generalization
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- MeSH
- lymfatické uzliny MeSH
- parodontitida patofyziologie MeSH
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
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- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that secondary generalized seizures (SGS) are not truly generalized and may involve selective regions. METHODS: The spread from focal to generalized seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) was studied in 20 SGS recorded via stereo-EEG (SEEG) in 15 candidates for surgery. Electrodes were assigned to fronto-orbital, prefrontal, and temporal cortex, cingulate, hippocampus, and amygdala. The onset of SGS was ascertained by behavioral analysis of the video recordings. EEG recordings were evaluated using the rating scale developed by Blumenfeld [Blumenfeld H, Rivera M, McNally KA, Davis K, Spencer DD, Spencer SS. Ictal neocortical slowing in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 2004;63:1015-21]. The seizure rating in each region was compared with the rating in the hippocampus. RESULTS: Ranking significantly differed in the cingulate and fronto-orbital cortex; there was a trend toward significance in the prefrontal cortex. In these regions, slow activity dominated. CONCLUSION: The onset of secondary generalization, when the head, face and all limbs are involved, does not implicate global cortical involvement.
- MeSH
- analýza rozptylu MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- elektroencefalografie metody MeSH
- epilepsie generalizovaná etiologie patofyziologie patologie MeSH
- epilepsie temporálního laloku komplikace MeSH
- funkční lateralita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- videozáznam metody MeSH
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- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metastázy nádorů MeSH
- nádory močového měchýře diagnóza chirurgie patologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
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- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
The function of adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus is not yet completely understood, though many competing theories have attempted to explain the function of these newly-generated neurons. Most theories give adult neurogenesis a role in aiding known hippocampal/dentate gyrus functions. Other theories offer a novel role for these new cells based on their unique physiological qualities, such as their low excitability threshold. Many behavioral tests have been used to test these theories, but results have been inconsistent and often contradictory. Substantial variability in tests and protocols may be at least partially responsible for the mixed results. On the other hand, conflicting results arising from the same tests can serve as aids in elucidating the function of adult neurogenesis. Here, we offer a hypothesis that considers the cognitive nature of tasks commonly used to assess the function of adult neurogenesis, and introduce a dichotomy between tasks focused on discrimination vs. generalization. We view these two aspects as opposite ends of the continuous spectrum onto which traditional tests can be mapped. We propose that high neurogenesis favors behavioral discrimination while low adult neurogenesis favors behavioral generalization of a knowledge or rule. Since many tasks require both, the effects of neurogenesis could be cancelled out in many cases. Although speculative, we hope that our view presents an interesting and testable hypothesis of the effect of adult neurogenesis in traditional behavioral tasks. We conclude that new, carefully designed behavioral tests may be necessary to reach a final consensus on the role of adult neurogenesis in behavior.
- MeSH
- diskriminační učení fyziologie MeSH
- hipokampus cytologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neurogeneze fyziologie MeSH
- prostorové chování fyziologie MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
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- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Melanom je nejčastější nádor metastazující do trávicí trubice. U generalizovaného melanomu jsou při sekci metastázy v gastrointestinálním traktu zjištěny u 60 % pacientů. Metastázy se mohou objevit řadu let po excizi primárního ložiska. Častým symptomem metastatického postižení gastrointestinálního traktu je anemizace. Prezentujeme případ 79letého muže, u kterého byly metastázy v oblasti tenkého střeva prvním projevem generalizace onemocnění. Naše kazuistika dokládá, že u pacientů s nejasným krvácením do gastrointestinálního traktu je nutno myslet na možné metastatické postižení střev i léta po excizi primárního ložiska melanomu.
Malignant melanoma is the most common tumour that metastatically spreads into the gastrointestinal tract. Metastatic process in the gastrointestinal tract is present in 60% of patients with generalised disease according to findings at sections. Metastases can appear many years after the primary tumour excision. A common symptom of the metastatic process in the gastrointestinal tract is anaemia. We present a clinical case of a 79-year-old man whose first symptoms of generalisation, four years after melanoma excision, were associated with small bowel metastatic involvement. Throughthis clinical case we want to show that in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding it is important to consider possible metastatic bowel involvement, even many years after the primary melanoma excision.
- MeSH
- dakarbazin terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lymfatické uzliny MeSH
- MAP kinasy kinas (kinas) antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- melanom * komplikace MeSH
- metastázy nádorů * diagnóza terapie MeSH
- nádory kůže MeSH
- nádory trávicího systému MeSH
- paliativní péče MeSH
- příznaky a symptomy MeSH
- protoonkogenní proteiny B-raf genetika MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- staging nádorů MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
