Objective. Virtual reality (VR) has become a key tool for researching spatial memory. Virtual environments offer many advantages for research in terms of logistics, neuroimaging compatibility etc. However, it is well established in animal models that the lack of physical movement in VR impairs some neural representations of space, and this is considered likely to be true in humans as well. Furthermore, it is unclear how big the disruptive effect stationary navigation is-how much does physical movement during encoding and recall affect human spatial memory and representations of space? What effect does the fatigue of actually walking during tasks have on participants-will physical movement decrease performance, or increase perception of difficulty?Approach. We utilize Augmented reality (AR) to enable participants to perform a spatial memory task while physically moving in the real world, compared to a matched VR task performed while stationary. Our task was performed by a group of healthy participants, by a group of stationary epilepsy patients, as they represent the population from which invasive human spatial signals are typically collected, and, in a case study, by a mobile epilepsy patient with an investigational chronic neural implant (Medtronic Summit RC + STM) streaming real-time continuous hippocampal local field potential data.Main results. Participants showed good performance in both conditions, but reported that the walking condition was significantly easier, more immersive, and more fun than the stationary condition. Importantly, memory performance was significantly better in walking vs. stationary in all groups, including epilepsy patients. We also found evidence for an increase in the amplitude of the theta oscillations associated with movement during the walking condition.Significance. Our findings highlight the importance of paradigms that include physical movement and suggest that integrating AR with movement in real environments can lead to improved techniques for spatial memory research.

• MeSH
• augmentovaná realita MeSH
• chůze fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• prostorová navigace * fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorová paměť * fyziologie   MeSH
• virtuální realita * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: A growing interest in non-pharmacological approaches aimed at cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive enhancement pointed towards the application of new technologies. The complex virtual reality (VR) presented using immersive devices has been considered a promising approach. OBJECTIVE: The article provides a systematic review of studies aimed at the efficacy of VR-based rehabilitation. First, we shortly summarize literature relevant to the role of immersion in memory assessment and rehabilitation. METHODS: We searched Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and PubMed with the search terms "memory rehabilitation", "virtual reality", "memory deficit". Only original studies investigating the efficacy of complex three-dimensional VR in rehabilitation and reporting specific memory output measures were included. RESULTS: We identified 412 citations, of which 21 met our inclusion criteria. We calculated appropriate effect sizes for 10 studies including control groups and providing descriptive data. The effect sizes range from large to small, or no effect of memory rehabilitation was present, depending on the control condition applied. Summarized studies with missing control groups point out to potential positive effects of VR but do not allow any generalization. CONCLUSIONS: Even though there are some theoretical advantages of immersive VE over non-immersive technology, there is not enough evidence yet to draw any conclusions.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• paměť MeSH
• rehabilitace po cévní mozkové příhodě metody   trendy   MeSH
• terapie pomocí virtuální reality přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

The article introduces an original VR-based experiment which explores context-dependent memory recall in humans. It specifically examines the recall of correct and falsely induced semantic memories. With the aid of VR head-mounted displays, 92 students of psychology were placed in a computer-generated indoor virtual environment and asked to memorize the presented lists of words. Afterwards, the participants were placed in the same indoor virtual environment or an alternative outdoor virtual environment and asked to recall the words. The number of correct and falsely induced words was then measured. On average, women recalled significantly more correct words from the list than men, regardless of the environmental context. Despite the assumptions, we did not observe a separate effect of exposure to different environments during learning and recall of material on memory performance. Likewise, we did not detect any effects of the learning context or biological sex in the case of the production of false memories. These results provide a novel insight into previous knowledge regarding the memory processes that occur in virtual environments. Although we failed to confirm the role of context in recalling learned material in general, we found a hint that this context might interact with specific memory processes of biological sexes. However, the design of this study only captured the effect of changing the environment during memory recall and did not address the role of specific context in remembering learning material. Further research is therefore needed to better investigate these phenomena and examine the role of biological sex in context-dependent memory processes.

• MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• paměť * MeSH
• represe (psychologie) MeSH
• rozpomínání MeSH
• učení * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Virtual memory T cells are foreign antigen-inexperienced T cells that have acquired memory-like phenotype and constitute 10-20% of all peripheral CD8+ T cells in mice. Their origin, biological roles, and relationship to naïve and foreign antigen-experienced memory T cells are incompletely understood. By analyzing T-cell receptor repertoires and using retrogenic monoclonal T-cell populations, we demonstrate that the virtual memory T-cell formation is a so far unappreciated cell fate decision checkpoint. We describe two molecular mechanisms driving the formation of virtual memory T cells. First, virtual memory T cells originate exclusively from strongly self-reactive T cells. Second, the stoichiometry of the CD8 interaction with Lck regulates the size of the virtual memory T-cell compartment via modulating the self-reactivity of individual T cells. Although virtual memory T cells descend from the highly self-reactive clones and acquire a partial memory program, they are not more potent in inducing experimental autoimmune diabetes than naïve T cells. These data underline the importance of the variable level of self-reactivity in polyclonal T cells for the generation of functional T-cell diversity.

• MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace * MeSH
• CD8-pozitivní T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• homeostáza MeSH
• imunologická paměť * MeSH
• myši MeSH
• receptory antigenů T-buněk analýza   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

It is well established that lymphopenia induces the formation of the memory-phenotype T cells without the exposure to foreign antigens. More recently, the memory-phenotype antigen-inexperienced memory T cells were described in lymphoreplete mice and called virtual memory T cells. In this review, we compare multiple aspects of the biology of lymphopenia-induced memory T cells and virtual memory T cells, including cytokine requirements, the role of T-cell receptor specificity in the differentiation process, gene expression signature, and the immune response. Based on this comparison, we conclude that lymphopenia-induced memory T cells and virtual memory T cells most likely represent a single T-cell subset, for which we propose a term 'homeostatic memory T cells'.

• MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace imunologie   MeSH
• CD8-pozitivní T-lymfocyty imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• cytokiny imunologie   MeSH
• imunologická paměť * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfopenie imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• modely imunologické * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Cíl Cílem předkládané práce je zjistit, jakým způsobem je postižena prostorová paměť u pacientů s Alzheimerovou chorobou a zda je postižena i u pacientů s Mírnou kognitivní poruchou. Je zde srovnáván kvalitativní charakter tohoto postiže¬ ní. Soubor a metodika. Vyšetřili jsme prostorovou paměť u 15 dobrovolníků a 42 pacientů, kteří byh vyšetřeni standardním protokolem a rozděleni podle klinických kritérií a výsledku neuropsychologického vyšetření do čtyř skupin: Alzheimerova choroba (ACH), Subjektivní poruchy paměti (SPP), neamnestická Mírná kognitivní porucha (naMCI) a amnestická Mírná kognitivní porucha (aMCI). Prostorová kognice byla vyšetřena Testem skrytého cíle (HGT), který srovnává deficit prostorové paměti ve dvou rozdílných složkách - egocentrické a alocentrické. Reálná verze testu byla prováděna v experimentálním stanu Blue Velvet Arena (BVA) a virtuální verze, která je mapovou analogií reálné verze, byla prováděna na osobním počítači (PC). Výsledky. U pacientů s ACH jsme zjistili v reálné i virtuální verzi testu poruchu v egocentrické a alocentrické složce prostorové paměti (p<0,01). U pacientů s aMCI bylo v obou verzích testu přítomno kvalita¬ tivné stejné, jen kvantitativně méně vyjádřené postižení v egocentrické (p<0,01) a alocentrické (p<0,05) složce prostorové paměti. Pacienti s naMCI selhávali v přechodu z egocentrické na alocentrickou fázi ve virtuální verzi testu (p<0,05). Pacienti se SPP nebyli postiženi ani v jedné ze složek prostorové paměti. Závěry. Vyšetření prostorové kognice může být podkladem pro klasifikaci pacientů do skupin: ACH, aMCI, naMCI a SPP. Prokázali jsme, že v případě ACH a aMCI se jedná o kontinuum kvantitativně různě vyjádřeného deficitu stejné kvality.

Objective. The aim was to investigate the pattern of spatial memory impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease, and to find whether or not the spatial memory is impaired in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. The qualitative and quantitative characters of impairment were compared. Subjects and Methods. Spatial memory was examined in 15 healthy volunteers and 42 patients, who had undergone a standard diagnostic procedure. These patients were subsequently classified according to clinical criteria and neuropsychological testing into four groups: Alzheimer's disease (AD), Subjective memory complaints (SMC), nonamnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (naMCI) and amnestie Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI). The Hidden Goal Task test was used to examine spatial memory. This test compares two types of spatial memory - egocentric and allocentric. A real version of the test was performed in an experimental tent Blue Velvet Arena (BVA), while a virtual version, which is the map analogy of the real version, was carried out on a personal computer (PC). Results. There was found an impairment in both egocentric and allocentric spatial memory (p<0.01) in patients with AD in the real as well as virtual versions of the test. Qualitatively similar, but quantitatively less profound impairment in egocentric (p<0.01) and allocentric (p<0.05) parts of spatial memory in both versions of the test was presented in patients with aMCI. Patients with naMCI were impaired in the transition from egocentric to allocentric virtual phase of the test (p<0.05). Subjects with SMC were not impaired in any part of spatial memory. Conclusions. The spatial memory examination can be used as the basis for patients' classification into the following groups: AD, aMCI, naMCI a SMC. Our experiments have proved that in the case of AD and aMCI it is a continuity of the same quality impairment but with quantitatively different expression.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc diagnóza   MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poruchy paměti diagnóza   MeSH
• prostorové chování MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Cíl: Rychlé a snadné elektronické sebehodnocení paměti může být užitečné doma, v ordinaci lékaře, pro předběžné vyhledávání ve výzkumu a klinických studiích a pro jiné účely. V ČR zatím taková možnost chybí. Cílem tudíž bylo takovou metodiku vytvořit. Metodika: Na základě již existujícího osobního vyšetření s papírovými formami testů Amnesia Light and Brief Assessment (ALBA) a Pojmenování obrázků a jejich vybavení (POBAV) jsme vytvořili elektronický test paměti s názvem ALBAV. Původní principy byly zachovány, oba testy sdruženy do jednoho vyšetření, modifikovány do elektronické podoby a přizpůsobeny starší generaci vč. cvičných příkladů. Každá dílčí zkouška se řídila předem definovanými pravidly, podle nichž vznikl podnětový materiál. Výsledky: Vyvinuli jsme elektronickou podobu vyšetřování testem ALBAV, který se skládá ze čtyř částí. První tři z nich vyšetřují krátkodobou paměť – nově se naučit a pak vybavit 10 obrázků snadných k pojmenování i pacienty s kognitivními poruchami, 10 slov věty a 10 gest. Poslední čtvrtá část pojmenování obrázků prověřuje dlouhodobou sémantickou paměť pomocí 10 obrázků, které jsou ale obtížně pojmenovatelné pacienty s kognitivní poruchou. Rovnou jsme připravili 4 × 10 položek jak pro verzi základní, tak paralelní. Závěr: Vznikl unikátní a první český test ALBAV k elektronickému samovyšetření paměti nejen pro starší osoby v ČR s potenciálem převedení do jiných jazyků. Budoucím plánem je ověřit jeho validitu u vhodných osob a zavedení automatického samovyhodnocení testu ALBAV.

Aim: A quick and easy electronic memory self-evaluation might be useful at home, at a doctor‘s outpatient clinic, for pre-screening in research and clinical trials and for other purposes. Such an option is lacking in the Czech Republic. Therefore, the aim was to create such a platform. Methods: Based on an existing personal assessment with paper forms of the Amnesia Light and Brief Assessment (ALBA) and Picture naming and immediate recall (PICNIR) tests, we dveloped an electronic memory test called ALBAV. The original principles were retained, both tests were combined into one evaluation, modified into an electronic form and adapted to the older generation, including training examples. Each subtest met the predefined rules according to which the stimulus material was created. Results: We developed an electronic version of the ALBAV test, which consists of four parts. The first three of them assess short-term memory – to learn and then to recall 10 pictures that are easy to name even by patients with cognitive disorders, 10 words of the sentence and 10 gestures. The last fourth part of picture naming evaluates long-term semantic memory with 10 images difficult to name by patients with cognitive impairment. We prepared 4 × 10 items for both the basic and parallel versions. Conclusion: This unique and the first Czech ALBAV test was created for the electronic self-evaluation of memory not only in the elderly in the Czech Republic but with a potential to adapt it into other foreign languages. The future plan is to verify its validity in suitable individuals and to implement automatic self-assessments of the ALBAV test.

• MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy diagnóza   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• telemedicína MeSH
• testy paměti a učení * MeSH
• testy pro posouzení mentálních funkcí a demence MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Objectives: Cognitive deficit is considered to be a characteristic feature of schizophrenia disorder. A similar cognitive dysfunction was demonstrated in animal models of schizophrenia. However, the poor comparability of methods used to assess cognition in animals and humans could be responsible for low predictive validity of current animal models. In order to assess spatial abilities in schizophrenia and compare our results with the data obtained in animal models, we designed a virtual analog of the Morris water maze (MWM), the virtual Four Goals Navigation (vFGN) task. Methods: Twenty-nine patients after the first psychotic episode with schizophrenia symptoms and a matched group of healthy volunteers performed the vFGN task. They were required to find and remember four hidden goal positions in an enclosed virtual arena. The task consisted of two parts. The Reference memory (RM) session with a stable goal position was designed to test spatial learning. The Delayed-matching-to-place (DMP) session presented a modified working memory protocol designed to test the ability to remember a sequence of three hidden goal positions. Results: Data obtained in the RM session show impaired spatial learning in schizophrenia patients compared to the healthy controls in pointing and navigation accuracy. The DMP session showed impaired spatial memory in schizophrenia during the recall of spatial sequence and a similar deficit in spatial bias in the probe trials. The pointing accuracy and the quadrant preference showed higher sensitivity toward the cognitive deficit than the navigation accuracy. Direct navigation to the goal was affected by sex and age of the tested subjects. The age affected spatial performance only in healthy controls. Conclusions: Despite some limitations of the study, our results correspond well with the previous studies in animal models of schizophrenia and support the decline of spatial cognition in schizophrenia, indicating the usefulness of the vFGN task in comparative research.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

AIMS: To examine the effects of virtual reality-based cognitive interventions on cognitive function and activities of daily living among stroke patients, and to identify the optimal design for such intervention. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, CINANL, JBI-EBP and Web of Science from inception to October 2023. METHODS: Methodological quality was assessed by Risk of Bias Tool. Meta-analyses were assessed by Review Manager 5.4. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the influence of study design. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was adopted to assess the certainty of evidence. RESULTS: Twenty-five randomized controlled trials (1178 participants) were included. Virtual reality-based cognitive interventions demonstrated moderate-to-large effects in improving global cognitive function (SMD = 0.43; 95% CI [0.01, 0.85]), executive function (SMD = 0.84; 95% CI [0.25, 1.43]) and memory (SMD = 0.65; 95% CI [0.15, 1.16]) compared to control treatments. No significant effects were found on language, visuospatial ability and activities of daily living. Subgroup analyses indicated one-on-one coaching, individualized design and dynamic difficulty adjustment, and interventions lasting ≥ 6 weeks had particularly enhanced effects, especially for executive function. CONCLUSIONS: Virtual reality-based cognitive interventions improve global cognitive function, executive function and memory among stroke patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PATIENT CARE: This review underscores the broad cognitive advantages offered by virtual technology, suggesting its potential integration into standard stroke rehabilitation protocols for enhanced cognitive recovery. IMPACT: The study identifies key factors in virtual technology interventions that effectively improve cognitive function among stroke patients, offering healthcare providers a framework for leveraging such technology to optimize cognitive outcomes in stroke rehabilitation. REPORTING METHOD: PRISMA 2020 statement. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022342668.

• MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda * psychologie   MeSH
• činnosti denního života MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rehabilitace po cévní mozkové příhodě * metody   MeSH
• virtuální realita * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of thymic dysplasia on the phenotypic and functional characteristics of T cells in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, including T-cell phenotype, transcriptional profile, cytokine production, as well as the possibility of utilizing IL-7 to recover their numbers and function. We found a strong bias towards Th1 response in pediatric and young adult 22q11.2DS patients, expansion of CXCR5+ follicular helper cells and CXCR3+CCR6- Th1 cells, increased production of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-2, IL-21 and TNF-α. This Th1 skew was primarily driven by expanded terminally differentiated T cells. IL-7 further reduced naive T cells, increased cytokine production and caused an upregulation of exhaustion markers. Thus, Th1 bias in T cell populations persists from infancy into adolescence and is accompanied by accelerated maturation of T cells into memory stages. This phenotype is exacerbated by IL-7 which causes further decrease in naïve T cells in vitro.

• MeSH
• cytokiny MeSH
• DiGeorgeův syndrom * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• interferon gama * MeSH
• interleukin-7 MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• paměťové T-buňky MeSH
• Th1 buňky MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH