulence jsou důležité pro ošetřující lékaře ke správnému stanovení klinické diagnózy a tedy i vhodné terapie. V roce 2021 jsme zaregistrovali 13 případů závažného onemocnění - syndrom toxického šoku, kdy jsme mohli potvrdit původce – toxinogenní kmen S. aureus. Pomohli jsme řešit i hromadný výskyt puchýřnatého onemocnění novorozenců v jedné porodnici, kdy byl příčinou kmen S. aureus s produkcí exfoliatinu A. V celém souboru bylo i 45 (5,9 %) kmenů koaguláza negativních stafylokoků. U těchto podmíněných patogenů jsme fenotypizací a metodou hmotnostní spektrometrie kmeny identifikovali, resp. konfirmovali identifikaci zjištěnou již v terénních laboratořích.
The main focus of the National Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci (NRL) in 2020 was again on the investigation of staphylococcal strains from human clinical specimens within the surveillance of staphylococcal infections. In total, 659 strains mostly of the species Staphylococcus aureus referred to the NRL by 90 bacteriological laboratories from all over the Czech Republic were analysed. The strains were screened by PCR for the genes encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exfoliative toxins A, B, and D, and enterotoxins A–D. Data on the production of virulence factors are helpful for attending physicians in determining the right diagnosis and effective treatment. In 2021, 13 cases of severe toxic shock syndrome were reported, with toxigenic strain of S. aureus being confirmed as the causative agent. The NRL also participated in the investigation of an outbreak of blistering skin condition in newborns in one maternity hospital where the cause of infection was an exfoliative toxin A producing strain of S. aureus. Fifty-eight strains (5.9%) referred to the NRL were coagulase-negative staphylococci. These opportunistic pathogens were identified or confirmed, after previous identification by field laboratories, by phenotyping and mass spectrometry.
- MeSH
- enterotoxiny izolace a purifikace škodlivé účinky MeSH
- exfoliatiny izolace a purifikace škodlivé účinky MeSH
- koagulasa izolace a purifikace MeSH
- leukocidiny izolace a purifikace škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiologické techniky MeSH
- septický šok epidemiologie etiologie klasifikace MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce * epidemiologie mortalita patologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus izolace a purifikace klasifikace patogenita MeSH
- Staphylococcus izolace a purifikace klasifikace patogenita MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen of humans and animals. The aim of this study was to characterize 71 of S. aureus isolates from raw cow milk in southern Xinjiang of China, including molecular typing, distribution of virulence genes, and antimicrobial susceptibility. The isolates belonged to 18 sequence types (STs) (including 11 novel STs) and 6 spa types which were divided into five different clonal complexes (CCs), including CC188, CC352, CC22, CC398, and CC5406. The majority of the strains was grouped into multilocus sequence typing (MLST) CC188 (n = 41), t189 (n = 40), and ST5796 (n = 17). Only 30.9, 12.7, 11.3, and 9.9% of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin/norfloxacin, tetracycline, and gentamicin, respectively. Nine of multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates were observed which was associated with CC398-t2876. The adhesion molecules clfa, clfb, and hlb were most frequently detected with the percentage rate of 98.6% (70/71), 98.6% (70/71), and 90.1% (64/71), respectively. The percentage rates of the staphylococcal enterotoxin genes sea, seb, sec, sed, seg, and sei in S. aureus isolates were 5.6, 19.8, 40.8, 1.4, 49.3, and 30.9%, respectively. The see, seh, and sej genes were not found. This study provides data about the occurrence of S. aureus in raw cow milk, revealing high carriage frequency, drug resistance, and population structure of S. aureus. Furthermore, this study suggests that effective hygienic measures be taken when handling dairy cows, in order to prevent spreading MDR strains to human through direct contact and/or consumption of contaminated food.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- antibiotická rezistence MeSH
- enterotoxiny genetika MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * MeSH
- mléko MeSH
- multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
- skot MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce * epidemiologie veterinární MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus MeSH
- virulence genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Čína MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) is one of the most frequent bloodstream infections. High mortality of SAB can be significantly reduced by regular infectious disease (ID) consultations and appropriate clinical management. Because the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a negative impact on hospital ID service, it can be assumed that it has also led to decreased quality of care for SAB patients. METHODS: This study enrolled all (n = 68) patients with proven SAB who were hospitalized in Military University Hospital, Prague, in 2019 and 2020 and the quality of care indicators for SAB patients were compared. RESULTS: A total of 33 and 35 patients with SAB were hospitalized in our hospital in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The significant difference between the pandemic year 2020 and year 2019 was in ID consultations performed (74% vs. 100%; p = 0.002) and fulfilment of all quality of care indicators (66% vs. 93%; p = 0.012). Next, higher in-hospital mortality was observed in 2020 than in 2019 (6% vs. 23%; p = 0.085). There was no significant difference in the percentages of patients with performed echocardiographic examinations (66% vs. 83%; p = 0.156) and collected follow-up blood cultures (85% vs. 94%; p = 0.428). In addition, there was no difference between the two years in the adequate antibiotic therapy, sources, and bacterial origin of SAB. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of care of SAB patients significantly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic in our institution.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- bakteriemie * farmakoterapie epidemiologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- COVID-19 * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pandemie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce * farmakoterapie epidemiologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
