Studies of parasite population dynamics in natural systems are crucial for our understanding of host-parasite coevolutionary processes. Some field studies have reported that host genotype frequencies in natural populations change over time according to parasite-driven negative frequency-dependent selection. However, the temporal patterns of parasite genotypes have rarely been investigated. Moreover, parasite-driven negative frequency-dependent selection is contingent on the existence of genetic specificity between hosts and parasites. In the present study, the population dynamics and host-genotype specificity of the ichthyosporean Caullerya mesnili, a common endoparasite of Daphnia water fleas, were analysed based on the observed sequence variation in the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA. The Daphnia population of lake Greifensee (Switzerland) was sampled and subjected to parasite screening and host genotyping during C. mesnili epidemics of four consecutive years. The ITS1 of wild-caught C. mesnili-infected Daphnia was sequenced using the 454 pyrosequencing platform. The relative frequencies of C. mesnili ITS1 sequences differed significantly among years: the most abundant C. mesnili ITS1 sequence decreased and rare sequences increased over the course of the study, a pattern consistent with negative frequency-dependent selection. However, only a weak signal of host-genotype specificity between C. mesnili and Daphnia genotypes was detected. Use of cutting edge genomic techniques will allow further investigation of the underlying micro-evolutionary relationships within the Daphnia-C. mesnili system.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• Daphnia genetika   parazitologie   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• hostitelská specificita MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• Mesomycetozoea genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA MeSH
• selekce (genetika) MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Complex interplay of genetic and (patho)physiological factors influence availability of nitric oxide during the development and progression of diabetic complications. We assessed predictive value of commonly studied methylated asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginines (ADMA and SDMA) and selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) 1 and 2 genes for the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). METHODS: A total of 341 type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients with variable degree of kidney disease were included at baseline. Plasma levels of ADMA, SDMA and L-arginine were measured and six tagging SNPs in DDAH1 and 2 were determined. Progression of DN was defined as a transition from any given stage to a more advanced stage of albuminuria. Competing risk analysis was applied. RESULTS: Plasma levels of ADMA and SDMA significantly correlated with GFR. No significant genotype-phenotype relationship was ascertained for ADMA and DDAH variants, but SNP rs805304 exhibited marginally significant association with DN. ADMA, SDMA and L-arginine/ADMA ratio standardised to GFR were identified as significant predictors of DN progression but not GFR decline using multivariate competing risk analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In our study we confirmed potentially significant role of ADMA and SDMA for the assessment of risk of DN progression in European diabetic population.

• MeSH
• amidohydrolasy genetika   MeSH
• arginin analogy a deriváty   krev   genetika   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu komplikace   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu komplikace   MeSH
• diabetické nefropatie * krev   etiologie   genetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metylace MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• progrese nemoci * MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: In this study we compared levels of selected adipokines between patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and healthy individuals and we determined their relationship with early vascular damage markers. METHODS: Seventy-seven subjects: 56 patients with T2D (34 men and 22 women) and 21 healthy controls (8 men and 13 women) were examined in this cross-sectional study. Selected adipokines [adiponectin, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), C1q/TNF-related protein 9 (CTRP-9), and allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1)] with possible cardiovascular impact were measured in all participants. To identify markers of vascular damage von Willebrand factor (vWF), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and arterial stiffness parameters were examined in all the subjects. RESULTS: When compared with healthy controls, T2D had significantly higher levels of A-FABP [50.0 (38.1-68.6) vs. 28.6 (23.6-32.9) ng/mL, P < 0.0001] and lower levels of adiponectin [5.9 (4.3-9.0) vs. 11.3 (8.7-14.8) μg/mL, P < 0.0001]. Differences in other adipokines were not statistically significant. Adiponectin level correlated negatively with vWF levels (ρ = -0.29, P < 0.05) and PAI-1 (ρ = -0.36, P < 0.05) and A-FABP positively with vWF (ρ = 0.61, P < 0.05) and PAI-1 (ρ = 0.47, P < 0.05) and augmentation index (ρ = 0.26, P < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed independent association between A-FABP and vWF (b = 0.24, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with T2D have significantly higher levels of A-FABP and lower levels of adiponectin. These adipokines correlate with indicators of vascular damage and could contribute to cardiovascular risk in patients with T2D. A-FABP may participate in direct endothelium damage.

• MeSH
• adipokiny krev   MeSH
• adiponektin krev   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu krev   komplikace   MeSH
• diabetické angiopatie krev   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolický syndrom MeSH
• proteiny vázající mastné kyseliny krev   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• tuhost cévní stěny MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Cíl: Cílem výzkumu bylo zjistit souvislosti mezi kvalitou života dětí s chronickým onemocněním, kvalitou života rodičů a používanými copingovými strategiemi v rodině. Design: Výzkum byl realizován formou jednorázového průřezového šetření. Metody: Výzkum se uskutečnil formou dotazníkového šetření u chronicky nemocných dětí (n = 288) ve věku 2–12 let a jejich rodičů. Bylo využito dotazníků: Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Family Impact Module a Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales. Výsledky: Souvislost mezi kvalitou života dětí s diabetem a kvalitou života rodičů, rodinným fungováním a dopadem nemoci na rodinu byla nízká. Děti s diabetem měli nejvyšší kvalitu života, ale jejich rodiče nejnižší z posuzovaných skupin onemocnění. Nejnižší celkové skóre kvality života dětí bylo zjištěno u dětí s JIA. Nejsilnější pozitivní asociace interních copingových strategií (emočně-kognitivní rekonstrukce a neaktivní řešení problému) a kvality života dětí a rodičů se ukázala u rodin dětí s astmatem. Závěr: Nízká asociace kvality života dětí a rodičů s copingovými strategiemi ukázaly jejich nízkou efektivitu. Tyto výsledky jsou východiskem pro volbu relevantních intervencí podporujících volbu nových copingových strategií.

Aim: The survey aimed at determining the associations between the quality of life of children with chronic diseases, the quality of life of their parents and coping strategies used in the family. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: The study was performed as quantitative research using a questionnaire survey in chronically ill children (n = 288) aged 2-12 years and their parents. The following instruments were used: Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Family Impact Module and Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales. Results: The association between the quality of life of diabetic children and their parents' quality of life, family functioning and the impact of the illness on the family was weak. Children with diabetes had the highest quality of life but the quality of life of their parents was lowest among all disease groups in the study. The lowest overall quality of life of children was noted among those with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The strongest positive associations between internal coping strategies (i.e. reframing and passive appraisal) and children's and parents' quality of life was observed in the families of children with asthma. Conclusions: The weak association between children's and parents' quality of life and coping strategies pointed to their low effectiveness. The results suggest that relevant interventions should be used that promote selection of new coping strategies.

• MeSH
• adaptace psychologická * MeSH
• atopická dermatitida MeSH
• bronchiální astma MeSH
• chronická nemoc * psychologie   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epilepsie MeSH
• juvenilní artritida MeSH
• kvalita života psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• péče o dítě * psychologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rodiče MeSH
• rodina * psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

The link between vitamin D and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is intensively studied. This study aims to define the serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D) and to investigate the relationship between 25-OH D status, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and body composition in postmenopausal women with T2DM and in non-diabetic controls. In this cross-sectional study, 75 women with T2DM and 32 control subjects were selected. Serum 25-OH D, intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, fasting glucose and HbA1c, were measured. The mean 25-OH D level was 21.4±11.4 ng/ml (range 4.1-50.7 ng/ml) in diabetic women and 30.3±9.4 ng/ml (range 10.8-54.2 ng/ml) in control group (p<0.001). The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D (<30 ng/ml) was higher in vitamin D3 non-supplemented T2DM women (89% vs. 63% controls); the difference diminished in vitamin D3 (500-1000 IU per day) supplemented subgroups (45% diabetics vs. 42% controls). In T2DM women, 25-OH D levels were not associated to HbA1c, duration of diabetes, fasting glucose and PTH levels, however, 25-OH D levels negatively associated with body mass index (p=0.011), total body fat mass (p=0.005) and total body lean mass (p=0.004). The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D is higher in non-supplemented postmenopausal women with T2DM than in non-diabetic controls (89% vs. 63%). Obesity is a risk factor for vitamin D insufficiency in T2DM postmenopausal women. Further studies evaluating relationships between fat, muscle, bone and vitamin D metabolism in T2DM patients are warranted.

• MeSH
• absorpční fotometrie metody   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu * krev   epidemiologie   MeSH
• glykovaný hemoglobin analýza   MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nedostatek vitaminu D * krev   diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• obezita * diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• postmenopauza metabolismus   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• složení těla MeSH
• vitamin D analogy a deriváty   krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Placental growth factor (PlGF), pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), extracellular newly identified receptor for RAGE binding protein (EN-RAGE) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) are novel biomarkers in chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, their clinical significance in acute kidney injury (AKI) is unknown. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine whether selected biomarkers are changed in AKI patients. METHODS: Serum PlGF, PAPP-A, sRAGE, EN-RAGE and HMGB-1 levels were assessed in 40 patients with AKI, 42 CKD 5 patients, 31 haemodialysis patients (HD) and 39 age-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: PAPP-A was elevated in AKI (20.6 ± 16.9 mIU/L) compared with controls (9.1 ± 2.3 mIU/L, p < 0.001). PlGF was not increased in AKI (11.7 ± 7.4 pg/mL) versus controls (8.5 ± 2.4 pg/mL, n.s.), as well as sRAGE was not elevated in AKI (2400 ± 1400 pg/mL) compared with controls (1760 ± 730 pg/mL, n.s), but was lower compared with CKD 5 (3200 ± 1500 pg/mL, p < 0.05); EN-RAGE was elevated in AKI 480 ± 450 ng/mL in comparison with controls (60 ± 62 ng/mL), CKD 5 (190 ± 120 ng/mL), and HD (120 ± 100 ng/mL), all p < 0.001. Similarly, HMGB-1 was increased in AKI (5.8 ± 7.5 ng/mL) versus controls (1.7 ± 1.4 ng/mL), CKD 5 (3.2 ± 3.1 ng/mL) and HD (2.5 ± 2.1 ng/mL), all p < 0.001.In AKI group, in multivariate regression analysis: PAPP-A levels were associated with transferrin (p <0.001), negatively with albumin (p < 0.01) and prealbumin (p < 0.05); PlGF levels were associated with C--reactive protein (p < 0.001). EN-RAGE levels were associated with ferritin (p < 0.01) and orosomucoid (p = 0.02), and HMGB-1 levels with leukocyte count (p < 0.01) and negatively with proteinuria (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In AKI patients, PAPP-A, EN-RAGE and HMGB1 are elevated, but sRAGE and PlGF are not increased. Whereas PAPP-A correlates with markers of nutrition; PlGF, EN-RAGE and HMGB-1 are related to inflammatory parameters.

• MeSH
• akutní poškození ledvin krev   epidemiologie   MeSH
• chronická renální insuficience krev   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• protein HMGB1 krev   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• receptory imunologické krev   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• těhotenské proteiny krev   MeSH
• těhotenský plazmatický protein A analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The pathogenic extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli lineage ST648 is increasingly reported from multiple origins. Our study of a large and global ST648 collection from various hosts (87 whole-genome sequences) combining core and accessory genomics with functional analyses and in vivo experiments suggests that ST648 is a nascent and generalist lineage, lacking clear phylogeographic and host association signals. By including large numbers of ST131 (n = 107) and ST10 (n = 96) strains for comparative genomics and phenotypic analysis, we demonstrate that the combination of multidrug resistance and high-level virulence are the hallmarks of ST648, similar to international high-risk clonal lineage ST131. Specifically, our in silico, in vitro, and in vivo results demonstrate that ST648 is well equipped with biofilm-associated features, while ST131 shows sophisticated signatures indicative of adaption to urinary tract infection, potentially conveying individual ecological niche adaptation. In addition, we used a recently developed NFDS (negative frequency-dependent selection) population model suggesting that ST648 will increase significantly in frequency as a cause of bacteremia within the next few years. Also, ESBL plasmids impacting biofilm formation aided in shaping and maintaining ST648 strains to successfully emerge worldwide across different ecologies. Our study contributes to understanding what factors drive the evolution and spread of emerging international high-risk clonal lineages.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriemie farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• beta-laktamasy genetika   MeSH
• biofilmy účinky léků   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• faktory virulence genetika   MeSH
• genomika metody   MeSH
• infekce močového ústrojí farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kur domácí mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace metody   MeSH
• plazmidy genetika   MeSH
• sekvenování celého genomu metody   MeSH
• virulence genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Large genomic rearrangements (LGR) represent substantial proportion of pathogenic mutations in the BRCA1 gene, whereas the frequency of rearrangements in the BRCA2 gene is low in many populations. We screened for LGRs in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) in 521 unrelated patients negative for BRCA1/2 point mutations selected from 655 Czech high-risk breast and/or ovarian cancer patients. Besides long range PCR, a chromosome 17-specific oligonucleotide-based array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was used for accurate location of deletions. We identified 14 patients carrying 8 different LGRs in BRCA1 that accounted for 12.3% of all pathogenic BRCA1 mutations. No LGRs were detected in the BRCA2 gene. In a subgroup of 239 patients from high-risk families, we found 12 LGRs (5.0%), whereas two LGRs were revealed in a subgroup of 282 non-familial cancer cases (0.7%). Five LGRs (deletion of exons 1-17, 5-10, 13-19, 18-22 and 21-24) were novel; two LGRs (deletion of exons 5-14 and 21-22) belong to the already described Czech-specific mutations; one LGR (deletion of exons 1-2) was reported from several countries. The deletions of exons 1-17 and 5-14, identified each in four families, represented Czech founder mutations. The present study indicates that screening for LGRs in BRCA1 should include patients from breast or ovarian cancer families as well as high-risk patients with non-familial cancer, in particular cases with early-onset breast or ovarian cancer. On the contrary, our analyses do not support the need to screen for LGRs in the BRCA2 gene. Implementation of chromosome-specific aCGH could markedly facilitate the design of primers for amplification and sequence analysis of junction fragments, especially in deletions overlapping gene boundaries.

• MeSH
• bodová mutace MeSH
• body zlomu chromozomu MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• exony MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• genetické testování MeSH
• genová přestavba MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• introny MeSH
• inzerční mutageneze MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• mutační analýza DNA MeSH
• nádory prsu genetika   MeSH
• nádory vaječníků genetika   MeSH
• plošný screening metody   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• protein BRCA1 MeSH
• protein BRCA2 genetika   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• rodokmen MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční delece MeSH
• srovnávací genomová hybridizace MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Nevhodná konzumácia alkoholu môže viesť až k závažným zdravotným problémom, čo si nie každý uvedomuje. Preto niektoré krajiny zaviedli varovné označovanie alkoholických výrobkov, ktoré by malo konzumentov informovať o možných zdravotných rizikách. V Slovenskej republike takéto označovanie v súčasnosti nie je zavedené. Preto sa Úrad verejného zdravotníctva SR na základe Národného akčného plánu pre problémy s alkoholom na roky 2013 – 2020 rozhodol preskúmať vplyv zdravotnej výchovy v prevencii alkoholovej závislosti u mládeže. Cieľom štúdie bolo identifikovať ako cielenejšie a efektívnejšie smerovať aktivity, edukáciu a činnosti k zlepšeniu kontroly alkoholu v Slovenskej republike. Údaje pre deskriptívnu prierezovú štúdiu boli zozbierané medzi októbrom až novembrom 2015. Pracovníci odborov podpory zdravia opytovali 3289 respondentov vo veku 15 – 29 rokov z náhodne zvolených inštitúcií, ktorých stratifikovali podľa pohlavia, veku, geografickej oblasti a typu administratívneho celku. Dotazník sa zameriaval na frekvenciu užívania alkoholu, vnímanie rizika škodlivých účinkov alkoholu, vplyv/dopad hromadnej, skupinovej a individuálnej intervencie, vnímanie varovných označení na alkoholických nápojoch, a vnímanie reklamy na alkoholické nápoje. Výsledky boli spracované deskriptívnou štatistikou. Výsledky našej štúdie ukázali, že približne 40 % respondentov nepredpokladá, že zavedenie varovných označení bude mať vplyv na správanie sa ľudí ohľadne konzumácie alkoholu. Najčastejšie označovaniu nedôverovali muži v porovnaní so ženami (45 % vs. 37 % respondentov) a respondenti vo veku 15 – 19 rokov (42,7 % respondentov). Ako najefektívnejšie varovné označenie vo vzťahu k zníženiu konzumácie alkoholu sa ukázala písomná informácia „Konzumácia alkoholických nápojov počas tehotenstva môže vážne poškodiť ohroziť zdravie dieťaťa“. Približne 48 % respondentov vnímalo reklamu na alkoholické nápoje hlavne ako informačnú, a iba 2,7 % respondentov vždy kupuje alkoholové výrobky, ktoré videli v reklame. Na základe našich výstupov by sme odporučili dôkladnejšie preskúmanie vplyvov rôznych typov varovných značení alkoholických výrobkov na špecifické skupiny obyvateľstva a ich zavedenie do praxe.

Unreasonable alcohol consummation can lead up to serious health consequences not always well understood. Therefore, some countries implemented warning labels on alcoholic beverages; those should inform consumers about possible health risks. Slovakia did not implement such labelling. Therefore, the National Institute of Public Health of the Slovak Republic, according to the National action plan on alcohol related harm for 2013 – 2020, conducted research focusing on the impact of health education in prevention of the alcohol addiction among adolescents. Aim of the study was to identify how to lead and improve the projects, education and other activities focused on alcohol control in Slovakia more effectively. Data for the descriptive cross-sectional study were collected between October and November 2015. Professionals from departments of the health promotion questioned 3289 respondents 15 – 29 years of age from randomly selected institutions, who were stratified by sex, age, geographical area and a type of the administrative area. The questionnaire was focused on the frequency of alcohol consumption, risk perception of negative impact of the alcohol, impact of public, community or individual intervention, perception of alcohol warnings, and an alcohol advertisement perception. Results of our study showed that approximately 40 % of the respondents don’t think that the implementation of the warnings would have an impact on behaviour related to alcohol consumption. Mostly men compared to women (45 % vs. 37 % of the respondents) and the respondents of age 15 – 29 years (42.7 % of the respondents) weren’t convinced about the warning labelling. The most effective warning in relation to decreasing the alcohol consumption was considered the following: “Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can seriously harm the health of the baby”. Approximately 48 % of the respondents perceived an alcohol advertisement mainly as informative, and only 2.7 % of the respondents always buy alcohol seen in advertisement. Based on our results, we recommend thorough research of an impact of the different types of alcohol warnings to specific population groups, with further implementation to practice.

• Klíčová slova
• varovná označení,
• MeSH
• alkoholické nápoje * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• alkoholismus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pití alkoholu škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• reklama zaměřená na spotřebitele * MeSH
• zdraví MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH

Research on the perception of faces typically assumes that there are some universal values of attractiveness which are shared across individuals and cultures. The perception of attractiveness may, however, vary across cultures due to local differences in both facial morphology and standards of beauty. To examine cross-cultural consensus in the ratings of attractiveness, we presented a set of 120 non-manipulated photographs of Czech faces to ten samples of raters from both European (Czech Republic, Estonia, Sweden, Romania, Turkey, Portugal) and non-European countries (Brazil, India, Cameroon, Namibia). We examined the relative contribution of three facial markers (sexual shape dimorphism, averageness, fluctuating asymmetry) to the perception of attractiveness as well as the possible influence of eye color, which is a locally specific trait. In general, we found that both male and female faces which were closer to the average and more feminine in shape were regarded as more attractive, while fluctuating asymmetry had no effect. Despite a high cross-cultural consensus on attractiveness standards, significant differences in the perception of attractiveness seem to be related to the level of socio-economic development (as measured by the Human Development Index, HDI). Attractiveness ratings by raters from low-HDI countries (India, Cameroon, Namibia) converged less with ratings from Czech Republic than ratings from high-HDI countries (European countries and Brazil). With respect to eye color, some local patterns emerged which we discuss as a consequence of negative frequency-dependent selection.

• MeSH
• barva očí * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• obličej anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• srovnání kultur MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Afrika MeSH
• Brazílie MeSH
• Česká republika MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Indie MeSH