allele frequency gradients
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BACKGROUND: Tetranucleotide Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) for human identification and common use in forensic cases have recently been used to address the population genetics of the North-Eastern Mediterranean area. However, to gain confidence in the inferences made using STRs, this kind of analysis should be challenged with changes in three main aspects of the data, i.e. the sizes of the samples, their distance across space and the genetic background from which they are drawn. AIM: To test the resilience of the gradients previously detected in the North-Eastern Mediterranean to the enlargement of the surveyed area and population set, using revised data. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: STR genotype profiles were obtained from a publicly available database (PopAffilietor databank) and a dataset was assembled including >7000 subjects from the Arabian Peninsula to Scandinavia, genotyped at eight loci. Spatial principal component analysis (sPCA) was applied and the frequency maps of the nine alleles which contributed most strongly to sPC1 were examined in detail. RESULTS: By far the greatest part of diversity was summarised by a single spatial principal component (sPC1), oriented along a SouthEast-to-NorthWest axis. The alleles with the top 5% squared loadings were TH01(9.3), D19S433(14), TH01(6), D19S433(15.2), FGA(20), FGA(24), D3S1358(14), FGA(21) and D2S1338(19). These results confirm a clinal pattern over the whole range for at least four loci (TH01, D19S433, FGA, D3S1358). CONCLUSIONS: Four of the eight STR loci (or even alleles) considered here can reproducibly capture continental arrangements of diversity. This would, in principle, allow for the exploitation of forensic data to clarify important aspects in the formation of local gene pools.
- MeSH
- frekvence genu * MeSH
- genetická variace * MeSH
- genotyp * MeSH
- mikrosatelitní repetice * MeSH
- populační genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- severní Afrika MeSH
- Střední východ MeSH
- Středomoří MeSH
Phenylketonuria (PKU), caused by variants in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene, is the most common autosomal-recessive Mendelian phenotype of amino acid metabolism. We estimated that globally 0.45 million individuals have PKU, with global prevalence 1:23,930 live births (range 1:4,500 [Italy]-1:125,000 [Japan]). Comparing genotypes and metabolic phenotypes from 16,092 affected subjects revealed differences in disease severity in 51 countries from 17 world regions, with the global phenotype distribution of 62% classic PKU, 22% mild PKU, and 16% mild hyperphenylalaninemia. A gradient in genotype and phenotype distribution exists across Europe, from classic PKU in the east to mild PKU in the southwest and mild hyperphenylalaninemia in the south. The c.1241A>G (p.Tyr414Cys)-associated genotype can be traced from Northern to Western Europe, from Sweden via Norway, to Denmark, to the Netherlands. The frequency of classic PKU increases from Europe (56%) via Middle East (71%) to Australia (80%). Of 758 PAH variants, c.1222C>T (p.Arg408Trp) (22.2%), c.1066-11G>A (IVS10-11G>A) (6.4%), and c.782G>A (p.Arg261Gln) (5.5%) were most common and responsible for two prevalent genotypes: p.[Arg408Trp];[Arg408Trp] (11.4%) and c.[1066-11G>A];[1066-11G>A] (2.6%). Most genotypes (73%) were compound heterozygous, 27% were homozygous, and 55% of 3,659 different genotypes occurred in only a single individual. PAH variants were scored using an allelic phenotype value and correlated with pre-treatment blood phenylalanine concentrations (n = 6,115) and tetrahydrobiopterin loading test results (n = 4,381), enabling prediction of both a genotype-based phenotype (88%) and tetrahydrobiopterin responsiveness (83%). This study shows that large genotype databases enable accurate phenotype prediction, allowing appropriate targeting of therapies to optimize clinical outcome.
- MeSH
- alely MeSH
- biopteriny analogy a deriváty genetika MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- fenylalanin krev MeSH
- fenylalaninhydroxylasa genetika MeSH
- fenylketonurie krev epidemiologie genetika MeSH
- frekvence genu genetika MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci genetika MeSH
- genetické asociační studie metody MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- homozygot MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
BACKGROUND: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a major risk for coronary heart disease, is predominantly associated with mutations in the genes encoding the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and its ligand apolipoprotein B (APOB). RESULTS: In this study, we characterize the spectrum of mutations causing FH in 2239 Czech probands suspected to have FH. In this set, we found 265 patients (11.8%) with the APOB mutation p.(Arg3527Gln) and 535 patients (23.9%) with a LDLR mutation. In 535 probands carrying the LDLR mutation, 127 unique allelic variants were detected: 70.1% of these variants were DNA substitutions, 16.5% small DNA rearrangements, and 13.4% large DNA rearrangements. Fifty five variants were novel, not described in other FH populations. For lipid profile analyses, FH probands were divided into groups [patients with the LDLR mutation (LDLR+), with the APOB mutation (APOB+), and without a detected mutation (LDLR-/APOB-)], and each group into subgroups according to gender. The statistical analysis of lipid profiles was performed in 1722 probands adjusted for age in which biochemical data were obtained without FH treatment (480 LDLR+ patients, 222 APOB+ patients, and 1020 LDLR-/APOB- patients). Significant gradients in i) total cholesterol (LDLR+ patients > APOB+ patients = LDLR-/APOB- patients) ii) LDL cholesterol (LDLR+ patients > APOB+ patients = LDLR-/APOB- patients in men and LDLR+patients > APOB+ patients >LDLR-/APOB- patients in women), iii) triglycerides (LDLR-/APOB- patients > LDLR+ patients > APOB+ patients), and iv) HDL cholesterol (APOB+ patients > LDLR-/APOB- patients = LDLR+ patients) were shown. CONCLUSION: Our study presents a large set of Czech patients with FH diagnosis in which DNA diagnostics was performed and which allowed statistical analysis of clinical and biochemical data.
- MeSH
- apolipoproteiny B genetika MeSH
- biologické markery krev MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- frekvence genu MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
- genetické asociační studie MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- hyperlipoproteinemie typ II krev diagnóza epidemiologie genetika MeSH
- LDL-receptory genetika MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- lipidy krev MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mutace * MeSH
- mutační analýza DNA MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- rozdělení chí kvadrát MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
A variety of mutation detection techniques, including restriction endonuclease digestion, allele specific oligonucleotides, and automated fluorescent sequencing, were used in the identification of 15 CFTR mutations representing 86.7% of CF chromosomes in 206 Northern Irish cystic fibrosis (CF) families. A systematic analysis of the 27 exons and intron/exon boundaries of the CFTR gene was performed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) in an attempt to characterise the 55 unknown CF mutations in 51 patients. Twenty different mutations were detected by DGGE on 30 chromosomes accounting for a further 7.3% of CF alleles. Fifteen of these mutations had not previously been found in Northern Ireland, and two are novel, M1I(G > T) and V562L. In total, 30 CFTR mutations account for 93.9% of the 412 Northern Irish CF chromosomes tested. The three major CF mutations in Northern Ireland are delta F508, G551D, and R117H with respective frequencies of 68.0%, 5.1%, and 4.1%. The efficacy of the DGGE technique was proven by the detection of 77 out of 77 control variants from all the CFTR exons. DGGE is a highly efficient and sensitive method for mutation screening especially in large genes where the mutation spectrum is known to be heterogeneous.
- MeSH
- alely MeSH
- bodová mutace MeSH
- cystická fibróza * genetika MeSH
- exony MeSH
- fluorescenční spektrometrie MeSH
- introny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace * MeSH
- oligodeoxyribonukleotidy MeSH
- polymorfismus genetický * MeSH
- protein CFTR * genetika MeSH
- restrikční mapování MeSH
- sekvenční delece MeSH
- transpozibilní elementy DNA MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Severní Irsko MeSH
... Low frequency of risk alleles of CARD 15, OCTNI and 2, and DLG5 without association with disease extent ... ... No CARD 15 gradient exist between two different countries with known high and low incidence of CD 31 ... ... Smoking, frequency of appendicectomy and high carbohydrate intake differs between -- CD and UC. ...
1 svazek : ilustrace, tabulky ; 29 cm
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty epidemiologie genetika MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- sběr dat MeSH
- sérologie MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- Publikační typ
- vysokoškolské kvalifikační práce MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Dánsko MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- gastroenterologie
... Variation and Gene Function 73 -- Incomplete Dominance and Codominance 73 Multiple Alleles 74 Allelic ... ... Series 75 -- Testing Gene Mutations for Allelism 75 Variation Among the Effects of Mutations 76 Genes ... ... and Genetic Map Distance 180 Chiasma Frequency and -- Genetic Map Distance 182 Genetic Distance and ... ... Frequencies 777 Estimating Allele Frequencies 777 Relating Genotype Frequencies to Allele Frequencies ... ... Frequencies in Genetic Counseling 781 Natural Selection 782 -- Natural Selection at the Level of the ...
2nd ed. xviii, 876 s. : il.
Cirhóza je konečné stadium chronického onemocnění jater. Vysoká morbidita a mortalita souvisejí zejména s komplikacemi vyplývajícími z portální hypertenze. Remodelace fibrotické tkáně prostřednictvím matrixových metaloproteináz (MMP) je permanentní proces, který u pacientů s cirhózou vede k cirhotické přestavbě. Cílem studie bylo posoudit význam funkčních variant genů pro metalproteinázy MMP‑1 a MMP‑7 u pacientů s cirhózou a posoudit jejich souvislost s portální hypertenzí. Pacienti a metody: 179 pacientů s jaterní cirhózou (střední věk 55,2 ? 11,6 let) bylo vyšetřeno na přítomnost funkčních variant genů pro MMP‑1 (-A; rs1799750) a MMP‑7 (G/A; rs17884789). U všech pacientů bylo provedeno měření gradientu tlaku v jaterních žilách, laboratorní a ultrazvukové vyšetření. Pro porovnání frekvence výskytu alel s pacienty s cirhózou zařazenými do studie byla pro zdravou populaci použita data z odborné literatury. Výsledky: Frekvence výskytu genotypů rs1799750 (1G‑1G 25 %, 1G‑2G 56 %, 2G‑2G 22 %) u pacientů s cirhózou jater a u zdravé populace se neliší (p > 0,05). V případě genu pro MMP‑7, byl u našich pacientů pro variantu rs17884789 zjištěn jeden genotyp (wild typ GG). Nebyla zjištěna souvislost mezi frekvencí výskytu zkoumaných genotypů a závažností portální hypertenze nebo hodnotou Child‑Pughova nebo MELD skóre. Závěr: Funkční varianty MMP‑1 a MMP‑7 nemají souvislost s portální hypertenzí u pacientů s cirhózou jater. Klíčová slova: cirhóza – fibróza – genetický polymorfizmus – matrixová metaloproteináza 1 – matrixová metaloproteináza 7 –hypertenze – portální Autoři deklarují, že v souvislosti s předmětem studie nemají žádné komerční zájmy. Redakční rada potvrzuje, že rukopis práce splnil ICMJE kritéria pro publikace zasílané do biomedicínských časopisů Doručeno: 11. 2. 2015 Přijato: 16. 3. 2015
Cirrhosis is a final stage of chronic liver disease. High morbidity and mortality are mostly related to complications of portal hypertension. Remodelling of liver fibrotic tissue by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is a permanent process leading to cirrhotic scar formation. The aim was to study the significance of functional metalloproteinase MMP‑1 and MMP‑7 gene variants in cirrhotic patients and their relationship to portal hypertension. Patients and Methods: 179 patients with liver cirrhosis (mean age 55.2 ? 11.6 years) were examined for functional variants of MMP‑1 (-A; rs1799750) and MMP‑7 (G/A; rs17884789) genes. Measurement of hepatic venous pressure gradient, laboratory and ultrasound examination were performed in all patients. Literary data from a healthy population were used for comparison of allele frequencies with our cirrhotic patients. Results: The frequency of rs1799750 (1G‑1G 25%, 1G‑2G 56%, 2G‑2G 22%) genotypes in cirrhotic patients does not differ from the healthy population (p > 0.05). In MMP‑7 gene, one genotype (wild type GG) was found in our patients uniformly for rs17884789 variant. No relationship was found between the frequency of examined genotypes and either the severity of portal hypertension or Child‑Pugh or MELD score. Conclusions: Functional variants of MMP‑1 and MMP‑7 have no relationship to portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- extracelulární matrix MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- genotypizační techniky MeSH
- jaterní cirhóza * genetika patofyziologie MeSH
- játra krevní zásobení patologie MeSH
- klinické laboratorní techniky MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matrixové metaloproteinasy * genetika MeSH
- portální hypertenze MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) is becoming central in post-genome era of disease predisposition assesment as well as in quest for individualised therapy. Subtle variations in coding as well as non-coding regions of major genes involved in carcinogenesis are of major interest. Steroid 5-alpha-reductase (SRD5A2) is one of major genes involved in transformation of prostate cancer cells though its regulation of testosterone synthesis. Association studies involving SRD5A2 polymorphisms were mostly directed at functional substitutions in exons 1 and 4. The aim of this work was to investigate a set of less prominent SRD5A2 SNPs and their associations with prostate cancer incidence. Material and methods: Atotal of 339 unrelated patients with clinically confirmed prostate cancer (stages pT2 – 3) and 231 controls with confirmed BHP were enrolled in the study. A total of 16 SNPs, mostly in non-coding regions of SRD5A2 locus, was genotyped in each proband using PCR and Cycling-gradient Capillary Electrophoresis technique. Results: We have identified 5 SNPs showing significant allele frequency and genotype distribution differencies between cases and controls. In addition we have identified 5 haplotypes showing strong association with prostate cancer status as well as with the aggressivity of the disease (pT and Gleason score) with p values between 0.001 and 0.005. Conclusions: Many of the significant SNP markers are from noncoding regions, therefore the haplotype association may mostly be related to alternate gene regulation. Haplotype analyses on a larger patient cohorts is desirable in order to evaluate potential of the identified SNPs and haplotypes for identification of risk groups.
Východisko. Familiární adenomatózní polypóza je autozomálně dominantně dědičné onemocnění charakterizované predispozicí ke vzniku polypů v tlustém střevě a v rektu a ke kolorektálnímu karcinomu. Příčinou onemocnění jsou zárodečné mutace v genu APC. Cílem studie bylo stanovit frekvenci jednonukleotidové substituce c.645+32C>T v intronu 5 genu APC u pacientů s mnohočetnou střevní polypózou a v obecné populaci a pokusit se objasnit, zda je tato substituce nepatogenním polymorfismem (tj. populační variantou) nebo onemocnění způsobující mutací. Metody a výsledky. Frekvence substituce c.645+32C>T v genu APC byla studována v souboru 170 pacientů s fenotypem familiární adenomatózní polypózy nebo její atenuované formy metodou denaturační gradientové gelové elektroforézy a přímou sekvenací. Dále byla frekvence této substituce vyšetřena u souboru 200 neonkologických pacientů pomocí metody alelické specifické polymerázové řetězové reakce. Substituce c.645+32C>T byla zjištěna u 27 ze 170 pacientů s mnohočetnou střevní polypózou (tj. 15,9 %) a dále u 32 z 200 pacientů v kontrolní skupině (tj. 16 %). Rozdíl ve výskytu substituce mezi pacienty s polypózou a kontrolní skupinou nebyl statisticky významný (p = 0,979; test chí-kvadrát). Závěry. Jednonukleotidová substituce c.645+32C>T v intronu 5 genu APC je nepatogenním polymorfismem, tedy populační variantou, která se vyskytuje přibližně u 16 % české populace
Background. Familial adenomatous polyposis is an autosomal dominant disease characterised by predisposition to colon polyposis and colorectal cancer and caused by germline mutations in the APC gene. The aim of the study was to establish the frequency of c.645+32C>T substitution in intron 5 of the APC gene in patients with multiple colon polyposis and in the general population and to determine if this substitution is a nonpathogenic polymorphism or a pathogenic mutation associated with multiple polyposis coli. Methods and Results. The frequency of c.645+32C>T substitution in the APC gene was established in 170 patients with the clinical phenotype of familial adenomatous polyposis or its attenuated form using denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis and direct sequencing. We tested a population of 200 noncancer persons using allelic specific polymerase chain reaction. The c.645+32C>T substitution was detected in 27 of 170 patients with multiple colon polyposis (i.e. 15.9%). The substitution was found in 32 of 200 control persons, i.e. in 16%. The difference between patients with polyposis and the control group was not statistically significant (p = 0.979; chí-square test). Conclusions. Our results suggest that the c.645+32C>T substitution is a non-pathogenic single nucleotide polymorphism appearing in about 16% of the Czech population.
- MeSH
- elektroforéza v polyakrylamidovém gelu metody využití MeSH
- familiární adenomatózní polypóza etiologie genetika patologie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- geny APC MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika imunologie MeSH
- mutace genetika imunologie MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce metody využití MeSH
Východisko. Wilsonova choroba je autozomálně recesivní onemocnění charakteristické akumulací a intoxikací mědi v organizmu. Molekulární podstatou onemocnění jsou mutace v genu pro měď transportující ATPázu (ATP7B). Metody a výsledky. Předmětem sdělení jsou výsledky molekulárně-genetických vyšetření ve 130 nepříbuzných rodinách s výskytem Wilsonovy choroby. Pomocí denaturační gradientové gelové elektroforézy (DGGE) byly detekovány exony s abnormální sekvencí. Následným sekvenováním bylo nalezeno celkem 17 kauzálních mutací a 9 polymorfizmů. Pět mutací bylo dosud nepopsaných. Z celkového počtu 260 mutantních alel bylo 214 (82,3 %) identifikováno. Nejčastější mutace, H1069Q, se v naší populaci vyskytuje s frekvencí 65,8 %. Frekvence ostatních mutací nepřevyšuje 5 %. Závěry. DNA diagnostika Wilsonovy choroby v postižených rodinách nabízí pohotové a spolehlivé výsledky. V rámci genetického poradenství umožňuje odhalit asymptomatické a heterozygotní sourozence.
Background. Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by cooper accumulation and intoxication of the organism. Molecular basis of the disease represent mutations in the gene for the copper-transporting ATPase (ATP7B). Methods and Results. The submitted paper deals with results of molecular-genetic examination in 130 unrelated families in whichWilson disease was diagnosed. By denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), the exons with abnormal sequences were detected. Followed by sequencing, 17 causal mutations and 9 silent polymorphism were found. Five novel mutations were detected. After analysis of 260 mutant alleles, 214 (82.3 %) were identified. The most frequent mutation, H1069Q, occurred in our population with the frequency of 65.8 %. Incidence of other mutations, however, did not exceed 5 %. Conclusions. DNA analysis of the Wilson disease offers prompt and reliable results in affected families. It can help to identify asymptomatic and heterozygote siblings at genetic counselling.
- MeSH
- adenosintrifosfatasy MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- geny MeSH
- hepatolentikulární degenerace diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- měď metabolismus moč MeSH
- molekulární biologie metody MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- mutační analýza DNA MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH