Cognitive reserve (CR) has been conceptualized as an individual's ability to optimize or maximize performance through differential recruitment of brain networks. As such, CR may contribute to the heterogeneity of cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia. This study aimed to assess the relationships between CR, cognition and quality of life in first-episode (FES) patients. A total of 137 patients with either ICD-10 schizophrenia or "acute and transient psychotic disorders" diagnosis, and 62 healthy controls had completed a comprehensive assessment of six cognitive domains: speed of processing, attention, working memory/flexibility, verbal memory, visual memory, and abstraction/executive functioning. CR was calculated from the participants' education, premorbid IQ, and socioeconomic status. The results suggested that in patients, CR was positively related to cognitive performance in all domains, explaining 42.6% of the variance observed in cognition overall. Effects of CR in the control group were limited to three domains: speed of processing, abstraction/executive function and working memory/flexibility. These results suggest that CR largely contributes to cognitive variations present in FES patients. In addition, CR was negatively related to the social construct of patients' quality of life, and positively to symptom severity and general functioning.
International research monographs in the addictions
1st ed. xvi, 290 s. : il.
V měření kognitivních deficitů jsou rozpory na úrovni kliniky i výzkumu. Přítomnost kognitivního deficitu je možné stanovit kvalitativně či kvantitativně a s odkazem na minulost pacienta srovnáním s jeho dřívějším působením. V práci jsou popsány různé způsoby určování kognitivního deficitu. Doporučuje se bližší spolupráce kvantitativních a kvalitativních přístupů.
There are differences in measurement of cognitive deficits between clinicians and researchers. Diagnostics of present cognitive deficits is available through quantitative and qualititive methods and by analyzing history of the patient. Different approaches of measurement are described and close cooperation between quantitative and qualitative approaches is recommended.
BACKGROUND: An association between lipid measures and cognitive decline in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been suggested. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate relationships between lipid profile and cognitive performance in a large observational cohort of MS patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 211 patients with 316 available pairs of lipid and cognitive measures performed over follow-up. The time between lipid and cognitive measures did not exceed 90 days. Baseline data were analyzed by non-parametric Spearman rank correlation test. Repeated measures were analyzed using linear mixed models adjusted for sex, age, education level, disease-modifying therapy status, and depression. RESULTS: Baseline analyses showed a correlation between higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and lower Categorical Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) (rho=-0.15; p = 0.04), lower Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) (rho=-0.16; p = 0.02) and lower Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) scores (rho=-0.12; p = 0.04). Higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was negatively correlated with lower SDMT scores (rho=-0.16; p = 0.02) and lower Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test-3 (PASAT-3) scores (rho=-0.24; p = 0.03). Mixed model analyses of repeated measures showed a negative association between higher LDL-C and lower CVLT (B=-0.02; p < 0.001, Cohen ́s d = 0.08) and lower BVMT-R (B=-0.01; p = 0.03, Cohen ́s d=-0.12). Also, the negative association between HDL-C and PASAT-3 was confirmed in the mixed model analysis (B=-0.18; p = 0.01, Cohen ́s d = 0.07). Additional adjustments of the models for disability assessed by Expanded Disability Status Scale or Normalized Brain Volume did not change the results of the models substantially. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a mild negative impact of dyslipidemia on cognitive performance in patients with MS. We propose that dyslipidemia contributes, at least in part, to cognitive decline in MS patients, independent of brain atrophy.
- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Cholesterol, HDL blood MeSH
- Cognition physiology MeSH
- Cognitive Dysfunction * etiology blood physiopathology MeSH
- Cholesterol, LDL * blood MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Neuropsychological Tests MeSH
- Multiple Sclerosis * blood complications MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Observational Study MeSH
- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Cognition MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Task Performance and Analysis MeSH
- Students MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Publication type
- Comparative Study MeSH
