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Bacteria with a reduced susceptibility against antimicrobials pose a major threat to public health. Therefore, large programs have been set up to collect minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values. These values can be used to monitor the distribution of the nonsusceptible isolates in the general population. Data are collected within several countries and over a number of years. In addition, the sampled bacterial isolates were not tested for susceptibility against one antimicrobial, but rather against an entire range of substances. Interest is therefore in the analysis of the joint distribution of MIC data on two or more antimicrobials, while accounting for a possible effect of covariates. In this regard, we present a Bayesian semiparametric density estimation routine, based on multivariate Gaussian mixtures. The mixing weights are allowed to depend on certain covariates, thereby allowing the user to detect certain changes over, for example, time. The new approach was applied to data collected in Europe in 2010, 2012, and 2013. We investigated the susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates against ampicillin and trimethoprim, where we found that there seems to be a significant increase in the proportion of nonsusceptible isolates. In addition, a simulation study was carried out, showing the promising behavior of the proposed method in the field of antimicrobial resistance.
PURPOSE: One of the main obstacles for reliable quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI is the need for accurate knowledge of the arterial input function (AIF). This is a special challenge for preclinical small animal applications where it is very difficult to measure the AIF without partial volume and flow artifacts. Furthermore, using advanced pharmacokinetic models (allowing estimation of blood flow and permeability-surface area product in addition to the classical perfusion parameters) poses stricter requirements on the accuracy and precision of AIF estimation. This paper addresses small animal DCE-MRI with advanced pharmacokinetic models and presents a method for estimation of the AIF based on blind deconvolution. METHODS: A parametric AIF model designed for small animal physiology and use of advanced pharmacokinetic models is proposed. The parameters of the AIF are estimated using multichannel blind deconvolution. RESULTS: Evaluation on simulated data show that for realistic signal to noise ratios blind deconvolution AIF estimation leads to comparable results as the use of the true AIF. Evaluation on real data based on DCE-MRI with two contrast agents of different molecular weights showed a consistence with the known effects of the molecular weight. CONCLUSION: Multi-channel blind deconvolution using the proposed AIF model specific for small animal DCE-MRI provides reliable perfusion parameter estimates under realistic signal to noise conditions.
- MeSH
- algoritmy MeSH
- arterie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- farmakokinetika MeSH
- kontrastní látky farmakokinetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
- myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nekróza patologie MeSH
- perfuze MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu metody MeSH
- poměr signál - šum MeSH
- regresní analýza MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
A stepwise sequential assimilation algorithm is proposed based on an optimisation approach for recursive parameter estimation and tracking of radioactive plume propagation in the early stage of a radiation accident. Predictions of the radiological situation in each time step of the plume propagation are driven by an existing short-term meteorological forecast and the assimilation procedure manipulates the model parameters to match the observations incoming concurrently from the terrain. Mathematically, the task is a typical ill-posed inverse problem of estimating the parameters of the release. The proposed method is designated as a stepwise re-estimation of the source term release dynamics and an improvement of several input model parameters. It results in a more precise determination of the adversely affected areas in the terrain. The nonlinear least-squares regression methodology is applied for estimation of the unknowns. The fast and adequately accurate segmented Gaussian plume model (SGPM) is used in the first stage of direct (forward) modelling. The subsequent inverse procedure infers (re-estimates) the values of important model parameters from the actual observations. Accuracy and sensitivity of the proposed method for real-time forecasting of the accident propagation is studied. First, a twin experiment generating noiseless simulated "artificial" observations is studied to verify the minimisation algorithm. Second, the impact of the measurement noise on the re-estimated source release rate is examined. In addition, the presented method can be used as a proposal for more advanced statistical techniques using, e.g., importance sampling.
BACKGROUND: Perfluoralkylated substances (PFASs) are persistent and bioaccumulative environmental contaminants. They are included on the list of emergent compounds monitored in the frame of HBM4EU project. OBJECTIVES: To analyze PFASs levels in human milk samples collected in the period 2006 through 2017, to follow their time trends, to assess the PFASs exposure in breastfed infants, to calculate the daily intake of PFASs and to compare it with the tolerable daily/weekly) intakes and to quantify risk from exposure using the hazard quotient and hazard index approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A broad spectrum of PFASs were analyzed by means of UHPLC-MS/MS in primipara human milk samples collected in four consecutive time periods 2006, 2010/11, 2014, and 2017; N = 46, 183, 164 and 232, respectively. Mothers living in urban and suburban residences were recruited after their delivery at maternity hospitals, and milk samples were taken within 2 and 8 weeks after delivery. The questionnaire was focused on possible sources of exposure, dietary habits and lifestyle. RESULTS: Only perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoid acid PFOA (in 2017, also perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)) were quantified in more than 90% of analyzed human milk samples. In all sampling periods, the levels of PFOA were higher than those of PFOS (p < 0.05). A significant downward temporal trend (p < 0.001) was observed for both PFOA and PFOS levels. The median concentrations in sampling years 2006, 2010/11, 2014, and 2017 were 0.075, 0.059, 0.035, and 0.023 ng/mL for PFOA and 0.045, 0.031, 0.029, and 0.020 ng/mL for PFOS, respectively. In 2017, PFNA was also quantified in 99% of samples with the median concentration of 0.007 ng/mL. The levels of PFASs correlated with maternal sea fish consumption. No maternal age-related relationship was observed. Using the tolerably daily intake (TDI) values for PFOS and PFOA set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2008, the calculated daily intakes from breastfeeding were clearly below these limits. Using the new, more conservative EFSA Provisional Tolerably Weekly Intake (PTWI) values set in 2018, we demonstrated a considerable exceedance of PTWI, with a hazard index above 1. CONCLUSION: Significant time-related decreasing trends in the PFOS and PFOA levels in human milk were observed. Nevertheless, the body burden of infants from breastfeeding might pose an enhanced health risk to infants when the current PTWI values are applied. These findings strongly support the present EU efforts to phase out PFOA, its salts and PFOA related compounds. Since PFOS exposure there has still been widely detected despite PFOS usage reduction measures, the major exposure routes should be further monitored and, if possible, eliminated.
- MeSH
- biologický monitoring MeSH
- fluorokarbony * analýza MeSH
- kapryláty analýza MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kyseliny alkansulfonové * analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí * analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mateřské mléko chemie MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The monitoring of various elements in the cow milk is important in the agricultural sector. The goal of this study was to determine the concentrations of calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in the milk samples coming from different origins (local region in Nitra, nationwide sample represents the common Slovak brands of milk and common brands of milk from Czech Republic widely available in Slovakia). The samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry. A high level of variability in the Cu, Fe, Na, Ni, and Zn contents was observed. Magnesium was comparatively high in the milk sample from Slovakia (273.23 ± 16.32 μg/mL) against sample from Nitra (230.91 ± 9.48 μg/mL) and Czech Republic (202.70 ± 10.83 μg/mL). Potassium was significantly higher in milk from Nitra region (3301.98 ± 95.66) against SK sample (2925.16 ± 75.74 μg/mL). There were no significant differences in other elements among the three regions. The provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) contribution suggested low dietary exposure to observed toxic metals (Cd, Hg, and Pb) in milk samples. Margin of exposure (MOE) evaluation denoted that even higher consumption of milk poses no high cardiovascular and nephrotoxicity threat. However, Cd and Pb are known for their cumulative effect and the monitoring of these elements in milk is strongly required.
- MeSH
- dietární expozice analýza MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- mléko chemie normy MeSH
- stopové prvky analýza MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza MeSH
- xenobiotika analýza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
VÝCHODISKA: Aktuální demografické trendy představované stárnutím obyvatelstva obracejí naši pozornost stále častěji k seniorům, kteří se postupně stávají významnou a specifickou klientelou ve zdravotním i sociálním systému. Problematika závislosti na alkoholu se přitom nevyhýbá ani této části populace, ba naopak, aktuální prevalenční odhady hovoří o nárůstu počtu seniorů s problematickým užíváním alkoholu či již plně rozvinutou závislostí na něm. CÍL: Cílem naší studie bylo porovnat prevalenci syndromu závislosti na alkoholu jako hlavní příjmové diagnózy (F10) u seniorů přijatých k hospitalizaci na gerontopsychiatrickém lůžku Psychiatrické léčebny v Kroměříži v roce 2001 a v roce 2011. SOUBOR A METODIKA: Byla použita metoda analýzy zdravotnické dokumentace uchováné v elektronické formě (počítačová databáze Psychiatrické léčebny v Kroměříži) a metoda komparace sledovaných údajů v roce 2001 (celkem 1 087 přijatých seniorů) a v roce 2011 (celkem 1 012 přijatých seniorů). VÝSLEDKY: V roce 2001 byl syndrom závislosti na alkoholu hlavní příjmovou diagnózou u 30 pacientů (2,8 % ze všech hlavních příjmových diagnóz). V roce 2011 byl syndrom závislosti na alkoholu hlavní příjmovou diagnózou u 69 pacientů (6,8 % ze všech hlavních primových diagnóz). ZÁVĚR: Byl zjištěn více jak dvojnásobný nárůst prevalence závislosti na alkoholu u seniorů odeslaných k hospitalizaci na gerontopsychiatrické lůžko Psychiatrické léčebny v Kroměříži mezi lety 2001 a 2011.
BACKGROUND : The latest demographic trends, marked by the ageing of the population, suggest that senior citizens must be taken into consideration as a significant and specific group of consumers of health and social services. While often hidden and previously disregarded, alcohol misuse and alcohol dependence pose a major problem among this population, as shown by recent prevalence estimates. AIMS: The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence of alcohol dependence among seniors hospitalised in the psychogeriatric wards of the Kromeriz Psychiatric Hospital between 2001 and 2011. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Computerised medical records were analysed and the data concerning the prevalence of alcohol dependence among senior patients for the years 2001 (1087 patients) and 2011 (1012 patients) were compared. RESULTS: In 2001 alcohol dependence was the primary admission diagnosis in 30 patients (2.8% of all psychiatric admission diagnoses), while in 2011 alcohol dependence was the primary admission diagnosis in 69 patients (6.8% of all psychiatric admission diagnoses). CONCLUSION: Between 2001 and 2011 there was a twofold increase in the prevalence of alcohol dependence as the primary admission diagnosis among seniors hospitalised in the Kromeriz Psychiatric Hospital.
- MeSH
- alkoholismus MeSH
- elektronické zdravotní záznamy * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- geriatrická psychiatrie * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- hospitalizovaní pacienti psychologie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prevalence * MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- ústavy pro duševně nemocné * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- záznamy jako téma statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- zdravotní záznamy osobní MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Spinal cord lesion is one of the most serious injuries. The patients with a transversal spinal lesion need a specialized, coordinated care. Spinal cord injury doesn't lead only to losing the ability to move the extremities. The patients also suffer from sensitivity loss under the level of the spinal lesion, urination disorders, defecation, sexual functions, breathing etc. There is a risk of many serious health complications for the patient. Due to these reasons, the therapy is lead in specialized center employing multidisciplinary teams of professionals. After the injury, it is necessary to change the position of the patient accordingly, as it is a significant risk factor for pressure ulcers. In the patients with a neck or upper thorax lesion, difficult coughing out is a common complication leading to increased risk of the airways infection. Urinary tract infection is another severe complication. They develop due to an undiagnosed or an incorrectly treated neurogenous lower urinary tract dysfunction caused by the spinal injury. The authors monitor the urinary tract infections situation in one of the specialized center for the clients with a transversal spinal lesion – Spinal rehabilitation ward in the Rehabilitation center Kladruby. The ward has been operational for 9.5 years and the uroinfections pose a serious complication for the patient. In the monitored complications incidence, they are listed on the second place of all the nine places.
Ve studii sledujeme jak vnímají učitelé a studenti učitelství kvalitu svého života. Vycházíme z předpokladu, že představy o kvalitě života souvisí s utvářením systému preference hodnot. V tomto systému dochází v průběhu života ke změnám, které se snažíme prostřednictvím našeho šetření postihnout. Kvalitu života jsme ověřovali metodou SEIQoL. Je vhodná pro informaci o preferenci hodnot – jádrových, protože neklade předem žádná kritéria. Výsledky této metody srovnáváme s běžnou dotazníkovou metodou WHOQOL, která obsahuje 30 indikátorů kvality života.
In the study we follow how teachers and students of education perceive the quality of their life. Our presumption is that the quality of life conceptions cohere with a shaping of value systems. There are changes in the value systems throughout the life that we tried to apprehend. We measured the quality of life through the SEIQoL method. It is appropriate to get information on nucleate value preferences because it does not pose any criteria beforehand. We compare results of the SEIQoL with the common questionnaire WHOQOL that contains 30 indicators of quality of life.
Roztroušená skleróza (RS) je závažné neurologické onemocnění. Odhaduje se, že v České republice trpí tímto onemocněním 20 000 pacientů. Bez léčby vede RS u většiny nemocných k významné disabilitě. Nemoc dnes díky moderní, bohužel nákladné terapii umíme u podstatné části pacientů zpomalit. Nové léky přinášejí nepochybně vyšší efektivitu, současně ale i větší riziko možných nežádoucích účinků, které je třeba velmi pečlivě monitorovat. Základem pro správný management péče o pacienta jsou vedle dat z registračních studií data o účinnosti a bezpečnosti léčby z reálné klinické praxe. Tato data lze získat cestou kvalitních registrů. V České republice od roku 2013 sbírá data registr ReMuS, který je zřizován neziskovým subjektem Nadačním fondem IMPULS ve spolupráci s odbornou společností. Za šest let trvání se počet pacientů zvýšil více než devětkrát, k 31. prosinci 2018 jsou v registru vložena data téměř 15 000 pacientů ze všech 15 specializovaných center v České republice. Registr poskytuje pravidelně důležitá průřezová data o demografii, tíži nemoci, typu léčby, práceschopnosti pacientů, začíná poskytovat i první významné longitudinální výstupy. Více informací lze nalézt na stránkách www.multiplesclerosis.cz.
Multiple sclerosis is a serious neurological illness affecting approximately 20,000 patients in the Czech Republic. Without treatment, the majority of patients develops a severe disability. Although there is still no cure for the disease, we can at least slow down its progress thanks to modern, but costly therapy. The modern drugs are undoubtfully more effective; however, they also pose a higher risk of developing various adverse events that must be carefully monitored. The basics of proper patient treatment management primarily rely on the data from the registration studies as well as the data regarding the treatment effectivity and safety obtained from real clinical practice. The latter data can be collected via high‑quality registries. In the Czech Republic, the registry ReMuS founded and run by a non‑governmental organization the Endowment Fund IMPULS together with the scientific community has been collecting the data since 2013. Over the six years of its existence, the number of patients monitored by ReMuS has increased more than ninefold; the registry contained data of almost 15 thousand patients from all 15 specialized centers in the Czech Repulic as of December 31, 2018. The registry regularly provides important cross‑sectional data on the demographics, the severity of the disease, the type of treatment, and the ability to work, and has also started to provide first longitudinal analysis. More information can be obtained at HYPERLINK "http://www.multiplesclerosis.cz/"www.multiplesclerosis.cz.
In epidemiology, it is very important to estimate the baseline incidence of infectious diseases. From this baseline, the epidemic threshold can be derived as a clue to recognize an excess incidence, i.e. to detect an epidemic by mathematical methods. Nevertheless, a problem is posed by the fact that the incidence may vary during the year, as a rule, in a season dependent manner. To model the incidence of a disease, some authors use seasonal trend models. For instance, Serfling applies the sine function with a phase shift and amplitude. A similar model based on the analysis of variance with kernel smoothing and Serfling's higher order models, i.e. models composed of multiple sine-cosine function pairs with a variably long period, will be presented below. Serfling's model uses a long-term linear trend, but the linearity may not be always acceptable. Therefore, a more complex, long-term trend estimation will also be addressed, using different smoothing methods. In addition, the issue of the time unit (mostly a week) used in describing the incidence is discussed.
- MeSH
- epidemiologické metody MeSH
- epidemiologie * MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- roční období * MeSH
- statistické modely * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
