Classification Description
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2nd ed. xv, 222 s.
The class Eustigmatophyceae includes mostly coccoid, freshwater algae, although some genera are common in terrestrial habitats and two are primarily marine. The formal classification of the class, developed decades ago, does not fit the diversity and phylogeny of the group as presently known and is in urgent need of revision. This study concerns a clade informally known as the Pseudellipsoidion group of the order Eustigmatales, which was initially known to comprise seven strains with oval to ellipsoidal cells, some bearing a stipe. We examined those strains as well as 10 new ones and obtained 18S rDNA and rbcL gene sequences. The results from phylogenetic analyses of the sequence data were integrated with morphological data of vegetative and motile cells. Monophyly of the Pseudellipsoidion group is supported in both 18S rDNA and rbcL trees. The group is formalized as the new family Neomonodaceae comprising, in addition to Pseudellipsoidion, three newly erected genera. By establishing Neomonodus gen. nov. (with type species Neomonodus ovalis comb. nov.), we finally resolve the intricate taxonomic history of a species originally described as Monodus ovalis and later moved to the genera Characiopsis and Pseudocharaciopsis. Characiopsiella gen. nov. (with the type species Characiopsiella minima comb. nov.) and Munda gen. nov. (with the type species Munda aquilonaris) are established to accommodate additional representatives of the polyphyletic genus Characiopsis. A morphological feature common to all examined Neomonodaceae is the absence of a pyrenoid in the chloroplasts, which discriminates them from other morphologically similar yet unrelated eustigmatophytes (including other Characiopsis-like species).
Východisko. V současné době je rozeznáváno 5 hlavních kategorií renálních karcinomů. Mezi ně patří konvenční renální karcinom, papilární renální karcinom, chromofobocelulární renální karcinom, karcinom ze sběrných duktů a tzv. neklasifikovatelný renální karcinom. Předkládáme 13 případů neobvyklého vřetenobuněčného a kuboidálního renálního karcinomu. Metody a výsledky. Sestavu pacientů tvořilo 7 mužů a 6 žen. Věkové rozmezí se pohybovalo mezi 22 a 65 lety (průměr 57,3 roku). Makroskopicky byly tumory ohraničené a zcela omezené pouze na ledvinu. Byly bělavé až šedé barvy, průměr se pohybovalmezi 4,5–13 cm(průměrně 8,6 cm). Jeden z pacientů byl vyšetřován pro bolesti v bederní oblasti a nykturii. Tři pacienti měli nález odlitkové nefrolitiázy a neurčité nálezy v renálním parenchymu. U jednoho z pacientů byl tumor nalezen při dispenzarizaci pro prostatický adenokarcinom. U žádného z pacientů nebyla prokázána zvýšená hladina paratyreoidálních hormonů při hyperplazii, adenomu či karcinomu příštítných tělísek. Další sledování pacientů po dobu 9 měsíců až 8 let (průměrně 2,9 roku). Mikroskopicky byly tumory tvořené 2 hlavními populacemi buněk: plochými vřetenitými buňkami s málo objemnou cytoplazmou a kubickými buňkami s vodojasnou či eozinofilní cytoplazmou. Osm pacientů nemělo známky progrese onemocnění, 1 měl metastázu v regionální lymfatické uzlině, 1 zemřel na nemoc nesouvisející s nádorovým onemocněním a 3 pacienti byli ztraceni z další evidence. Závěry. Předkládáme 13 případů neobvyklých a neklasifikovatelných renálních karcinomů. Naše případy jsou morfologicky, imunohistochemicky a ultrastrukturálně identické s dosud publikovanými kazuistikami. Je zřejmé, že tato varianta renálního karcinomu by měla být rozpoznávána jako nová podjednotka renálního karcinomu.
Background. Current classification systems of neoplasms arising from renal parenchyma distinguish 5 categories of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), i.e. conventional RCC, papillary RCC, chromophobe RCC, collecting duct/medullary RCC and unclassified RCC. We present 13 cases of unusual and unclassified spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinomas. Methods and Results. The studied group consisted of 13 patients (7 men and 6 women). They ranged in age from 22 to 65 years (mean 57.3). Generally, the tumours were well circumscribed and confined to the kidney, whitish to grey on section with a diameter 4,5–13 cm (mean 8.6 cm). One patient was investigated for loin pain and nocturia. Three patients had staghorn nephrolithiasis and vague sonographic findings in renal parenchyma. In one patient the renal tumour was found when examined on follow-up examination for prostatic adenocarcinoma.None of our patients was known to have elevated levels of parathyroid hormone due to hyperplasia, adenoma or carcinoma of the parathyroid gland. Clinical follow-up of the patients ranged from 9 months to 8 years (mean 2.3 years). Microscopically, the tumours were composed of two main populations of cells: flattened, spindle cells with sparse cytoplasm and small cuboidal cells with clear to light eosinophilic cytoplasm. Eight patients are currently well without signs of recurrence or metastasis, one had metastasis in the regional lymph node at the time of nephrectomy, one died of unrelated cause, and three were lost to follow-up.Conclusions. We present 13 cases of unclassified RCC. Our cases were histologically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally similar to the hitherto reported case reports of this variant of RCC. It is obvious, that that variant of RCC should be recognised as a new subtype of RCC.
- MeSH
- diagnostické techniky urologické metody MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- imunohistochemie metody MeSH
- karcinom z renálních buněk diagnóza patologie terapie MeSH
- klasifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory ledvin diagnóza klasifikace patologie MeSH
- nefrektomie metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to conduct an epidemiological study of hand fractures in adult population. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective observational study in a population of 470,000 habitants was performed. Over the course of three years, all patients over 16 years of age who were diagnosed with fracture or fracture-dislocation at the level of a carpal bone, metacarpal and/or phalange were included. These fractures were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th edition (ICD-10). Incidence rates, along with gender and age distribution were also studied. RESULTS 1,267 patients with a total of 1,341 hand fractures were included. They represented 29.7% of all upper limb fractures and 7.6% of all traumatological emergencies involving a bone fracture during that period. The most frequent ICD-10 group was S62.3, with the fifth metacarpal as the most often affected bone (39.7%). The most frequent location at the level of the phalanges (S62.5) was the proximal third of the proximal phalanx of the fifth radius. The global incidence rate was 99 fractures per 100,000 persons/year. No seasonal variation was observed. Only 10.2% of hand fractures received surgical treatment. DISCUSSION Several epidemiological studies have been published on fractures in the hand, but none have used the ICD-10 classification. Although the distribution of our stratified sample by age and gender was similar to those previously published, the incidence rate in our study was much lower. We may possibly extrapolate our results to the rest of the Spanish population and even to the rest of the population of southern Europe, given the scarcity of epidemiological studies on this matter in these geographical areas. CONCLUSIONS The ICD-10 classification is useful for the description and classification of hand fractures. The most often affected group is that including metacarpals of the long fingers (S62.3), being the distal level of the fifth metacarpal in young male patients the most frequent one. Most fractures are treated conservatively and in case of surgical treatment, the preferred surgical techniques include K-wire fixation, interfragmentary compression screws and plate osteosynthesis. Key words: epidemiology, incidence, fracture, fracture dislocation, carpal bones, metacarpals, finger phalanges.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fraktury kostí * epidemiologie chirurgie MeSH
- horní končetina MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metakarpální kosti * zranění MeSH
- mezinárodní klasifikace nemocí MeSH
- poranění ruky * epidemiologie chirurgie MeSH
- vnitřní fixace fraktury metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
Příspěvek se zabývá vývojem a současným stavem klasifikačních systémů idiopatických skolióz. Detailně je analyzován současně nejrozšířenější systém Lenkeho klasifikace a jeho uplatnění v moderní operační léčbě. Jsou předloženy základní principy jednotlivých klasifikací s upozorněním na jejich úskalí při předoperačním plánování léčby idiopatických skolióz. Rozsah instrumentace a následné samotné fúze páteře je rozhodujícím faktorem pro stanovení správné klasifikace jednotlivých skoliotických deformit. Základní popisné klasifikační systémy byly s rozvojem operační terapie za pomocí vnitřního instrumentária postupně nahrazeny systémy schopnými lépe predikovat nutný rozsah instrumentace a kostěné fúze. Kingova klasifikace byla aplikovatelná především na distrakční typy instrumentária. S rozvojem segmentální instrumentace vznikly nové klasifikační systémy, Coonradův a Lenkeho, které vystihují skoliózu dvojdimenzionálně. Coonrad rozdělit skoliózy na 21 typů. Lenke určuje tři základní parametry (typ křivky, bederní parametr a sagitální hrudní parametr), na jejichž základě určuje typ křivky a nutnost rozsahu instrumentace a fúze. Avšak i tyto současné systémy nevyhovují plně potřebám klasifikace skoliózy jako deformity trojrozměrné. Lenkeho klasifikace poskytuje dobrý komunikační prostředek mezi jednotlivými operatéry a napomáhá při rozvaze o rozsahu operační instrumentace. V současné době však neexistuje plně spolehlivá klasifikace, na podkladě které by bylo možno stanovit přesný a efektivní rozsah plánované instrumentace a spondylodézy. Vývoj klasifikačních systémů se v budoucnosti bude pravděpodobně ubírat směrem akceptace trojrozměrného pojetí deformity. Takovéto systémy budou vypovídat o funkci páteře a umožní zlepšení operační rozvahy operační instrumentace a spondylodézy.
The development and current status of idiopatic scoliosis clasification is the main purpose of this article. The most common system of scoliotic clasification is Lenke scheme. In this article it is particularry analysed along with its application in modern surgery. There are introduced bacis principles of different scoliotic clasifications and pointed out their possible problematic use in plannyig of idiopatic scoliosis surgical treatment. The range of instrumentation and further spinal fusion is the crutial factor for selection the the right spinal scoliotic clasification. Basic descriptive clasification systems were gradually replaced by systems with better prediction of the necessary range of instrumentation and fusion. This came along with development of surgical treatment with inner instrumentation. King’s classification Kings clasification was possible to apply especially on distractional types of instrumentatio. New clasification systems were developed along with segmental instrumentation. Coonrad and Lenke describe scolisis in two dimensions. Coonrad devided scoliosis into 21 types. Lenke assigned 3 basic parameters - the type of the curve, lumbar parameter and sagital thoracic parameter. Based on that he appointed type of the curve and necessary range of instrumentation and fusion. However these systems also do not fit completely to three-dimensions classification. Lenke’s classification offers good communicative tool among surgeons and it helps in range of instrumentation consideration. Nowdays there is no fully reliable classification system that would offer platform for assessment of accurate and effective range of instrumentation and spondylodesis. In the future the development of classification systems will most probably be focused on three-dimensional concept. Such systems could describe the function of the spine and at the same time they could make better surgical overview possible.
- Klíčová slova
- adolescentní idiopatická skolióza, Lenkeho systém,
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- skolióza * chirurgie klasifikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The severity of metabolic syndrome is usually determined according to static variables (blood glucose, insulin level, body mass index etc.) The most important classification is dynamic and prognostic classification which can be used to determine the ability to decrease elevated metabolite and hormone levels or to lose weight. Different mathematical approaches were used to determine these phenomena: 1. Mathematical modelling e.g. (Bergman minimal model or glycation model). 2. Predictive calculations using multiple regression (using static and dynamic parameters to determine weight loss in obesity treatment). 3. One day starvation test (finding very variable hormone and metabolic changes in obese patients). We can conclude There are 3 types of metabolic parameters: A. Static (basic) description, B. Functional (actual) description, C. Dynamic-stability describing variables. Mathematical modelling is a complicated method needing many blood samples. It is very invasive for patients and it is difficult to be repeated. Predictive importance can have also repeated measured metabolic data which are able to classify the stability (fixation) of metabolic state. Some basic parameters and simple dynamic tests like one day starvation test can be used in prognostic classification of patients who are able to change their fixed metabolic state.
Omalisidae, a species-poor family of elateroid beetles, are distributed mostly in the Mediterranean region. The morphology of females is modified due to neotenic development and the males share some traits with other neotenic lineages in Elateroidea, namely Drilini (Elateridae: Agrypninae) and Lyropaeinae (Lycidae). A molecular phylogeny was inferred from six omalisid species representing four genera and the previously published dataset of Elateroidea. The DNA based phylogeny suggests that small-bodied males, reduced pronotal carinae and missing elytral costae evolved independently in multiple elateroid lineages. The limits of Omalisidae are redefined and seven genera, i.e., Omalisus Geoffroy, 1762, Phaeopterus Costa, 1857, Thilmanus Gemminger, 1869, Euanoma Reitter, 1889, Pseudeuanoma Pic, 1901, Paradrilus Kiesenwetter, 1865 and Cimbrion Kazantsev, 2010, are currently placed in the family. Thilmaninae Kazantsev, 2005 and Paradrilus Kiesenwetter, 1865 are transferred from Drilini (Elateridae: Agrypninae) to Omalisidae and the Paradrilinae subfam. nov. is proposed. Paradrilus differs from other Omalisidae in prolonged cranium, wide robust prosternum with two apical processes and absent sharp edge of the pronotum. The morphology of Paradrilus is described in detail, illustrated and all taxa currently classified in Omalisidae are listed.
- MeSH
- anatomické struktury zvířat anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- brouci anatomie a histologie klasifikace genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- rozšíření zvířat MeSH
- velikost orgánu MeSH
- velikost těla MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
1. vyd. 338 s.
1. vyd. sv.1-2
BACKGROUND: Avian cryptosporidiosis is a common parasitic disease that is caused by five species, which are well characterised at the molecular and biological level, and more than 18 genotypes for which we have limited information. In this study, we determined the occurrence and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. in farmed ostriches in the Czech Republic. METHODS: The occurrence and genetic identity of Cryptosporidium spp. were analysed by microscopy and PCR/sequencing of the small subunit rRNA, actin, HSP70 and gp60 genes. Cryptosporidium avian genotype II was examined from naturally and experimentally infected hosts and measured using differential interference contrast. The localisation of the life-cycle stages was studied by electron microscopy and histologically. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium avian genotype II for cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus (Kerr)), chickens (Gallus gallus f. domestica (L.)), geese (Anser anser f. domestica (L.)), SCID and BALB/c mice (Mus musculus L.) was verified. RESULTS: A total of 204 individual faecal samples were examined for Cryptosporidium spp. using differential staining and PCR/sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of small subunit rRNA, actin, HSP70 and gp60 gene sequences showed the presence of Cryptosporidium avian genotype II (n = 7) and C. ubiquitum Fayer, Santín & Macarisin, 2010 IXa (n = 5). Only ostriches infected with Cryptosporidium avian genotype II shed oocysts that were detectable by microscopy. Oocysts were purified from a pooled sample of four birds, characterised morphometrically and used in experimental infections to determine biological characteristics. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium avian genotype II measure on average 6.13 × 5.15 μm, and are indistinguishable by size from C. baileyi Current, Upton & Haynes, 1986 and C. avium Holubová, Sak, Horčičková, Hlásková, Květoňová, Menchaca, McEvoy & Kváč, 2016. Cryptosporidium avian genotype II was experimentally infectious for geese, chickens and cockatiels, with a prepatent period of four, seven and eight days post-infection, respectively. The infection intensity ranged from 1000 to 16,000 oocysts per gram. None of the naturally or experimentally infected birds developed clinical signs in the present study. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular and biological characteristics of Cryptosporidium avian genotype II, described here, support the establishment of a new species, Cryptosporidium ornithophilus n. sp.
- MeSH
- Cryptosporidium klasifikace genetika ultrastruktura MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- hospodářská zvířata parazitologie MeSH
- hostitelská specificita MeSH
- klasifikace MeSH
- kryptosporidióza parazitologie MeSH
- nemoci ptáků parazitologie MeSH
- protozoální geny genetika MeSH
- ptáci parazitologie MeSH
- stadia vývoje MeSH
- Struthioniformes parazitologie MeSH
- taxonomické DNA čárové kódování veterinární MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
