Unintentional Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Autoři prezentují některá epidemiologická data týkající se neúmyslně způsobených poranění pod vlivem alkoholu. Násilí vůči pracovníkům záchranné služby se více než v 90 % dopouštějí osoby pod vlivem alkoholu. Alkoholické nápoje je třeba více zdanit a omezit dostupnost alkoholu například na hromadných sportovních akcích. Je také třeba naplnit zásady Evropského akčního plánu o alkoholu Světové zdravotnické organizace.
Epidemiological data about unintentional injuries under the influence of alcohol are presented.Moreover, the violence against emergency health care workers in this country succeeds mainly the alcohol abuse. The taxation of alcoholic beverages should be increased. The availability of alcohol should be restricted (e.g. during sporting events), and the principles of European Alcohol Action plans should be implemented.
Nezamýšlený úbytek hmotnosti u osob starších 65 let je spojen se zvýšenou morbiditou i mortalitou. Jeho nejčastějšími příčinami bývají malignity, nemaligní gastrointestinální onemocnění a psychické poruchy. Celkově platí, že nemaligní choroby jsou v této populaci obvyklejšími příčinami nezamýšleného úbytku hmotnosti než malignity. Užívaná léčiva, zejména kombinují‑li se ve větším počtu, mohou mít negativní vliv na chuť k jídlu nebo mohou vyvolávat nevolnost, což bychom neměli přehlížet. K nezamýšlenému úbytku hmotnosti mohou přispívat sociální faktory. V 16–28 % případů nenalezneme žádnou snadno rozpoznatelnou příčinu. Doporučuje se provést vyšetření úplného krevního obrazu, základního metabolického panelu, jaterních funkcí a funkce štítné žlázy, stanovení koncentrace C‑reaktivního proteinu, vyšetření sedimentace erytrocytů, glykémie a koncentrace laktátdehydrogenázy a analýzu moči. Namístě je také rentgenové vyšetření hrudníku a vyloučení okultního krvácení do stolice. Zvážit lze rovněž ultrasonografické vyšetření břicha. Pokud při základních vyšetřeních nezjistíme patologický nález, je vhodné pacienta po dobu tří až šesti měsíců sledovat. Léčba se soustředí na řešení vyvolávající příčiny. Můžeme zahájit podávání doplňků stravy a zvýrazňovačů chuti a upravit stravu, aby zohledňovala preference nemocného a jeho případné obtíže se žvýkáním či polykáním. Léčiva stimulující chuť k jídlu mohou sice zajistit zvýšení hmotnosti, ale mají závažné nežádoucí účinky a nebylo prokázáno, že snižují mortalitu.
Unintentional weight loss in persons older than 65 years is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The most common etiologies are malignancy, nonmalignant gastrointestinal disease, and psychiatric conditions. Overall, nonmalignant diseases are more common causes of unintentional weight loss in this population than malignancy. Medication use and polypharmacy can interfere with taste or cause nausea and should not be overlooked. Social factors may contribute to unintentional weight loss. A readily identifiable cause is not found in 16% to 28% of cases. Recommended tests include a complete blood count, basic metabolic panel, liver function tests, thyroid function tests, C‑reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, glucose measurement, lactate dehydrogenase measurement, and urinalysis. Chest radiography and fecal occult blood testing should be performed. Abdominal ultrasonography may also be considered. When baseline evaluation is unremarkable, a three‑ to six‑month observation period is justified. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause. Nutritional supplements and flavor enhancers, and dietary modification that takes into account patient preferences and chewing or swallowing disabilities may be considered. Appetite stimulants may increase weight but have serious adverse effects and no evidence of decreased mortality.
- Klíčová slova
- Remeron,
- MeSH
- anamnéza MeSH
- duševní poruchy MeSH
- fyzikální vyšetření MeSH
- gastrointestinální nemoci MeSH
- geriatrie * MeSH
- hmotnostní úbytek * MeSH
- karcinom MeSH
- klinické laboratorní techniky metody trendy využití MeSH
- lékové interakce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mirtazapin MeSH
- morbidita MeSH
- mortalita MeSH
- nechutenství MeSH
- potravní doplňky využití MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ultrasonografie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
WHO technical report series ; no. 348
25 s.
- Konspekt
- Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
- NLK Obory
- nutriční terapie, dietoterapie a výživa
- veřejné zdravotnictví
The objective of this study was to evaluate data retrospectively on accidental ingestion of ethylene glycol (EG), based on calls to the Czech Toxicological Information Centre and from toxicological laboratories, in the years 2000-2004. All patients who ingested a known amount of EG and/or subjects with measured serum EG levels were included. A variety of clinical and laboratory parameters was collected. The medical records of 86 subjects, who had ingested from one to three swallows of EG, were analysed. The following findings emerged-metabolic acidosis (41%), vomiting (36%), nephrotoxicity (10%), and CNS depression (9%). In 15 children, the time interval between ingestion and hospitalisation was 1 hour or less. Ethanol was given to 12 children (four as first aid), and none developed hypoglycaemia. Of the 71 adults, 93% were treated with ethanol (19 as first aid). No side effects were documented. Seventeen patients received haemodialysis (HD). Two patients recovered without HD; their EG levels were higher than in the HD-treated patients. Unintentional EG ingestion usually involves ingestion of a small amount of EG, and was connected with mild signs of intoxication. Early therapy with ethanol alone appears sufficient in such cases, and represents no risk of adverse effects.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- ethylenglykol krev otrava MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- hospitalizace MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- otrava epidemiologie krev terapie MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- riziko MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of hospitalization and death among children. Compared to environmental factors, less attention in injury preventive efforts has been paid to how individual characteristics relate to the risk of injury. Using a large prospective cohort, the current study assessed the longitudinal impact of early-life temperament on the cumulative number of injuries until mid-adolescence. METHODS: The data came from the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ELSPAC-CZ). Temperament was evaluated by mothers when children were 3 years old (N = 3,545). The main outcome was the pediatrician-reported sum of child's injuries from age 3 to 15 (seven timepoints). Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to determine classes based on temperamental dimensions and then extended to a mixture model with a distal count outcome. The covariates included maternal conflict and attachment, sex, family structure, and maternal education. RESULTS: The LPA determined the existence of three classes: shy children (8.1% of the sample; lowest activity/highest shyness), outgoing children (50.8%; highest activity/lowest shyness), and average: children (41.1%; middle values). Results from a mixture model showed that the outgoing temperament was associated with the highest longitudinal risk for injuries, as both average children (IRR = 0.89 [0.80, 0.99]), and the shy children (IRR = 0.80 [0.68, 0.95]) had lower risk. CONCLUSIONS: Early childhood temperamental differences can have long-term effects on injury risk. Highly active children showed the highest risk for future injuries, suggesting that these characteristics make them more likely to be involved in novel and potentially dangerous situations.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- matky * MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- temperament * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: We examined the prevalence of unintentional injuries and associated risk factors among university students in Canakkale city, Turkey. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2007-2008. Atotal of 4,762 students completed the questionnaire. Risk factors associated with the rate of accidents were assessed by chi-square analysis and effects of these factors on unintentional injuries were described by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The rate of unintentional injuries among university students was 14.9% during the previous 12 months. The most reported injuries occurred on the road (43.8%), at home (33.2%) and outside the home (26.9%) such as workplaces, schools or sports venues. The prevalence of unintentional injuries was significantly higher in males than females (18.1% vs. 12.0% p <0.05). Results of the logistic regression analysis indicated that male gender (OR 1.51), studying in college and vocational school (OR 1.34), perception of very bad (OR 0.49) or good economic status (OR 0.49), drinking alcohol (OR 1.52), using illicit substances (OR 1.70), having a diagnosed illness (OR 1.36), or having risk of developing depres- sion (OR 1.54) had significant effects on the risk of unintentional injuries (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that male gender, studying in college and vocational schools, illicit substance use, poor economic conditions, having a diagnosed illness and risk of developing depression can be risk factors for unintentional injuries among university students. Public health training programmes giving priorityto high-risk groups such as university and high school students may be a valuable tool in reducing unintentional injuries among young people.
- MeSH
- deprese epidemiologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- městské obyvatelstvo MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek epidemiologie MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- rány a poranění epidemiologie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- studenti statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- univerzity statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- úrazy a nehody statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Turecko MeSH
Cyberhate is one of the online risks that adolescents can experience online. It is considered a content risk when it is unintentionally encountered and a conduct risk when the user actively searches for it. Previous research has not differentiated between these experiences, although they can concern different groups of adolescents and be connected to distinctive risk factors. To address this, our study first focuses on both unintentional and intentional exposure and investigates the individual-level risk factors that differentiate them. Second, we compare each exposed group of adolescents with those who were not exposed to cyberhate. We used survey data from a representative sample of adolescents (N = 6,033, aged 12-16 years, 50.3 percent girls) from eight European countries-Czechia, Finland, Flanders, France, Italy, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia-and conducted multinomial logistic regression. Our findings show that adolescents with higher sensation seeking, proactive normative beliefs about aggression (NBA), and who report cyberhate perpetration, are at higher risk of intentionally searching for cyberhate contents compared with those who are unintentionally exposed. In comparison with unexposed adolescents, reporting other risky experiences was a risk factor for both types of exposure. Furthermore, NBA worked differently-reactive NBA was a risk factor for intentional exposure, but proactive NBA did not play a role and even decreased the chance of unintentional exposure. Digital skills increased both types of exposure. Our findings stress the need to differentiate between intentional and unintentional cyberhate exposure and to examine proactive and reactive NBA separately.
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the epidemiological profile of unintentional opioid overdoses, the prevalence and number of psychotropic substances involved in opioid overdoses. METHODS: This was a descriptive study, in which 180 participants were enrolled, and covered a nine-years-period. For collecting data was used the National patient electronic system "My term". The variables as gender, age, duration of opioid dependence, number of overdoses, type of substance, number of antidote ampoules, duration of hospitalization were analyzed. Severity of poisoning was made by using the Poison severity score. RESULTS: Opioid overdose cases were significantly higher among males than females. Mean age with standard deviation (SD) was 32.23 ± 6.71 years. Mean years (±SD) of duration of opioid use disorder was 11.60 ± 5.89 years. The most commonly used primary substance was methadone in 68.89% and heroin in 31.11% cases. Twenty patients were treated with mechanical ventilation because of the severe respiratory depression. Poison severity score was moderate in 51.11%, severe in 45.56% and fatal in 3.33% of the cases. CONCLUSION: Most of the cases, predominantly males used one or two substances. The combination of methadone and benzodiazepine was most frequently used and the most common way was by injecting the abused substances. In most of the subjects PSS score was moderate and severe with no differences between genders.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- předávkování opiáty epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- univerzity * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Republika Severní Makedonie MeSH
BACKGROUND: Understanding the dimensions of pathways of introduction of alien plants is important for regulating species invasions, but how particular pathways differ in terms of post-invasion success of species they deliver has never been rigorously tested. We asked whether invasion status, distribution and habitat range of 1,007 alien plant species introduced after 1500 A.D. to the Czech Republic differ among four basic pathways of introduction recognized for plants. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Pathways introducing alien species deliberately as commodities (direct release into the wild; escape from cultivation) result in easier naturalization and invasion than pathways of unintentional introduction (contaminant of a commodity; stowaway arriving without association with it). The proportion of naturalized and invasive species among all introductions delivered by a particular pathway decreases with a decreasing level of direct assistance from humans associated with that pathway, from release and escape to contaminant and stowaway. However, those species that are introduced via unintentional pathways and become invasive are as widely distributed as deliberately introduced species, and those introduced as contaminants invade an even wider range of seminatural habitats. CONCLUSIONS: Pathways associated with deliberate species introductions with commodities and pathways whereby species are unintentionally introduced are contrasting modes of introductions in terms of invasion success. However, various measures of the outcome of the invasion process, in terms of species' invasion success, need to be considered to accurately evaluate the role of and threat imposed by individual pathways. By employing various measures we show that invasions by unintentionally introduced plant species need to be considered by management as seriously as those introduced by horticulture, because they invade a wide range of seminatural habitats, hence representing even a greater threat to natural areas.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- kvantitativní znak dědičný MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- rostliny MeSH
- vývoj rostlin MeSH
- zachování přírodních zdrojů MeSH
- zavlečené druhy MeSH
- zemědělství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
