repellent
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In in vitro tests, skin repellent IR3535, applied in the form of the Diffusil H Prevental product in an aerosol bomb (active compound 20%), killed 100% of head lice (females and males) and nymphs 2 and 3, when directly sprayed at a dose of 0.94 mg of the active compound per square centimeter. Crawling lice exposed for 1 min on the filter paper impregnated by the same concentration showed no effort to suck blood 30 min after exposition. Twenty hours later, their mortality rate was 11 %. After the lice had been exposed for approximately 1 min (until they actively left the area) on 5 cm round areas of skin of test persons treated with the repellent at a mean total dose of 23.3 mg of active compound, they showed no effort to suck blood on the clean skin of other test person either immediately after exposure or 30 min later. Their mortality after 20 h ranged from 59 to 16%, depending on the time elapsed from skin treatment (10 min to 27 h).
Four commercially available essential oils (Eucalyptus sp., Lavandula officinalis, Citrus sinensis, and Melia azedarach) were tested for repellency against the tick Ixodes ricinus in comparison with the synthetic repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide). The test substances were applied either topically or used directly in the process of fabric treatment (by spraying or impregnation). The horizontal circular test on the carton showed an initial difference in the repellency of not more than 10 % between the natural repellents and DEET; however, the fall off tests with vertical treated fabrics showed the synthetic repellent to be significantly superior to the four essential oils.
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.
- Klíčová slova
- přírodní repelent, syntetický repelent,
- MeSH
- Azadirachta MeSH
- cyklodextriny MeSH
- diethyltoluamid MeSH
- Eucalyptus MeSH
- insekticidy MeSH
- klíště * MeSH
- levandule MeSH
- oleje prchavé * MeSH
- pomerančovník čínský MeSH
- repelenty proti hmyzu * MeSH
- textilie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The use of Hazomalania voyronii, popularly known as hazomalana, to repel mosquitoes and resist against insect attacks is handed down from generation to generation in Madagascar. In the present study, we investigated the ability of the essential oils (EOs) obtained from the stem wood, fresh and dry bark of H. voyronii to keep important mosquito vectors (Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus) away, as well as their toxicity on three insect species of agricultural and public health importance (Cx. quinquefasciatus, Musca domestica and Spodoptera littoralis). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hydrodistillation was used to obtain EOs from stem wood, fresh and dry bark. The chemical compositions were achieved by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Toxicity assays using stem wood and bark EOs were performed on larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and S. littoralis, and adults of M. domestica by WHO and topical application methods, respectively. Mosquito repellent activity of the most effective EO, i.e. the bark one, was determined on human volunteers by arm-in-cage tests, and results were compared with that of the commercial repellent N,N-ddiethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). RESULTS: The H. voyronii EOs were characterized by oxygenated monoterpenes with perilla aldehyde (30.9-47.9%) and 1,8-cineole (19.7-33.2%) as the main constituents. The fresh and dry bark EOs were the most active on Cx. quinquefasciatus and S. littoralis larvae, respectively, with LC50/LD50 of 65.5 mg L-1, and 50.5 μg larva-1; the EOs from wood and fresh bark displayed the highest toxicity on M. domestica (LD50 values 60.8 and 65.8 μg adult-1, respectively). Repellence assay revealed an almost complete protection (>80%) from both mosquito species for 30 min when pure fresh bark EO was applied on the volunteers' arm, while DEET 10% repelled >80% of the mosquitoes up to 120 min from application. CONCLUSION: The traditional use of the bark EO to repel insects has been demonstrated although an extended-release formulation based on H. voyronii EOs is needed to increase the repellent effect over time. A wide spectrum of insecticidal activity has been provided as well, suggesting a possible use of H. voyronii EOs in the fabrication of green repellents and insecticides useful to control mosquito vectors and agricultural pests.
- MeSH
- Aedes účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- Culex účinky léků embryologie MeSH
- diethyltoluamid farmakologie MeSH
- dřevo * chemie MeSH
- Hernandiaceae * chemie MeSH
- kůra rostlin * chemie MeSH
- larva účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- moskyti - kontrola * MeSH
- moucha domácí účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- oleje prchavé izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- oleje rostlin izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- repelenty proti hmyzu izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- Spodoptera účinky léků embryologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
A 2-year longitudinal study of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies against Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) sandfly saliva was performed in 32 Beagle dogs treated preventively with an imidacloprid-permethrin topical insecticide in an endemic area in Spain. Dogs were grouped into three sandfly exposure groups according to the time of inclusion in the study. Assays analysed immunoglobulin G (IgG) against salivary gland homogenates (SGH) of both species and recombinant P. papatasi rSP32 and P. perniciosus rSP03B proteins in serum. The dogs were participating in a Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) vaccine trial and were experimentally infected with the parasite in the second year. No dog acquired natural L. infantum infections during the first year, but most developed anti-saliva antibodies, and median log-transformed optical densities (LODs) were seasonal, mimicking those of local sandflies. This indicates that the repellent efficacy of the insecticide used is below 100%. Multi-level modelling of LODs revealed variability among dogs, autocorrelation and differences according to the salivary antigen and the dog's age. However, dog seroprevalence, estimated using pre-exposure LODs as cut-offs, was relatively low. This, and the fact that dogs did not become naturally infected with L. infantum, would support the efficacy and usefulness of this imidacloprid-permethrin topical insecticide in canine leishmaniasis control.
- MeSH
- biologické markery krev MeSH
- dusíkaté sloučeniny aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- kousnutí a bodnutí hmyzem prevence a kontrola MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- neonikotinoidy aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- permethrin aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- Phlebotomus účinky léků MeSH
- protilátky krev účinky léků MeSH
- psi imunologie MeSH
- repelenty proti hmyzu aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- psi imunologie MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Španělsko MeSH
Wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC) amount to 11% of all registered traffic crashes in the Czech Republic causing, apart from numerous deaths and serious injuries to animals, property damage and injuries to car passengers. Odor repellents have the potential to lower the overall number of WVC and allow animals to cross roads at the same time. We tested the effectiveness of odor repellent preparation in prevention of WVC. 18 places were selected on the Czech road network where WVC were concentrated on the basis of traffic crash data. Control sections on the same road segments were also delimited in order to keep the traffic intensities constant. We applied a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) study design to control not only the effect of the measures but also the expected natural variations in wildlife populations over time. Data were compared before and after odor repellent installations. Wildlife carcass gathering was carried out during the spring and autumn. We also used the police crash database to supplement carcass data when no field works were carried out. 201 killed mammals (roe deer and wild boars) were identified in total over 47 months. We applied a Bayesian approach as only a limited numbers of WVC were available. A WVC decrease between 26 - 43% can be expected on the treated road sections. These numbers are, however, up to three-times lower than those claimed by producers of odor preparations.
- MeSH
- Bayesova věta MeSH
- chování zvířat MeSH
- divoká zvířata * MeSH
- dopravní nehody prevence a kontrola MeSH
- odoranty * MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Ticks transmit at least the same number or even more pathogens than any other group of blood-feeding arthropods worldwide affecting humans and animals. The eco-friendly control and management of tick vectors in a constantly changing environment is a crucial challenge. Besides the development of vaccines against ticks, IPM practices aimed at reducing tick interactions with livestock, emerging pheromone-based control tools, and few biological control agents, the extensive employment of acaricides and tick repellents still remain the most effective and ready-to-use strategies. However, the former is limited by the development of growing resistances as well as environmental concerns. Exploiting plants and plant products as sources of effective tick repellents and acaricides represents a promising strategy. In this scenario, the preservation of ethnobotanical information on repellent and acaricidal potential of plants is crucial. Here, we evaluated relevant information published in recent years, focused on plants used as repellents and acaricides against tick vectors in different regions worldwide. We selected a total of 238 plant species, which are traditionally used against ticks by native and local communities of Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Zimbabwe, South Africa), Europe (Serbia, Macedonia, Romania), Asia (Pakistan, India) and America (Brazil, Canada), from 56 families. However, only 7 families (i.e. Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Meliaceae, Apocynaceae and Solanaceae) represent the major quote (46%) of all plant species. We evaluated the differences in acaricidal and repellent efficacy of different formulations used. In the final section, implications arising from the surveyed anti-tick ethnobotanical knowledge and challenges for its future are discussed.
Při registraci biocidního či repelentního přípravku v Evropské Unii a Spojených státech amerických je nutné předložit test účinnosti v souladu s nařízením a metodikou Evropské agentury pro chemické látky a Agentury pro ochranu životního prostředí. Přestože se nymfy a samice klíšťat výrazně liší z behaviorálního i morfologického hlediska, obě výše uvedené instituce ve svých metodikách povolují použít pro laboratorní testy nymfy a (nebo) samice. V tomto článku přinášíme důkaz o rozdílech mezi těmito stádii klíštěte Ixodes ricinus v mobilitě (P < 0,05) a senzitivitě k repelentu DEET (P < 0,0001). Tato studie tedy ukazuje, že výběr stádia pro testování může ovlivnit výsledky testu, přestože budou testy účinnosti provedeny v souladu s doporučenou metodikou.
In the European Union and United States of America, the efficacy of a biocide or repellent coming onto the market has to be evaluated according to the guidelines of the European Chemical Agency and the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Despite the obvious differences in morphology and behaviour, both these guidelines allow the use of nymph or adult female ticks for laboratory testing. Here, we provide evidence that sensitivity of Ixodes ricinus nymphs to diethyltoluamide (DEET) within the in-vitro trial was significantly higher compared to adult females (P < 0.0001). We also observed that feral ticks were less sensitive to the repellent than were laboratory-reared ticks (P < 0.01) and that mobility decreased when the trial was repeated (P < 0.05). This study has shown that the efficacy testing results may vary significantly between the two developmental stages even when the protocol is conducted in accordance with the guidelines.
