Level sets
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BACKGROUND: Set-level classification of gene expression data has received significant attention recently. In this setting, high-dimensional vectors of features corresponding to genes are converted into lower-dimensional vectors of features corresponding to biologically interpretable gene sets. The dimensionality reduction brings the promise of a decreased risk of overfitting, potentially resulting in improved accuracy of the learned classifiers. However, recent empirical research has not confirmed this expectation. Here we hypothesize that the reported unfavorable classification results in the set-level framework were due to the adoption of unsuitable gene sets defined typically on the basis of the Gene ontology and the KEGG database of metabolic networks. We explore an alternative approach to defining gene sets, based on regulatory interactions, which we expect to collect genes with more correlated expression. We hypothesize that such more correlated gene sets will enable to learn more accurate classifiers. METHODS: We define two families of gene sets using information on regulatory interactions, and evaluate them on phenotype-classification tasks using public prokaryotic gene expression data sets. From each of the two gene-set families, we first select the best-performing subtype. The two selected subtypes are then evaluated on independent (testing) data sets against state-of-the-art gene sets and against the conventional gene-level approach. RESULTS: The novel gene sets are indeed more correlated than the conventional ones, and lead to significantly more accurate classifiers. The novel gene sets are indeed more correlated than the conventional ones, and lead to significantly more accurate classifiers. CONCLUSION: Novel gene sets defined on the basis of regulatory interactions improve set-level classification of gene expression data. The experimental scripts and other material needed to reproduce the experiments are available at http://ida.felk.cvut.cz/novelgenesets.tar.gz.
Cluster sets allow for velocity and power output maintenance, but the literature routinely uses highly fatiguing traditional set protocols. Although such studies have merit, others suggest fatigue should be avoided when training to improve power output, making those cluster set studies less practical. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare these set structures when truncating sets using a power-based threshold. Nine males (23.4 ± 0.6 yr) with various sport backgrounds performed 6 sets of back squats with individualized loads that elicited the greatest mean power (MPmax) output (112.7 ± 12.1% of body mass). Each set during the traditional set (TS) protocol included as many repetitions as possible until two consecutive repetitions dropped below 90% MPmax, which was followed by 120 s inter-set rest. The design was identical for cluster sets (CS) but with an additional 20 s intra-set rest after every 2 repetitions. The number of repetitions performed, mean velocity, and mean power output, were analyzed using 2(protocol)*6(set) repeated measures ANOVA. The number of repetitions during CS (51.8 ± 14.4) was greater than TS (31.9 ± 3.7) (p = 0.001), but the average velocity (CS = 0.711 ± 0.069, TS = 0.716 ± 0.081 m·s-1; p = 0.732) and power output (CS = 630.3 ± 59.8, TS = 636.0 ± 84.3 W; p = 0.629) of those repetitions were similar. These data indicate that CS are a viable option for increasing training volume during contemporary training where sets are ended when repetitions drop below velocity or power thresholds.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- sportovci MeSH
- vzpírání * fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Development of HL7 v2 data exchange interface specifications has long been problematic, plagued with ambiguous and inconsistent requirement specifications. This situation leads to potential misinterpretation by implementers, thus limiting the effectiveness of the specification and creating artificial and unnecessary barriers to interoperability. Likewise, the ability to test implementations effectively for conformance to the specifications is hindered. The current approach of specification development and test plan creation relies on word processing tools, meaning implementers and testers must read and interpret the information in these documents and then translate it into machine-computable requirements and test assertions. This approach is error prone—a better methodology is needed. We present a set of productivity tools in an integrated platform that allow users to define and constrain HL7 v2 specifications and to develop test plans that result in machine-computable artifacts. A testing infrastructure and framework subsequently uses these artifacts to create conformance testing tools automatically. We present and demonstrate the utility of a platform for developing specifications, writing test plans, and creating testing tools. The value proposition of this end-to-end methodology is explained for authors writing HL7 v2 specifications, for developers implementing interfaces, and for testers creating validation tools.
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- Klíčová slova
- volejbalové nahrávky, frekvence nahrávek, rychlost nahrávky,
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motorické dovednosti MeSH
- sportovci MeSH
- sporty MeSH
- volejbal * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
The ever-growing demand for acquiring, managing and exploiting patient health related information has led to the development of many e-Health systems and applications. However, despite the number of systems already developed and the apparent need for such systems, end users can only collect online and exploit, only a limited set of information for health purposes in the context of personalized, preventive and participatory medicine. To this direction, this paper initially presents the personal health record (PHR) concept, related work and best practices for the development of PHR systems in a standardized manner. It also outlines the proposal for meaningful use criteria in the United States (US) and the health level seven (HL7) personal health record system functional model (PHR-S FM). Focus is put on trying to link core functionality modules of the Integrated Care Solutions TM PHR system, designed to support the citizen, paying emphasis on wellbeing, home care and the management of chronic diseases with PHR-S FM personal health functions, in a preliminary effort towards the exploration of functional models to support interoperability. Based on accumulated experiences from many European Union (EU) research projects, the paper concludes by providing directions towards achieving wider PHR adoption and meaningful use.
Background: Inter-organizational healthcare businesses are ruled by a huge set of policies: legal policies, organizational policies, medical policies, ethical policies, etc., which are quite static, patients policy and process, social and environmental conditions, which are highly dynamic. In the context of a business case, those diff erent policies must be harmonized to enable privilege management and access control decisions. Objectives: The authors off er a methodology to achieve interoperability through policies harmonization in a privilege management and access control solution for EHR systems, to be later on implemented in a cancer care network using HL7 specifications. Methods: To meet the objective, the authors make use of a system-theoretical, architecture-centric, ontology-based approach to formally representing the aforementioned polices for harmonization. Results: Because of its fl exibility and generality, a policydriven RBAC model is used to formally represent all the other access control models such as MAC, DAC, RBAC, ABAC, HL7 Data Segmentation and Labeling Services. All the policies deployed in the context of an inter-organizational collaboration for cancer care can be formalized and then harmonized. Conclusions: The authors provide an implementation independent methodology to enable policies harmonization in EHR systems. The methodology described in the paper is independent on the maturity of organizations’ privilege management and access control system. Furthermore, it does not hamper organizations progressing to more advanced solutions over the time. Even dynamic policies can be harmonized at run time, allowing advancement towards a patient-centered care.
The ReAct (Recovery, Activity) project is an ENFSI (European Network of Forensic Science Institutes) supported initiative comprising a large consortium of laboratories. Here, the results from more than 23 laboratories are presented. The primary purpose was to design experiments simulating typical casework circumstances; collect data and to implement Bayesian networks to assess the value (i.e., likelihood ratio) of DNA results given activity level propositions. Two different experimental designs were used to simulate a robbery, where a screwdriver was used to force a door or window. Propositions and case information were chosen following laboratory feedback listing typical casework circumstances (included in the paper). In a direct transfer experiment, the defendant owned and used the screwdriver, but he did not force the door/window in question. An unknown person used the defendant's stolen screwdriver. In an indirect transfer experiment, the defendant neither owned, saw, nor used the screwdriver, nor did they force the door or window. For the second experiment, given the defence view, the defendant never held the screwdriver. We envisaged the situation where an object manipulated by the defendant (or the defendant himself/herself) would be touched by the unknown offender who would then force the window. It was found for the direct transfer experiment that unless a single contributor profile aligning with the known person's of interest profile was retrieved, the results did not allow to discriminate between propositions. On the other hand, for the indirect transfer experiment, both single and major contributor profiles that aligned with the person of interest (POI) supported the proposition that the person used the tool rather than an unknown person who had touched an object, when indeed the former was true. There was considerable variation in median recoveries of DNA between laboratories (between 200pg-5ng) for a given experiment if quantities are taken into account. These differences affect the likelihood ratios given activity level propositions. More than 2700 samples were analysed in the course of this study. Two different Bayesian Networks are made available via an open source application written in Shiny R: Shiny_React(). For comparison, all datasets were analysed using a qualitative method categorised into absent, single, major or other given contributors. The importance of standardising methods is emphasised, alongside the necessity of developing new approaches to assign the probability of laboratory-dependent DNA recovery. Freely accessible open databases play a crucial role in supporting these efforts.
- MeSH
- Bayesova věta * MeSH
- DNA fingerprinting * MeSH
- DNA * genetika MeSH
- laboratoře * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrosatelitní repetice MeSH
- pravděpodobnostní funkce MeSH
- soudní genetika metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Mladší školský vek je v rámci motorického vývinu dôležitou fázou vyznačujúcou sa rýchlym pokrokom v motorickej docilite až po dosiahnutie jej najlepšej úrovne v detstve na konci tohto obdobia. Hlavným cieľom štúdie bolo posúdiť úroveň motorickej docility (IOWA-Brace test), jednoduchej a zložitej selektívnej reaktivity (test reaktivity prostredníctvom Witty-Sem) žiakov mladšieho školského veku. Výskumný súbor pozostával zo žiakov mladšieho školského veku (n = 130; dievčatá n = 38 / vek ̄x = 8,5 ± 1,7; chlapci n = 92 / vek ̄x = 8,6 ± 1,8). Výsledky preukázali signifikantný nárast úrovne motorickej docility (Me6-7 = 7,000; Me8-9 = 9,000; Me10-11 = 11,500), jednoduchej selektívnejreaktivity (Me6-7 = 44,480; Me8-9 = 32,940; Me10-11 = 28,760) a zložitej selektívnej reaktivity (Me6-7 = 73,860; Me8-9 = 58,070; Me10-11 = 47,350) s rastúcim vekom žiakov. So zvyšujúcou sa úspešnosťou vykonávania testov motorickej docility bolo preukázané signifikantné zlepšenie úrovne jednoduchej (MD<25% = 41,786; MD<50% = 39,176; MD>50% = 31,957) a zložitej selektívnej reaktivity žiakov (MD<25% = 70,170; MD<50% = 64,255; MD>50% = 55,786). Analýza výsledkov nepreukázala signifikantné rozdiely v sledovaných parametroch medzi chlapcami a dievčatami. Odporúčame vytvárať potencionálne predpoklady na zvyšovanie a udržanie vysokej úrovne motorickej docility v prepojení na rozvoj koordinačných schopností s využitím senzitívnych období, keďže až 80 % detí v sledovanom súbore dosahuje nedostatočnú úroveň motorickej docility. Príspevok vznikol ako súčasť riešenia grantového projektu VEGA č. 1/0481/22 Vzťah motorickej docility a kognitívnych schopností žiakov.
The younger school age is an important phase in motor development, characterised by rapid progress in motor development to its best level in childhood at the end of this period. Recent studies have shifted the sensitive periods of development of some coordination skills (e.g., reaction ability) to the beginning of the early school-age period. The main aim of the study was to assess the level of motor docility (IOWA-Brace test), simple and complex selective reactivity (reactivity test via Witty-Sem) of pupils of younger school age. The research population consisted of pupils of younger school age (n = 130; girls n = 38 / age ̄x = 8.5 ± 1.7; boys n = 92 / age ̄x = 8.6 ± 1.8). The results showed a significant increase in the level of motor docility (Me6-7 = 7.000; Me8-9 = 9.000; Me10-11 = 11.500), simple selective reactivity (Me6-7 = 44.480; Me8-9 = 32.940; Me10-11 = 28.760) and complex selective reactivity (Me6-7 = 73.860; Me8-9 = 58.070; Me10-11 = 47.350) as the age of the pupilsincreased. Significant improvement in the level of simple (MD<25% = 41.786; MD<50% = 39.176; MD>50% = 31.957) and complex selective (MD<25% = 70.170; MD<50% = 64.255; MD>50% = 55.786) reactivity of the pupils was demonstrated with increasing success in performing the motor docility test. Analysis of the results showed no significant differences in the studied parameters between boys and girls. We recommend creating potential conditions for increasing and maintaining a high level of motor educability in connection with the development of coordination skills using sensory periods since up to 80% of children in the study set achieve an insufficient level of motor educability. The paper was written as a part of the VEGA grant project No. 1/0481/22 Relationship between motor docility and cognitive abilities of pupils.
- Klíčová slova
- motorická docilita,
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- kognice MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motorické dovednosti * MeSH
- vývoj dítěte MeSH
- výzkum MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Cieľ práce: Vyskúšať, či pri výrazne nehomogénnej distribúcii plynov v ťažko patologicky postihnutých pľúcach je možné trojhladinovou UVP zlepšiť distribúciu plynov do tzv. pomalých bronchoalveolárnych kompartmentov pri znížení objemového zaťaženia tzv. rýchlych kompartmentov a zlepšiť výmenu plynov v pľúcach pri zachovaní zásad „netraumatizujúcej ventilácie“. Názov a sídlo pracoviska: Oddelenie anestéziológie a intenzívnej medicíny. Materiál a metóda: Autori aplikovali v skupine 12 pacientov s nehomogénnym pľúcnym postihnutím trojhladinovú umelú ventiláciu pľúc. Trojhladinovú ventiláciu definujú ako spôsob (modifikáciu) UVP, pričom základnú hladinu ventilácie tvorí ventilačný režim CMV, PCV alebo PS (ASB) a nadstavbu, tzv. ventiláciu na pozadí tvoria dve hladiny PEEP. PEEP (konštantný) a PEEPh (PEEP high) s meniteľnou frekvenciou a trvaním (striedaním) prechodu medzi jednotlivými hladinami PEEP. Výsledky: U 12 pacientov s ťažkým nehomogénnym poškodením pľúc (atypická pneumónia a ARDS/ALI) zaviedli po málo úspešnej ventilácii v režime PCV, po recruitment manévri (PaO2/FiO2 = 5–6 kPa), trojhladinovú ventiláciu pľúc (3LV). Po zavedení 3LV s frekvenciou fPCV = 26 ± 4 d . min-1 a PEEPh s frekvenciou fpeeph = 7 ± 2 d . min-1 pri dosiahnutej minútovej ventilácii MV = 12 ± 4 l . min-1 nastali počas 1–4 hodín výrazne pozitívne zmeny vo výmene plynov v pľúcach. Pri porovnaní zmien po zavedení 3LV došlo k zníženiu pľúcneho skratu z 50 ± 5 % na hodnoty okolo 30 ± 5 %. Zvýšila sa eliminácia CO2 s poklesom PaCO2 na hodnoty pod 6 ± 0,3 kPa oproti pôvodnej hodnote 7,8 ± 0,5 kPa a stúplo PaO2 na hodnoty 7,5 ± 1,2 kPa oproti pôvodnej hodnote 5,4 ± 0,4 kPa, pri znížení FiO2 na 0,8–0,4.(PaO2/FiO2 = 5,5 vs. 13 kPa). Recruitment pľúc pôsobením PEEP = 1,2 ± 0,4 kPa, prejavujúci sa aj zvýšením statickej poddajnosti Cst z hodnôt 0,18 ± 0,02 l/kPa na 0,3 ± 0,02 l/kPa a neskôr až 0,38 ± 0,05 l/kPa, prispel k zlepšeniu výmeny plynov. Odpor dýchacích ciest (Raw) klesol o viac ako 30 %. Zlepšenú aeráciu pľúc hodnotia autori ako prejav aj zlepšenej distribúcie plynov do oblastí s dlhou časovou konštantou. Pacienti boli prevedení po 5 ± 1 dňoch na ventilačný režim PS, s postupným znižovaním ventilačnej podpory boli odpojení od ventilátora a preložení na základné oddelenie. Záver: Napriek malému súboru klinické výsledky prinajmenšom podporujú výsledky teoretickej matematickej simulácie 3LV v matematickom a fyzikálnom modeli. 3LV zlepšila výmenu plynov v pľúcach v porovnaní s PCV aplikovanej počas prvých 2–4 hodín UVP a môže tak byť nádejným spôsobom pre ventiláciu pľúc postihnutých difúznym nehomogénnym patologickým procesom
Objective: To test whether in cases of considerably non-homogenous gas distribution in acute pathological lung conditions it is possible to improve gas distribution into slow broncho-alveolar compartments while decreasing the volume load of the fast compartments, and to improve gas exchange in the lungs while sustaining the principles of “non-injurious ventilation“, by using tri-level (3LV) IPPV. Setting: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit. Materials and methods: Authors applied 3LV ventilation to a group of 12 patients with non-homogenous lung injury. Tri-level ventilation is defined as a type (modification) of IPPV consisting of background ventilation using the CMV, PCV or PS (ASB) ventilation mode and an added level called “on-background ventilation“ consisting of multiple levels of PEEP: PEEP (constant) and PEEPh (PEEP high) with variable frequency and duration of transition between individual levels of PEEP. Results: The study population consisted of 12 patients with severe non-homogenous lung injury/disorder (atypical pneumonia and ARDS/ALI) who failed to achieve successful ventilation in the PCV mode after a recruitment manoeuvre (PaO2/FiO2 = 5–6). After the application of 3LV with respiratory rate of fPCV = 26 ± 4 b . min-1 and PEEPh with frequency of fpeeph = 7 ± 2 b . min-1 reaching minute ventilation (MV) of 12 ± 4 b . min-1, a considerable improvement in gas exchange was observed within 1–4 hours. Pulmonary shunt decreased from 50 ± 5% to approx. 30 ± 5%. Elimination of CO2 improved from 7.8 ± 0.5 kPa to less than 6.0 ± 0.3 kPa and PaO2 increased from 5.4 ± 0.4 kPa to 7.5 ± 1.2 kPa while FiO2 could be reduced to 0.8–0.4. Alveolar recruitment due to PEEP of 1.2 ± 0.4 kPa which was manifested by an increase in static compliance Cst from 0.18 ± 0.02 l/kPa to 0.3 ± 0.02 l/kPa and later on 0.38 ± 0.05 l/kPa helped to improve gas exchange. Airway resistance (Raw) decreased by more than 30%. The improved aeration of the lungs is considered to be a manifestation of improved gas distribution to the areas with a long time constant. Patients were weaned to pressure support ventilation in 5 ± 1 and later successfully weaned off the ventilator and transferred to a standard ward. Conclusions: The clinical results support the mathematical and physical simulation results of ventilation using 3LV. The authors conclude that 3LV improved pulmonary gas exchange compared to PCV in 2–4 hours. Tri-level ventilation could be a promising ventilatory mode for the lungs affected by a diffuse non-homogenous pathological process.
Objectives: Aiming to strengthen EU citizens' fundamental privacy rights in the digital age the new European General Data Protection Regulation shall apply from May 25th 2018. It will require companies processing personal data to implement a set of organizational and technical controls for ensuring proper handling of these data. Obviously this applies for companies providing eHealth services. As HL7 offers a lot of material to support security and privacy for handling personal healthcare data, this paper aims at showing which HL7 standards and components can be used to support the implementation of GDPR related controls. Methods: The paper shows some key facts of the European GDPR as well as analyzes HL7 standards and components in the security and privacy domain to provide a basic mapping. Results: As a result the paper provides a table mapping HL7 artifacts to GDPR requirements. Conclusion: The paper shows, that consequently using HL7 security and privacy standards and components e fficiently helps to implement GDPR requirements.
