• MeSH
• anthelmintika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• cysticerkóza farmakoterapie   veterinární   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• skot MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• skot MeSH

• MeSH
• cysticerkóza veterinární   MeSH
• ekonomika MeSH
• skot MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH

• MeSH
• anthelmintika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• cysticerkóza farmakoterapie   veterinární   MeSH
• skot MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH

• MeSH
• jaterní mitochondrie analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• skot MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH

We analyze options to reduce the future environmental impact of dairy cattle production, using an optimization model (DAIRY) applied to the Czech Republic. The DAIRY model can be used to calculate the overall environmental impact (OEI). We show that aquatic eutrophication and global warming are the 2 most important problems caused by dairy cattle. These problems are largely caused by nitrate leaching and emissions from animal housing. The DAIRY model indicates that the costs of reducing the OEI in 2020 by 20% are 12 MEuro. It is most cost effective to achieve this reduction by improving the efficiency of animal manure used as fertilizer. We tested the sensitivity of the model to assumptions about the following: 1) the relative importance of environmental problems as expressed in weighting factors, and 2) future cattle numbers and milk yield per milking cow. The first case indicates that disagreement on which problem is most urgent need not lead to disagreement about policies to be undertaken. Regardless of the weighting factors used, aquatic eutrophication and global warming are the most important problems. However, the overall costs of reducing the OEI differ with alternative sets of weighting factors, because the costs of emission reduction differ among pollutants. The second case shows that the DAIRY model results are more sensitive to changes in cattle numbers than to changes in milk yield. This study is the first integrated assessment of dairy cattle production for a Central European country and illustrates how systematic analyses may help to find optimal solutions.

• MeSH
• analýza nákladů a výnosů MeSH
• bydlení zvířat MeSH
• eutrofizace MeSH
• globální oteplování MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• mlékárenství * MeSH
• mléko MeSH
• skot MeSH
• teoretické modely * MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů ekonomika   metody   MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• znečištění životního prostředí prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (Lambl, 1859) Kofoid & Christiansen, 1915 [syn. Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia] has emerged as a widespread enteric pathogen in humans and domestic animals. In recent years, G. duodenalis has been found in cattle worldwide and longitudinal studies have reported cumulative prevalence of 100% in some herds. In the present study, we determined the prevalence and genetic characterisation of G. duodenalis in 200 dairy cattle from 10 dairy farms in São Paulo state, Brazil. All faecal specimens were screened for the presence of G. duodenalis using microscopy examination, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA was extracted from faecal samples and G. duodenalis were identified by amplification of the small subunit ribosomal (SSU-rDNA) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) genes followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or sequencing analysis. Giardia was identified in eight farm locations (80% prevalence). Overall, 15/200 (7.5%) animals were positive for infection, only one of which was a cow. Giardia duodenalis genotype E was present in 14 of the animals tested. Zoonotic genotype AI was present in one positive sample. Genotype E and genotype A represented 93% and 7% of G. duodenalis infections, respectively. This study demonstrates that G. duodenalis infection was prevalent in dairy calves in São Paulo state and that the non-zoonotic genotype E predominates in cattle in this region. Nevertheless, calves naturally infected in Brazil can shed Giardia cysts that can potentially infect humans, and thus, they may represent a public health risk.

• MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• Giardia genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• giardiáza parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• nemoci skotu parazitologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• protozoální proteiny MeSH
• skot parazitologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• skot parazitologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Brazílie MeSH

• MeSH
• cysticerkóza veterinární   MeSH
• skot MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH

In this study we evaluate the potential environmental and health impact of dairy cattle livestock and manure management in the Czech Republic. We present a new approach for national assessments of the environmental impact of an agricultural sector. Emission estimates are combined with a country-specific set of indicators to assess the environmental impact in nine regions with specific environmental characteristics. We estimate the contribution of emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen oxides (NO) to acidification and terrestrial eutrophication, nitrate (NO3) and phosphate (PO4) to aquatic eutrophication, nitrogen oxides (NO), particulate matter (PM10) and (PM2.5) to human toxicity and methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (NO) to global warming. We present large regional differences in the environmental and health impact per unit of agricultural production. The regional acidifying, eutrophying and global warming impact of dairy cattle is calculated to be up to three times the national average, depending on the dairy cattle intensity. Aquatic eutrophication is found to be a problem in regions with relatively high eutrophying emissions per hectare of so-called nitrate vulnerable zones. Human toxicity problems caused by dairy cattle livestock and manure management are problematic in regions with a high population density in rural areas. The strength of our approach is the use of country-specific characterisation factors to assess the potential environmental and health impact of agriculture at the sub-national scale. We were able to analyse the potential environmental impact without explicit quantification of specific effects on humans and ecosystems. The results can be used to identify the most polluted areas as well as appropriate targets for emission reduction.

• MeSH
• eutrofizace MeSH
• hnůj * MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mlékárenství * MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• nakládání s odpady metody   MeSH
• skot MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• skot MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• cysticerkóza prevence a kontrola   veterinární   MeSH
• imunizace MeSH
• skot MeSH
• Taenia MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH

• MeSH
• infekce bakteriemi čeledi Chlamydiaceae imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• skot MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• skot MeSH