Exokrinní pankreatická nedostatečnost (EPI – exocrine pancreatic insufficiency) je charakterizována nedostatečnou sekrecí pankreatických trávicích enzymů. Dle mechanistické teorie není nedostatkem pankreatických enzymů v tenkém střevě zajištěno trávení potravy, což je spojeno především s nedostatkem esenciálních mastných kyselin a liposolubilních vitaminů a ve svém důsledku vede k neschopnosti zajistit nutriční a metabolické potřeby organizmu. V diagnostice je standardem stanovení fekální elastázy. Toto stanovení je jednoduché, limitací je malá senzitivita stanovit možné změny pankreatické funkce již v tzv. iniciálních stadiích nemoci. Alternativou vyšetření fekální elastázy je použití dechových testů s využitím mixu triglyceridů označených radioaktivně na uhlíku C13. Test je sice neinvazivní, ale časově náročný a obtížněji dostupný. Klinickými symptomy EPI jsou především takové příznaky, které souvisí s mikrobiálním trávením a následnou malabsorbcí/maldigescí mikro- i makronutrientů. Kromě subjektivního pocitu nadýmání, borborygmů nebo osmotického průjmu jsou častým nálezem nízké hladiny liposolubilních vitaminů a některých stopových prvků. Do obrazu EPI patří i osteoporóza nebo sarkopenie. V terapii EPI je zásadním přístupem dietoterapie a substituce pankreatickými enzymy. Zásadou je podání odpovídající dávky především pankreatické lipázy: 40 000–50 000 jednotek k hlavním jídlům, s aplikací během jídla. Menší jídla (svačiny) jsou substituovány poloviční dávkou. Optimální galenickou formou jsou kapsle s ochranným obalem proti inaktivaci enzymů žaludeční kyselinou solnou před jejich vstupem do duodena. Galenickou formou jsou kapsle s obsahem enzymů v mikročásticích o velikosti 1,0–2,0 mm, které se z kapsle uvolní při vstupu do duodena. Jedná se o tzv. řízenou synchronizaci liberalizace enzymů, které obsahuje kapsle. EPI je stavem v populaci poddiagnostikovaným a podléčeným. Kontrola pacientů tak musí zahrnout kromě zhodnocení celkového klinického stavu i sledování změn, které mohou manifestovat malabsorpci. Nutriční stav je doporučeno sledovat alespoň jednou ročně, a to v pravidelných intervalech.
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is characterized by insufficient secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes. According to the mechanistic theory, the lack of pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine does not ensure the digestion of food, which is mainly associated with the lack of essential fatty acids and liposoluble vitamins and, as a result, leads to the inability to ensure the nutritional and metabolic needs of the organism. In diagnostics, the standard is determination of fecal elastase. This determination is simple, the limitation is the low sensitivity to determine possible changes in pancreatic function already in the so-called initial stages of the dis ease. An alternative to fecal elastase testing is the use of breath tests using a mixture of triglycerides, radioactively labeled with carbon C13. Although the test is non-invasive, it is time-consuming and more difficult to access. The clinical symptoms of EPI are mainly those related to microbial digestion and subsequent malabsorption/maldigestion of micro- and macronutrients. In addition to the subjective feeling of bloating, borborygmy or osmotic diarrhea, low levels of liposoluble vitamins and some trace elements are frequent findings. Osteoporosis or sarcopenia belong to the picture of EPI. In EPI therapy, diet therapy and pancreatic enzyme replacement are essential approaches. The principle is to administer an adequate dose, especially of pancreatic lipase: 40,000–50,000 units with main meals, with application during meals. Smaller meals (snacks) are substituted with half the dose. The optimal galenic form is capsules with a protective cover, against the inactivation of enzymes by gastric acid, before they enter the duodenum. The galenic form is capsules containing enzymes in microparticles, 1.0–2.0 mm in size, which are released from the capsule upon entering the duodenum. This is the so-called controlled synchronization of the liberalization of the enzymes contained in the capsule. EPI is an underdiagnosed and undertreated condition in the population. The control of patients must therefore include, in addition to the evaluation of the overall clinical condition, the monitoring of changes that may manifest malabsorption. It is recommended to monitor the nutritional status at least once a year, at regular intervals.
OBJECTIVE: Trace elements are essential for the biochemistry of the cell. Their reference values have been found to differ considerably in pregnant women stratified by age, place of residence, anthropometric status, and length of pregnancy. In optimal amounts, these elements reduce the risk of pregnancy complications. Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), and rubidium (Rb) on pregnant women in an iodine deficiency region and find the relationship with the thyroid status and nutrition. METHODS: We evaluated the iodine status of 61 healthy pregnant women from an iodine deficient region in Bulgaria. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxin free (FT4) levels were measured using ELISA. RESULTS: We found elevated levels of copper that differed the most between the first and second trimesters; Cu and TSH were found to be positively correlated (р < 0.05). Lower Cu levels were found in pregnant women consuming pulses more than 2-3 times a week (р = 0.033). The women consuming fish more than 2-3 times a week had higher levels of Rb. We found a pronounced iodine deficiency in more than half of the examined women in the first to third trimesters, without any effect of pregnancy on the ioduria (р=0.834). All second and third trimester cases were associated with severe ioduria (< 150 μg/L). CONCLUSION: The high Cu levels were associated with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and less pulse consumption during pregnancy in an iodine deficiency endemic area. SCH was found in 24% of the pregnant women in such an area while in 13% of them SCH had progressed to overt hypothyroidism.
- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Magnesium blood analysis administration & dosage MeSH
- Hypothyroidism epidemiology MeSH
- Iodine * deficiency administration & dosage MeSH
- Pregnancy Complications epidemiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Copper * deficiency blood MeSH
- Nutritional Status * MeSH
- Trace Elements deficiency MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Thyrotropin blood MeSH
- Zinc * deficiency blood MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Bulgaria MeSH
Trace elements and vitamins, collectively known as micronutrients, are essential for basic metabolic reactions in the human body. Their deficiency or, on the contrary, an increased amount can lead to serious disorders. Research in recent years has shown that long-term abnormal levels of micronutrients may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of some neurological diseases. Acute and chronic alterations in micronutrient levels may cause other serious complications in neurological diseases. Our aim was to summarize the knowledge about micronutrients in relation to selected neurological diseases and comment on their importance and the possibilities of therapeutic intervention in clinical practice.
- MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Micronutrients MeSH
- Nervous System Diseases * MeSH
- Trace Elements * MeSH
- Vitamin A MeSH
- Vitamins MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
BACKGROUND: Cobalt is an essential trace element, but it can also rarely cause cobalt toxicity due to its release from cobalt-containing medical devices. Currently, there are no approved selective cobalt chelators, which would represent an optimal treatment modality. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a simple and complex methodological approach for screening potential cobalt chelators and evaluating their potential toxicity. METHODS: Firstly, a simple spectrophotometric assay employing 1-nitroso-2-naphthol-3,6- disulfonic acid disodium salt (NNDSA) for screening cobalt chelation was standardized at a pathophysiologically relevant range of pH 4.5-7.5. Then, the suitability of the method was verified using four known metal chelators (EDTA, 8-hydroxyquinoline, chloroxine and nitroxoline). As cobalt can catalyse the Fenton reaction, the potential toxicity of cobalt-chelator complexes was also determined by employing a novel HPLC method with coulometric detection. The effect on erythrocyte haemolysis was tested as well. RESULTS: The NNDSA method had high sensitivity enabling the detection of 25-200 nM of cobalt ions depending on pH conditions. Measurements could be carried out in a wide range of wavelengths from 470 to 540 nm. All tested complexes of the selected chelators decreased the rate of the Fenton reaction. Interestingly, chloroxine mixed with cobalt ions caused marked lysis of erythrocytes in contrast to the other compounds. CONCLUSION: The described complex methodological approach could serve as a simple yet precise tool for evaluating novel, effective and safe cobalt chelators.
- MeSH
- Chelating Agents * MeSH
- Ions MeSH
- Cobalt * chemistry MeSH
- Oxyquinoline MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
This thorough study analyses the amounts of 43 minerals and trace elements in non-traditional wheat grains, flakes, and undigested flake portions using ICP-MS and establishes declines in their respective contents after the flake production. It also identifies appropriate dietary intakes, in vitro digestibility values, retention factors, and metal pollution indexes. The element contents in wheat flakes are lower than in wheat grains after the hydrothermal treatment process, and their declines are: Na (48-72%), Ce (47-72%), Sr (43-55%), Tl (33-43%), Ti (32-41%), U (31-44%), Ho (29-69%), Cr (26-64%), Zr (26-58%), Ag (25-52%), and Ca (25-46%). The flakes significantly contributed to the recommended dietary intake or adequate intake of particular elements for men of all categories as follows: Mn (143%) > Mo > Cu > Mg ≥ Cr > Fe (16%); for women: Mn (up to 183%) > Mo > Cu > Cr ≥ Mg > Fe (7-16%); for pregnant women aged 19-30: Mn (165%) > Mo > Cu > Mg > Cr (25%); and finally, for lactating women: Mn (127%) > Mo > Cu > Mg > Cr (17%). The contributions to the provisional tolerable weekly or monthly intakes of all toxic elements were established as being within the official limits. The daily intakes for non-essential elements were also calculated. The retention factors were calculated to assess the element concentrations in the undigested part using the digestibility values (87.4-90.5%). The highest retention factors were obtained for V (63-92%), Y (57-96%), Ce (43-76%), Pb (34-58%), Tl (32-70%), Ta (31-66%), and Ge (30-49%). K, Mg, P, Zn, Ba, Bi, Ga, Sb, Cu, Ni, and As appear to be released easily from flake matrices during digestion. The metal pollution index has been confirmed as being lower for non-traditional wheat flakes when compared with grains. Importantly, 15-25% of the metal pollution index assessed for native flakes remains in the undigested flake portion after in vitro digestion.
Manganese oxides are considered an essential component of natural geochemical barriers due to their redox and sorptive reactivity towards essential and potentially toxic trace elements. Despite the perception that they are in a relatively stable phase, microorganisms can actively alter the prevailing conditions in their microenvironment and initiate the dissolution of minerals, a process that is governed by various direct (enzymatic) or indirect mechanisms. Microorganisms are also capable of precipitating the bioavailable manganese ions via redox transformations into biogenic minerals, including manganese oxides (e.g., low-crystalline birnessite) or oxalates. Microbially mediated transformation influences the (bio)geochemistry of manganese and also the environmental chemistry of elements intimately associated with its oxides. Therefore, the biodeterioration of manganese-bearing phases and the subsequent biologically induced precipitation of new biogenic minerals may inevitably and severely impact the environment. This review highlights and discusses the role of microbially induced or catalyzed processes that affect the transformation of manganese oxides in the environment as relevant to the function of geochemical barriers.
BACKGROUND: Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are essential antioxidant enzyme cofactors. Foliar Se/Zn application is a highly effective method of plant biofortification. However, little is known about the effect of such applications on the concentration of trace elements and phytochemicals with pro-oxidant or antioxidant activity in pea (Pisum sativum L.). METHODS: A 2-year pot experiment (2014/2015) was conducted to examine the response of two pea varieties (Ambassador and Premium) to foliar-administered sodium selenate (0/50/100 g Se/ha) and zinc oxide (0/375/750 g Zn/ha) at the flowering stage. Concentrations of selected trace elements (Fe, Cu, and Mn), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP) of seeds were determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Se/Zn treatments did not improve the concentration of trace elements, while they generally enhanced TPC. Among examined treatments, the highest TPC was found in Ambassador (from 2014) treated with 100 g Se/ha and 750 g Zn/ha (2,926 and 3,221 mg/100 g DW, respectively) vs. the control (1,737 mg/100 g DW). In addition, 50 g of Se/ha increased TFC vs. the control (261 vs. 151 mg/100 g DW) in Premium (from 2014), 750 g of Zn/ha increased ABTS vs. the control (25.2 vs. 59.5 mg/100 g DW) in Ambassador (from 2015), and 50 g of Se/ha increased FRAP vs. the control (26.6 vs. 18.0 mmol/100 g DW) in Ambassador (from 2015). In linear multivariable regression models, Zn, Mn, Cu, and TPC best explained ABTS (R = 0.577), while Se, Cu, and TPC best explained the FRAP findings (R = 0.696). This study highlights the potential of foliar biofortification with trace elements for producing pea/pea products rich in bioactive plant metabolites beneficial for human health.
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Quantitative analysis of the trace element content of human intervertebral discs (IVDs) is essential because it can identify specific enzymes or metabolites that may be related to human intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). The goal of this study was to assess the concentrations of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) in serum samples obtained from patients with IVDD in comparison to healthy volunteers (a control group). The study group consisted of 113 Caucasian patients qualified by a specialist neurosurgeon for microdiscectomy. The control group consisted of 113 healthy volunteers who met the eligibility criteria for blood donors. The examined clinical material was the serum samples obtained from both groups.Based on the quantitative analysis of selected elements, there were statistically significantly (p 0.05) higher concentrations of Cu (1180 μg/L±800 μg/L vs. 1230 μg/L±750 μg/L), Zn (790 μg/L±300 μg/L vs. 850 μg/L±200 μg/L), and Mg (21730 μg/L±4360 μg/L vs. 23820 μg/L±4990 μg/L) in the serum of healthy volunteers compared to those in the study group. In addition, statistically significant changes were not detected in the concentrations of any elements among either sex in either the study or control group or in their body mass index (BMI) values (p > 0.05). In the serum samples from the study group, the strongest relationships were noted between the concentrations of Zn and Pb (r = 0.61), Zn and P (r = 0.69), Zn and Ca (r = 0.84), Zn and Cu (r = 0.83), Mg and Ca (r = 0.74), and Ca and P (r = 0.98).It has been indicated that, above all, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg depend on the advancement of radiological changes, according to the Pfirrmann scale. However, no influence on pain intensity was found, depending on the concentration of the assessed elements.The analysis indicates that the determination of serum Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg concentrations may have diagnostic significance in predicting the onset of lumbosacral IVDD. The predictive evaluation of changes in the concentrations of selected elements in patients with degenerative lumbar IVD lesions appears to be a promising, cost-effective strategy.
Zinc is an essential trace element involved in a multitude of human biological processes. Normally, zinc homeostasis is largely maintained by uptake of zinc into the enterocyte involving the brush border membrane followed by baso-lateral membrane exit into the circulation. This is accomplished by distinct gene-based protein carriers (eg., ZIP4, ZnT-1) to balance zinc loss, particularly from the intestinal and urinary tracts as well as integument. A genetically-based autosomal recessive disorder, acrodermatitis enteropathica, and other disorders leading to secondary malabsorption of zinc, such as celiac disease, may alter this balance, lead to significant dermatologic and intestinal histological effects, but may be entirely reversible with oral zinc supplements. Importantly, zinc may also attenuate transglutaminase activities and has been suggested to have the potential, hypothetically, to promote the generation of “celiac-safe” products.
Selenium is an essential trace element that is crucial for cellular antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recently, many selenium-containing compounds have exhibited a wide spectrum of biological activities that make them promising scaffolds in Medicinal Chemistry, and, in particular, in the search for novel compounds with anticancer activity. Similarly, certain tellurium-containing compounds have also exhibited substantial biological activities. Here we provide an overview of the biological activities of seleno- and tellurocompounds including chemopreventive activity, antioxidant or pro-oxidant activity, modulation of the inflammatory processes, induction of apoptosis, modulation of autophagy, inhibition of multidrug efflux pumps such as P-gp, inhibition of cancer metastasis, selective targeting of tumors and enhancement of the cytotoxic activity of chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as overcoming tumor drug resistance. A review of the chemistry of the most relevant seleno- or tellurocompounds with activity against resistant cancers is also presented, paying attention to the synthesis of these compounds and to the preparation of bioactive selenium or tellurium nanoparticles. Based on these data, the use of these seleno- and tellurocompounds is a promising approach in the development of strategies that can drive forward the search for novel therapies or adjuvants of current therapies against drug-resistant cancers.
- MeSH
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Drug Resistance, Multiple MeSH
- Neoplasms * drug therapy MeSH
- Nanoparticles * MeSH
- Antineoplastic Agents * chemistry pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Reactive Oxygen Species MeSH
- Selenium * chemistry pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Tellurium chemistry pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
