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Chromosome painting (CP) refers to visualization of large chromosome regions, entire chromosome arms, or entire chromosomes via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). For CP in plants, contigs of chromosome-specific bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) from the target species or from a closely related species (comparative chromosome painting, CCP) are typically applied as painting probes. Extended pachytene chromosomes provide the highest resolution of CP in plants. CP enables identification and tracing of particular chromosome regions and/or entire chromosomes throughout all meiotic stages as well as corresponding chromosome territories in premeiotic interphase nuclei. Meiotic pairing and structural chromosome rearrangements (typically inversions and translocations) can be identified by CP. Here, we describe step-by-step protocols of CP and CCP in plant species including chromosome preparation, BAC DNA labeling, and multicolor FISH.
Cílem výzkumu bylo ověřit vztah mezi množstvím informací a hédonistickou hodnotou a vztah mezi množstvím informací a dvou proměnných Martindalovy vývojové teorie: původního obsahu a potenciálu vzrušení. Hlavním předpokladem je, že množství informací může ovlivnit odhad hodnot těchto proměnných respondenty. Pro ověření tohoto předpokladu byl proveden experiment se čtyřmi skupinami respondentů. První skupina nevěděla o prezentovaných obrazech nic, druhá skupina znala jméno autora, třetí skupina znala jméno autora a popisy obrazů a čtvrtá skupina znala všechny tyto informace a odhadované ceny obrazů. Obrazy z různých uměleckých období byly prezentovány respondentům zároveň s Martindalovými škálami měřícími původní obsah a potenciál vzrušení a s otázkou měřící hédonistickou hodnotu obrazů. Data byla analyzována Kruskal-Wallisovým testem. Výsledky ukázaly, že potenciál vzrušení, původní obsah a hédonistická hodnota se liší podle „uměleckého proudu“. Výsledky také ukázaly, že dodatečné informace mohou ovlivnit hédonistickou hodnotu obrazů a že více informací vede k vyšší hédonistické hodnotě. Více informací vede i k vyššímu potenciálu vzrušení. Článek je v anglickém jazyce.
The aim of this research was to examine the relation between the amount of information and hedonistic value, as well as the relation between the amount of information and the variables from Martindale's evolutionary theory: primordial content and arousal potential. The main presumption is that the amount of information can influence the estimation of those variables by the respondents. In order to check this presumption, an experiment with four groups of respondents was conducted. The first group knew nothing about the paintings, the second group knew the name of the author, the third group knew the name of the author and the description of the paintings, and the fourth group knew all of this information and the estimated price of the paintings. Paintings from different periods of art were shown to the respondents with Martindale's scales measuring primordial content and arousal potential and with a question measuring the hedonistic value of the paintings. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results have shown that arousal potential, primordial content and hedonistic value differ when it comes to the “art movement”. The results have also shown that additional information can influence the hedonistic value of the paintings and that more information leads to higher hedonistic value. Also, more information leads to higher arousal potential. The article in English.
- Klíčová slova
- Martindaleova teorie,
- MeSH
- arousal MeSH
- estetika psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- malířství * psychologie MeSH
- psychofyziologie MeSH
- psychologická teorie MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- umění dějiny MeSH
- zraková percepce * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
In crucifer cytogenomics, BAC contigs of Arabidopsis thaliana have been used as probes for comparative chromosome painting among species. Here we successfully tested chromosome-specific BAC contigs of A. thaliana (n = 5) and A. halleri (n = 8) as probes for reciprocal BAC painting. Furthermore, BAC contigs of both Arabidopsis species were applied as multi-species painting probes to a third crucifer species, Noccaea caerulescens (n = 7), revealing their shared chromosome homeology. Specifically, we found homeology across portions of chromosomes At2, Ah4, and Nc4, which reflects their shared common origin with chromosome AK4 of the Ancestral Crucifer Karyotype (n = 8). We argue that multi-species and multi-directional painting will significantly expedite comparative cytogenomics in Brassicaceae and other plant families.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis klasifikace genetika MeSH
- Brassicaceae klasifikace genetika MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin genetika MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
- karyotypizace MeSH
- malování chromozomů metody MeSH
- umělé bakteriální chromozomy genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
In this study, we use separate eye-tracking measurements and functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neuronal and behavioral response to painted portraits with direct versus averted gaze. We further explored modulatory effects of several painting characteristics (premodern vs modern period, influence of style and pictorial context). In the fMRI experiment, we show that the direct versus averted gaze elicited increased activation in lingual and inferior occipital and the fusiform face area, as well as in several areas involved in attentional and social cognitive processes, especially the theory of mind: angular gyrus/temporo-parietal junction, inferior frontal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The additional eye-tracking experiment showed that participants spent more time viewing the portrait's eyes and mouth when the portrait's gaze was directed towards the observer. These results suggest that static and, in some cases, highly stylized depictions of human beings in artistic portraits elicit brain activation commensurate with the experience of being observed by a watchful intelligent being. They thus involve observers in implicit inferences of the painted subject's mental states and emotions. We further confirm the substantial influence of representational medium on brain activity.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- emoce fyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- malířství * MeSH
- mapování mozku MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozek diagnostické zobrazování fyziologie MeSH
- oční fixace fyziologie MeSH
- pohyby očí fyziologie MeSH
- pozornost fyziologie MeSH
- sociální percepce * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Perfectly coated surfaces are an essential quality feature in the automotive and consumer goods industries. They are the result of an optimized, controlled coating process. Because entire assemblies could be rejected if Out-of-Specification (OOS) parts are installed, this has a severe economic impact. This paper presents a novel, line-integrated multi-camera system with intelligent algorithms for anomaly detection on small KTL-coated aluminum parts. The system also aims to automatize the previously used human inspection to a sophisticated and automated vision system that efficiently detects defects and anomalies on coated parts.
- MeSH
- algoritmy * MeSH
- hliník * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nátěrové hmoty MeSH
- průmysl MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In contrast to mammals, birds exhibit a slow rate of chromosomal evolution. It is not clear whether high chromosome conservation is an evolutionary novelty of birds or was inherited from an earlier avian ancestor. The evolutionary conservatism of macrochromosomes between birds and turtles supports the latter possibility; however, the rate of chromosomal evolution is largely unknown in other sauropsids. In squamates, we previously reported strong conservatism of the chromosomes syntenic with the avian Z, which could reflect a peculiarity of this part of the genome. The chromosome 1 of iguanians and snakes is largely syntenic with chromosomes 3, 5 and 7 of the avian ancestral karyotype. In this project, we used comparative chromosome painting to determine how widely this synteny is conserved across nine families covering most of the main lineages of Squamata. The results suggest that the association of the avian ancestral chromosomes 3, 5 and 7 can be dated back to at least the early Jurassic and could be an ancestral characteristic for Unidentata (Serpentes, Iguania, Anguimorpha, Laterata and Scinciformata). In Squamata chromosome conservatism therefore also holds for the parts of the genome which are homologous to bird autosomes, and following on from this, a slow rate of chromosomal evolution could be a common characteristic of all sauropsids. The large evolutionary stasis in chromosome organization in birds therefore seems to be inherited from their ancestors, and it is particularly striking in comparison with mammals, probably the only major tetrapod lineage with an increased rate of chromosomal rearrangements as a whole.
- MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genom MeSH
- hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
- karyotyp MeSH
- malování chromozomů metody MeSH
- mapování chromozomů MeSH
- metafáze MeSH
- molekulární evoluce MeSH
- plazi genetika MeSH
- ptáci genetika MeSH
- syntenie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Edible banana cultivars are diploid, triploid, or tetraploid hybrids, which originated by natural cross hybridization between subspecies of diploid Musa acuminata, or between M. acuminata and diploid Musa balbisiana. The participation of two other wild diploid species Musa schizocarpa and Musa textilis was also indicated by molecular studies. The fusion of gametes with structurally different chromosome sets may give rise to progenies with structural chromosome heterozygosity and reduced fertility due to aberrant chromosome pairing and unbalanced chromosome segregation. Only a few translocations have been classified on the genomic level so far, and a comprehensive molecular cytogenetic characterization of cultivars and species of the family Musaceae is still lacking. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome-arm-specific oligo painting probes was used for comparative karyotype analysis in a set of wild Musa species and edible banana clones. The results revealed large differences in chromosome structure, discriminating individual accessions. These results permitted the identification of putative progenitors of cultivated clones and clarified the genomic constitution and evolution of aneuploid banana clones, which seem to be common among the polyploid banana accessions. New insights into the chromosome organization and structural chromosome changes will be a valuable asset in breeding programs, particularly in the selection of appropriate parents for cross hybridization.
- MeSH
- banánovník genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin genetika MeSH
- diploidie MeSH
- karyotyp MeSH
- malování chromozomů metody MeSH
- molekulární evoluce MeSH
- šlechtění rostlin MeSH
- tetraploidie MeSH
- translokace genetická MeSH
- triploidie MeSH
- zemědělské plodiny genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
The remarkable fish biodiversity encompasses also great sex chromosome variability. Harttia catfish belong to Neotropical models for karyotype and sex chromosome research. Some species possess one of the three male-heterogametic sex chromosome systems, XY, X1X2Y or XY1Y2, while other members of the genus have yet uncharacterized modes of sex determination. Particularly the XY1Y2 multiple sex chromosome system shows a relatively low incidence among vertebrates, and it has not been yet thoroughly investigated. Previous research suggested two independent X-autosome fusions in Harttia which led to the emergence of XY1Y2 sex chromosome system in three of its species. In this study, we investigated evolutionary trajectories of synteny blocks involved in this XY1Y2 system by probing six Harttia species with whole chromosome painting (WCP) probes derived from the X (HCA-X) and the chromosome 9 (HCA-9) of H. carvalhoi. We found that both painting probes hybridize to two distinct chromosome pairs in Amazonian species, whereas the HCA-9 probe paints three chromosome pairs in H. guianensis, endemic to Guyanese drainages. These findings demonstrate distinct evolutionary fates of mapped synteny blocks and thereby elevated karyotype dynamics in Harttia among the three evolutionary clades.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
