Adaptive evolution
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BACKGROUND: The integration of robotic technology into surgical procedures has gained considerable attention for its promise to enhance a variety of clinical outcomes. Robotic deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap harvest has emerged as a novel approach for autologous breast reconstruction. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current techniques, outcomes, and complications of robotic DIEP flap surgery. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted after PRISMA 2020 guidelines across databases including PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from 2000 to 2023. Articles exploring robotic DIEP flap harvest for breast reconstruction were assessed to compare operative techniques, clinical outcomes, and complications. The risk of bias was evaluated using ROBINS-I and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS: Fourteen studies involving 108 patients were included. Three studies used a totally extraperitoneal (TEP) technique, whereas 11 studies used a transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) approach. Preoperative planning utilized computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography imaging. The mean robotic operative time was 64 minutes, with total operative times averaging 574 minutes for TAPP and 497 minutes for TEP. The mean length of stay was 5 days, and the mean fascial incision length was 3 cm. Overall complication rate was 14.9%, with no significant difference compared with conventional DIEP flap procedures. CONCLUSION: Robotic DIEP flap harvest is a promising technique that may reduce postoperative pain and limiting abdominal donor site morbidity. Potential limitations include longer operative times, variable hospital stays, and increased costs.
- MeSH
- arteriae epigastricae * transplantace MeSH
- délka operace * MeSH
- délka pobytu MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mamoplastika * metody MeSH
- odběr tkání a orgánů metody MeSH
- perforátorový lalok * krevní zásobení MeSH
- pooperační komplikace prevence a kontrola MeSH
- roboticky asistované výkony * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
In this manuscript, we highlight the evolutionary origins of mitochondria from bacterial endosymbionts and explore their contributions to health, energy metabolism, and neural-immune communication. Mitochondrial adaptability and the roles played by these organelles in promoting oxygen-dependent ATP production provide critical regulation of cognition, motivation, and inflammation. Hypoxia has been identified as an important initiator of inflammation, neurodegeneration, and mitochondrial dysfunction, emphasizing the overall importance of oxygen homeostasis to health and well-being. The Behavior, Exercise, Relaxation, and Nutrition framework highlights these observations as tools that can be used to optimize mitochondrial efficiency. Interestingly, mitochondrial dysfunction may also be linked to psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia), a hypothesis that focuses on energy dynamics, a proposal that may extend our understanding of these disorders beyond traditional neurotransmitter-focused concepts. Collectively, these perspectives underscore the critical contributions of mitochondria to health and disease and offer a novel framework that may help to explain the connections featured in mind-body medicine.
- MeSH
- biologická evoluce MeSH
- bolest * metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- cvičení * fyziologie MeSH
- energetický metabolismus * MeSH
- kognice * fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitochondrie metabolismus MeSH
- motivace * MeSH
- radost * fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Traditionally, lithic artefacts have served as the principal proxy for the definition of archaeological cultures in the Upper Paleolithic. However, the culture-historical framework in use, constructed unsystematically and shaped by regional research traditions, features a number of widely acknowledged drawbacks. Here we use personal ornaments to explore the nature of Early Upper Paleolithic cultural entities and establish to what extent they represent distinct or evolving cultural adaptations. We present an analysis of an updated georeferenced dataset composed of personal ornaments coming from two key successive Upper Paleolithic technocomplexes, the Aurignacian (42-34,000 years ago) and the Gravettian (34-24,000 years ago). Using a range of multivariate statistics, we demonstrate that, at both European and regional scales, people belonging to these technocomplexes wore similar personal ornaments, though fully-shaped personal ornaments appear more different between technocomplexes. We additionally show that the variability of the Aurignacian ornaments suggests more fragmented cultural clusters compared to the Gravettian, implying more extensive symbolic networks in the latter. Despite a long-standing consensus based on other archaeological proxies, which emphasises the dissimilarity between these cultural entities, our results demonstrate the complex nature of Upper Paleolithic cultures which are characterised by discontinuities in economic and technical systems and continuity in the culturalisation of the body.
- MeSH
- archeologie * MeSH
- dějiny starověku MeSH
- kultura * MeSH
- kulturní evoluce * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- multivariační analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny starověku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Pathogenesis of large B-cell lymphomas (LBCL) and follicular lymphomas (FL) is a multistep process associated with the development of diverse DNA alterations and consequent deregulation of critical cellular processes. Detection of tumor-associated mutations within non-tumor compartments (mainly plasma) is the basis of the 'liquid biopsy' concept. Apart from tumor mutational profiling, quantitative analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) allows longitudinal assessment of tumor burden. ctDNA-based technologies provide a new tool for tumor diagnostics and treatment personalization. AREAS COVERED: Our review provides a comprehensive overview and summary of available ctDNA studies in LBCL and FL. The accuracy of ctDNA-based detection of lymphoma-associated DNA alterations is correlated to known LBCL and FL molecular landscape. Additionally, we summarized available evidence that supports and justifies the clinical use of ctDNA for lymphoma risk stratification, treatment response evaluation, and treatment response-adapted therapy. Lastly, we discuss other clinically important ctDNA applications: monitoring of lymphoma clonal evolution within resistance and/or relapse development and utilization of ctDNA for diagnostics in non-blood fluids and compartments (e.g. cerebrospinal fluid in primary CNS lymphomas). EXPERT OPINION: Despite certain challenges, including methodological standardization, ctDNA holds promise to soon become an integral part of lymphoma diagnostics and treatment management.
- MeSH
- cirkulující nádorová DNA * krev genetika MeSH
- difúzní velkobuněčný B-lymfom * diagnóza genetika terapie krev MeSH
- folikulární lymfom * diagnóza genetika terapie krev MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery * krev genetika MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- tekutá biopsie metody MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The Consensus Panel 3 (CP3) of the 12th International Workshop on Waldenström macroglobulinemia (IWWM-12) has reviewed and incorporated current data to make recommendations for the management of patients with high-risk WM (HR-WM). Recognizing the considerable heterogeneity in survival outcomes and identifying a subgroup of patients with a very poor prognosis, the key recommendations from CP3 include: (1) Risk stratifying patients with smoldering WM (SWM) and active (symptomatic) WM at diagnosis (2) Using the degree of i) bone marrow lymphoplasmacytosis, ii) serum beta-2 microglobulin (β2M) elevation, iii) IgM increase, iv) serum albumin decrease and the presence of wild-type MYD88 status markers that adversely dictate the time-to-progression from smoldering to active WM to the define HR-SWM. (3) Among patients with active WM, the presenting parameters: advanced chronological age, low serum albumin, elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase, elevated β2M and the presence of TP53 alterations (TP53 mutation or deletion 17p) unfavorably impact the prognosis and should be utilized to risk-stratify patients into the HR category. (4) The panel encourages screening for genetic alterations at diagnosis, prior to initiating therapy and also with rapidly advancing disease or refractoriness to ongoing therapy, which might result from clonal evolution. Although limited data directing the selection and sequencing of therapies exist, a risk-adapted approach and clinical trial participation for patients with HR-WM are highly encouraged.
- MeSH
- beta-2-mikroglobulin krev MeSH
- konsensus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- management nemoci MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- Waldenströmova makroglobulinemie * terapie diagnóza genetika krev MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- konsensus - konference MeSH
An organism is considered "alive" if it can grow, reproduce, respond to external stimuli, metabolize nutrients, and maintain stability. By this definition, both mitochondria and viruses exhibit the key characteristics of independent life. In addition to their capacity for self-replication under specifically defined conditions, both mitochondria and viruses can communicate via shared biochemical elements, alter cellular energy metabolism, and adapt to their local environment. To explain this phenomenon, we hypothesize that early viral prototype species evolved from ubiquitous environmental DNA and gained the capacity for self-replication within coacervate-like liquid droplets. The high mutation rates experienced in this environment streamlined their acquisition of standard genetic codes and adaptation to a diverse set of host environments. Similarly, mitochondria, eukaryotic intracellular organelles that generate energy and resolve oxygen toxicity, originally evolved from an infectious bacterial species and maintain their capacity for active functionality within the extracellular space. Thus, while mitochondria contribute profoundly to eukaryotic cellular homeostasis, their capacity for freestanding existence may lead to functional disruptions over time, notably, the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, a phenomenon strongly linked to aging-related disorders. Overall, a more in-depth understanding of the full extent of the evolution of both viruses and mitochondria from primordial precursors may lead to novel insights and therapeutic strategies to address neurodegenerative processes and promote healthy aging.
- MeSH
- energetický metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitochondrie * metabolismus MeSH
- původ života * MeSH
- viry * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Threats to our survival are often posed by the environment in which humans have evolved or live today. Animal and human ancestors developed complex physiological and behavioral response systems to cope with two types of threats: immediate physical harm from predators or conspecifics, triggering fear, and the risk of infections from parasites and pathogens leading to the evolution of the behavioral immune system (BIS) with disgust as the key emotion. Here we ask whether the BIS has adapted to protect us from pandemic risks or poisoning by modern toxic substances. METHODS: We have developed a survey comprised of 60 vignettes describing threats evoking fear and disgust belonging to one of the three main categories of threats: (1) ancestral, (2) modern, and (3) pandemic of airborne disease. Each vignette was evaluated on a 7-point Likert scale based on fear, disgust, and anger. Respondents also completed an assessment battery. RESULTS: The results show that the strongest fear is triggered by modern threats (electricity, car accidents), while the highest disgust is evoked by ancient threats (body waste products, worms). Disgust does not respond to modern threat stimuli such as toxic substances or radioactivity as these evoke mainly fear and anger. A discriminant factor analysis classified nine out of 10 pandemic disgust vignettes into the ancestral disgust category, convincingly assigning the pandemic disgust threats to the ancestral type. Gender, age, and type of education were significant moderators of emotional responses across all threat categories. DISCUSSION: Our study reveals that while fear is more context-dependent, particularly triggered by modern threats, disgust operates on an evolutionarily hardwired basis, making it less effective against contemporary risks. Furthermore, disgust experienced during a pandemic outbreak is more closely aligned with ancestral disgust-related threats tapping into evolutionary ancient survival circuits of the BIS. However, as disgust declines with age, the brain must adaptatively shift the emotional processing from disgust to fear to protect older adults from contamination risks. Finally, our study reveals that pandemic fear is better predicted by specific behaviors rather than general anxiety, suggesting a need for new assessments.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Mikroorganismy si během evoluce vyvinuly širokou škálu strategií, jak uniknout vrozenému i adaptivnímu imunitnímu systému, a některým těmto strategiím se věnujeme v našem přehledu. Mikroorganismy mohou využívat podobnost svých proteinů s proteiny hostitele, produkovat protizánětlivé faktory, narušovat komplementový systém, ovlivňovat funkci a blokovat syntézu cytokinů, inhibovat rozpoznávání imunoglobulinů, snižovat expresi a modifikovat antigeny na svém povrchu, narušovat zpracování a prezentaci antigenu imunitními buňkami, vstupovat do imunitních buněk, ovlivňovat apoptózu buněk, modulovat funkce imunitních buněk nebo ovlivňovat produkci hormonů. S těmito únikovými strategiemi je nutné počítat při léčbě infekčních onemocnění.
Microorganisms have evolved a wide variety of strategies to evade both the innate and adaptive immune systems during evolution, and some of these strategies are addressed in our review. Microorganisms can use the similarity of their proteins to host proteins, produce anti-inflammatory factors, disrupt the complement system, affect the function and block the synthesis of cytokines, inhibit the recognition of immunoglobulins, reduce the expression and modify antigens on their surface, disrupt the processing and presentation of antigen by immune cells, enter immune cells , influence cell apoptosis, modulate immune cell functions or influence hormone production. These escape strategies must be taken into account when treating infectious diseases.
- Klíčová slova
- únikové strategie mikroorganismů,
- MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiologické jevy * MeSH
- přirozená imunita * MeSH
- trénovaná imunita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a key driver in the evolution of bacterial genomes. The acquisition of genes mediated by HGT may enable bacteria to adapt to ever-changing environmental conditions. Long-term application of antibiotics in intensive agriculture is associated with the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria with the consequences causing public health concern. Commensal farm-animal-associated gut microbiota are considered the reservoir of the resistance genes. Therefore, in this study, we identified known and not-yet characterized mobilized genes originating from chicken and porcine fecal samples using our innovative pipeline followed by network analysis to provide appropriate visualization to support proper interpretation.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky MeSH
- Bacteria genetika MeSH
- bakteriální geny MeSH
- genom bakteriální MeSH
- mikrobiota * MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- přenos genů horizontální * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
We report avian cervical vertebrae from the Quercy fissure fillings in France, which are densely covered with villi-like tubercles. Two of these vertebrae stem from a late Eocene site, another lacks exact stratigraphic data. Similar cervical vertebrae occur in avian species from Eocene fossils sites in Germany and the United Kingdom, but the new fossils are the only three-dimensionally preserved vertebrae with pronounced surface sculpturing. So far, the evolutionary significance of this highly bizarre morphology, which is unknown from extant birds, remained elusive, and even a pathological origin was considered. We note the occurrence of similar structures on the skull of the extant African rodent Lophiomys and detail that the tubercles represent true osteological features and characterize a distinctive clade of Eocene birds (Perplexicervicidae). Micro-computed tomography (μCT) shows the tubercles to be associated with osteosclerosis of the cervical vertebrae, which have a very thick cortex and much fewer trabecles and pneumatic spaces than the cervicals of most extant birds aside from some specialized divers. This unusual morphology is likely to have served for strengthening the vertebral spine in the neck region, and we hypothesize that it represents an anti-predator adaptation against the craniocervical killing bite ("neck bite") that evolved in some groups of mammalian predators. Tuberculate vertebrae are only known from the Eocene of Central Europe, which featured a low predation pressure on birds during that geological epoch, as is evidenced by high numbers of flightless avian species. Strengthening of the cranialmost neck vertebrae would have mitigated attacks by smaller predators with weak bite forces, and we interpret these vertebral specializations as the first evidence of "internal bony armor" in birds.
