In rats with leukemia activity of liver mitochondrial enzymes are decreased at 6 months. Later, we noted compensatory activation of complexes II and III of the respiratory chain and transition to decompensation stage by final deadline. The activity of complex IV of the respiratory chain remains high. These changes result from increased lipid peroxidation and decreased activity of antioxidant protection enzymes.
- MeSH
- Time Factors MeSH
- Injections, Subcutaneous MeSH
- Mitochondria, Liver * enzymology immunology drug effects MeSH
- Liver * immunology drug effects MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Leukemia chemically induced MeSH
- Disease Models, Animal * MeSH
- Hazardous Substances adverse effects MeSH
- Research Design MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Animals MeSH
Nicotinic receptors (NRs) play an important role in the cholinergic regulation of heart functions, and converging evidence suggests a diverse repertoire of NR subunits in the heart. A recent hypothesis about the plasticity of β NR subunits suggests that β2-subunits and β4-subunits may substitute for each other. In our study, we assessed the hypothetical β-subunit interchangeability in the heart at the level of mRNA. Using two mutant mice strains lacking β2 or β4 NR subunits, we examined the relative expression of NR subunits and other key cholinergic molecules. We investigated the physiology of isolated hearts perfused by Langendorff's method at basal conditions and after cholinergic and/or adrenergic stimulation. Lack of β2 NR subunit was accompanied with decreased relative expression of β4-subunits and α3-subunits. No other cholinergic changes were observed at the level of mRNA, except for increased M3 and decreased M4 muscarinic receptors. Isolated hearts lacking β2 NR subunit showed different dynamics in heart rate response to indirect cholinergic stimulation. In hearts lacking β4 NR subunit, increased levels of β2-subunits were observed together with decreased mRNA for acetylcholine-synthetizing enzyme and M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors. Changes in the expression levels in β4-/- hearts were associated with increased basal heart rate and impaired response to a high dose of acetylcholine upon adrenergic stimulation. In support of the proposed plasticity of cardiac NRs, our results confirmed subunit-dependent compensatory changes to missing cardiac NRs subunits with consequences on isolated heart physiology.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the present study, we observed an increase in mRNA levels of the β2 NR subunit in β4-/- hearts but not vice versa, thus supporting the hypothesis of β NR subunit plasticity that depends on the specific type of missing β-subunit. This was accompanied with specific cholinergic adaptations. Nevertheless, isolated hearts of β4-/- mice showed increased basal heart rate and a higher sensitivity to a high dose of acetylcholine upon adrenergic stimulation.
- MeSH
- Acetylcholine pharmacology MeSH
- Muscarinic Antagonists pharmacology MeSH
- Atropine pharmacology MeSH
- Cholinesterase Inhibitors pharmacology MeSH
- Hexamethonium pharmacology MeSH
- Isoproterenol pharmacology MeSH
- Myocardium metabolism MeSH
- Mice, Knockout MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Neostigmine pharmacology MeSH
- Receptors, Nicotinic metabolism MeSH
- Heart drug effects MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Mice MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Volleyball is a sport with great unilateral load that can have a negative impact on a postural system. The aim of the study was to perform a detailed examination of posture and muscle imbalance in elite female volleyball athletes and, according to the results of the examination, to put together compensatory exercises and to assess their effect. A group of elite junior female volleyball players (n = 12) was examined by an experienced physiotherapist using a complex kinesiological analysis especially focused on body posture (from frontal, sagittal and dorsal plane), shortened muscles and performance of basic movement patterns (hip extension, hip abduction, sit-up, cervical flexion, shoulder abduction, push-up). The preliminary examination showed that every tested player had some kind of posture deficiency. The compensatory programme, consisting of breathing techniques, stretching exercises, strengthening exercises with an elastic band, and balance exercises with a Bosu balance trainer, was applied at the end of every training session over the competitive parts of two volleyball seasons. Before the application of the exercise programme we found flat back in 92% subjects, whereas 33% of subjects exhibited it after compensation. Improvement was noted in the intensified lumbar lordosis (from 50% subjects to 42%), and scoliotic body posture (from 50% to 17%). The biggest improvement in shortened muscles in the upper body was observed on the m. levator scapulae (from 83% subjects to 8%) and the m. trapezius (from 42% subjects to 8%); and in the lower body m. triceps surae (from 75% subjects to 33%) and hip abductors (from 83% subjects to 25%). The study suggests that balance exercises with a Bosu balance trainer and exercises with an exercise elastic band seem to be useful for volleyball since we noted improvement in body posture, movement patterns and muscle shortness. We therefore highly recommend this compensatory programme.
- Keywords
- bosu, kompenzační cvičení,
- MeSH
- Kinesiology, Applied MeSH
- Muscle, Skeletal * physiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Longitudinal Studies MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Task Performance and Analysis MeSH
- Posture physiology MeSH
- Postural Balance physiology MeSH
- Rehabilitation * methods MeSH
- Sports Equipment MeSH
- Muscle Stretching Exercises MeSH
- Exercise Movement Techniques MeSH
- Volleyball * physiology MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Female MeSH
Prevalencia funkčných porúch oporného a pohybového systému u školskej populácie sú predpokladom štrukturálnych zmien, ktoré sú v dospelosti mnohokrát aj dôvodom invalidizácie, o čom vypovedajú aj štatistiky zdravotných poisťovní na Slovensku. Preto včasná diagnostika a prevencia u detí a mládeže realizovaná cez cielené pohybové programy s kompenzačným účinkom sú jednou z možností, ako predísť uvedeným skutočnostiam v neskoršom veku. Štúdia prezentuje čiastkový cieľ a úlohy s intenciou vplyvu intervenčného pohybového programu na pohyblivosť chrbtice ako jedného z ukazovateľov funkčného stavu pohybového systému u žiačok štvrtých ročníkov stredných škôl v rámci vyučovacích hodín telesnej a športovej výchovy, s cieľom rozšíriť poznatky z oblasti účinku a významu pohybových programov s kompenzačným zameraním aj v obsahu telesnej a športovej výchovy. Nami zvolený experimentálny súbor tvorili žiačky štvrtého ročníka strednej školy mesta L. Mikuláš. Z hľadiska metód získavania údajov sme použili štandardizované metódy hodnotenia vybraných determinantov pohybového systému opierajúce sa o pedagogickú a medicínsku prax, kde získané kvalitatívne a kvantitatívne údaje hodnotenia dynamickej funkcie chrbtice sme spracovali parametrickým t-testom pre závislé pozorovanie a celkovú svalovú rovnováhu chí-kvadrát testom. Výsledky signifikantne (p<0,01) preukázali vplyv nami zvoleného pohybového programu na sledovaný determinant pohybového systému v súbore žiačok, čím sme potvrdili účinnosť pohybového programu s kompenzačným zameraním na pohyblivosť chrbtice v sagitálnej a laterálnej rovine, ako aj na a celkovú svalovú rovnováhu a možnosti jeho využitia v obsahu vyučovania telesnej a športovej výchovy.
Prevalence of functional disorders of the musculoskeletal apparatus in the school population is a precondition for structural changes and often the cause of invalidity in adulthood in Slovakia. Also statistics of health insurance companies correspond with this fact. Therefore, early diagnosis and prevention in children and youth carried out through exercise programs are one of the options of prevention of these facts in later age. The study presents a partial objective and tasks with the intention of the intervention exercise programme to influence selected determinants of the muscul oskeletal system in female pupils of fourth grades at secondary schools within lessons of physical education, with the possibility to extend the knowledge about the effect and significance of exercise programs as a part of physical education. Our selected test group consisted of female fourth grade pupils at secondary schools in L. Mikuláš. As to methods for obtaining data we used standardized methods of evaluation of selected musculoskeletal apparatus determinants based on pedagogical and medical practice. We processed the obtained qualitative and quantitative data of evaluation of the dynamic function of the spine with the aid of the parametric t-test for dependent observation and the Chi-square test for overall muscle balance. Results significantly (p<0,01) demonstrated the impact of the selected exercise program with selected equipment on the determinants of the muscular system in the tested group of female pupils, whereby we confirmed the effectiveness of the exercise program on spine dynamic function and overall muscle balance, as well as of the possibilities of its inclusion in physical education and sports.
- MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Musculoskeletal System * physiopathology MeSH
- Spine * MeSH
- Motor Activity * MeSH
- Posture * MeSH
- Schools MeSH
- Statistics as Topic * MeSH
- Students MeSH
- Muscle Weakness * MeSH
- Exercise Movement Techniques * methods utilization MeSH
- Physical Education and Training * MeSH
- Exercise Therapy * MeSH
- Treatment Outcome * MeSH
- Research * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Slovakia MeSH
- MeSH
- Lumbar Vertebrae physiology physiopathology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Racquet Sports MeSH
- Range of Motion, Articular MeSH
- Athletic Injuries prevention & control MeSH
- Muscle Stretching Exercises methods MeSH
- Exercise Therapy methods methods MeSH
- Back Muscles physiology physiopathology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
Práca prezentuje čiastkovú úlohu, ktorú sme realizovali v školskom roku 2009/2010 so žiakmi druhého stupňa základnej školy. Výsledky dokumentujú, že pomocou kompenzačných cvičení je možné pozitívne vplývať na rozvoj pohyblivosť chrbtice. Doba trvania experimentálneho činiteľa bola 8 mesiacov, dvakrát týždenne v rámci telesnej a športovej výchovy. Výber cvičení pôsobil ako špecifický činiteľ rozvoja dynamickej funkcie chrbtice. Východiskom pre zostavenie programu boli cvičenia podľa Kábelíkovej – Vávrovej (1997), modifikované pre prax podľa Antošovskej (1997) s dodržaním metodiky cvičení. Vplyv experimentálneho činiteľa mal pozitívny účinok a bol štatisticky významný u dievčat aj u chlapcov. Štatisticky významné na 5 % hladine významnosti boli aj zmeny v čase (medzi vstupnými a výstupnými testami) u chlapcov a dievčat. Celkovo lepšiu pohyblivosť dosiahli dievčatá, ale chlapci zaznamenali väčšie rozdiely priemerov medzi vstupnými a výstupnými testami.
The work presents a partial role, we have made in the 2009/2010 school year with pupils at primary school. The results documented that using compensatory exercise can positively influence the development of spinal mobility. The duration of the experimental agent was 8 months, twice a week in physical and sport education. Selection exercises he was factor for the development of specific dynamic function of the spine. Basis for the program were exercises under Kábelíková - Vávrová (1997), modified for practice under Antošovská (1997) in meeting the training methodology. Effect of experimental factor had a positive effect and was statistically significant for girls and boys. Statistically significant at the 5 % significane level were also changes in time (between input and output tests) for boys and girls. Overall, girls achieve better mobility, but boys reported greater average differences between input and output tests.
- MeSH
- Child * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent * MeSH
- Spinal Diseases prevention & control MeSH
- Spine * MeSH
- Movement * MeSH
- Schools * MeSH
- Sports MeSH
- Statistics as Topic MeSH
- Exercise Movement Techniques MeSH
- Physical Education and Training MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent * MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) are key RNA virus sensors belonging to the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family. The activation of the RLR inflammasome leads to the establishment of antiviral state, mainly through interferon-mediated signaling. The evolutionary dynamics of RLRs has been studied mainly in mammals, where rare cases of RLR gene losses were described. By in silico screening of avian genomes, we previously described two independent disruptions of MDA5 in two bird orders. Here, we extend this analysis to approximately 150 avian genomes and report 16 independent evolutionary events of RIG-I inactivation. Interestingly, in almost all cases, these inactivations are coupled with genetic disruptions of RIPLET/RNF135, an ubiquitin ligase RIG-I regulator. Complete absence of any detectable RIG-I sequences is unique to several galliform species, including the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus). We further aimed to determine compensatory evolution of MDA5 in RIG-I-deficient species. While we were unable to show any specific global pattern of adaptive evolution in RIG-I-deficient species, in galliforms, the analyses of positive selection and surface charge distribution support the hypothesis of some compensatory evolution in MDA5 after RIG-I loss. This work highlights the dynamic nature of evolution in bird RNA virus sensors.
- MeSH
- Antiviral Agents MeSH
- DEAD Box Protein 58 genetics metabolism MeSH
- Immunity, Innate MeSH
- Birds virology MeSH
- RNA Helicases MeSH
- RNA Viruses * physiology MeSH
- RNA * MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Východiska: Tlakové léze představují významné riziko a následně komplikaci pro pacienty, kterým je v rámci léčby přiložena fixace (sádra, sádrové dlahy, krční límce, ortézy).Cíl: Vytvořit přehled odborných informací popisujících tlakové léze vzniklých v důsledku přiložení fixace (sádra, sádrové dlahy, krční límce, ortézy).Metody: Pro tvorbu přehledu bylo zvoleno jednoduché vyhledávání ve dvou licencovaných a elektronických databázích a jednom nakladatelství (EBSCO, PROQUEST, SOLEN). Vyhledávání probíhalo v měsíci lednu a únoru 2019. Zařazovací kritéria splňovalo sedm-náct odborných publikací.Výsledky: Tlakové léze jsou způsobeny zejména vysokým působením tlaku, zevními a vnitřními faktory. Nesprávné a nedostatečné umístění fixace, která intenzivně tlačí na kůži, má za následek nedostatečný arteriální průtok krve. Dochází ke tkáňové perfuzi a následně vzniku tlakové léze. V horším případě může dojít k tvorbě trombu.Závěry: Monitorování kůže patří mezi základní činnosti ošetřovatelského personálu během přijetí a následné péče o pacienta v nemocnici. Vzdělávání ošetřovatelského personálu o správném přikládání kompenzačních pomůcek a péče o kůži, by měla být prioritou.
Background: Pressure lesions represent a significant risk and consequently a compli-cation for patients who receive fixation for treatment (plaster, gypsum splints, cervical collars, orthoses).Aim: To create a review of information describing pressure ulcers due to fixation (plaster, gypsum splints, cervical collars, orthoses).Methods: Simple search in two licensed and electronic databases and one periodical (EBSCO, PROQUEST, SOLEN) was chosen for the review. The search was conducted in January and February 2019. Seventeen professional publications met the inclusion criteria.Results: Pressure ulcers are mainly caused by high pressure, external and internal factors. Incorrect and insufficient placement of the fixation, which presses heavily on the skin, results in insufficient arterial blood flow. There is tissue perfusion followed by creation of pressure ulcer. In the worst case, thrombus formation may occur.Conclusions: Skin monitoring is one of the basic intervention of nursing staff during admission and subsequent care of a patient in a hospital. The education of nursing staff about the correct application of compensatory aids and skin care should be a priority.
Příspěvek prezentuje výsledky šetření, jehož cílem bylo posoudit odolnost rodiny s handicapovaným dítětem v pojetí hardiness. Dílčími cíli šetření pak bylo zjistit rozdíly odolnosti v závislosti na funkčnosti rodiny, složení rodiny, typu handicapu dítěte a zjistit využití kompenzačních mechanismů v zátěžových situacích rodiny. Výzkumný soubor tvořilo 90 rodičů handicapovaných dětí. Dotazníkové šetření bylo realizováno s pomocí standardizovaných hodnotících nástrojů Family hardiness index a Dotazníku Apgarové skóre rodiny. Data byla analyzována statistickým softwarem STATA, verze 10. Pro zjištění vztahů mezi rodinnými charakteristikami a hodnocenými položkami dotazníku byl použit t-test. Srovnání více proměnných bylo provedeno za pomoci analýzy rozptylu – ANOVA. Z výsledků vyplynula střední až vysoká odolnost rodin s handicapovanými dětmi při zvládání zátěže. Šetřením bylo dále zjištěno, že rodiny jsou převážně funkční. Průzkum potvrdil, že rodiny s handicapovaným dítětem využívají kompenzačních mechanismů pro zvládání zátěže. Jde především o komunikaci uvnitř rodiny, plánování v rodině, společné trávení volného času, aktivní a pozitivní přístup k řešení problémů a komunikace s vnějším prostředím. Zásadním krokem pro zvládání zátěže v rodině s handicapovaným dítětem je umožnit rodině, aby žila smyslným a plnohodnotným životem, bez omezení. Nezbytná je spolupráce odborníků a rodiny, tak aby se mezi nimi vytvořila vzájemné důvěra, zejména mezi rodinou, praktickým lékařem pro děti a dorost a dětskou sestrou.
The paper presents results of an investigation, whose aim was to assess the resilience of families with handicapped child based on the concept of Hardiness. The partial objective of the investigation was to determine differences in resilience depending on the functionality of the family, family composition, type of handicap of the child and to determine the use of compensatory mechanisms in stressful situations in a family. The research sample consisted of 90 parents of handicapped children. The survey was carried out using standardized evaluation tools: Family hardiness index, and Questionnaire Apgar score of the family. Data were analyzed using STATA, version 10 statistical software. The t-test was used to determine the relationship between family characteristics and assessed questionnaire items. Comparison of multiple variables was performed by using analysis of variance - ANOVA. The results revealed moderate to high resilience of families with handicapped children. The investigation also revealed that families are predominantly functional. The survey confirmed that families with handicapped child use compensatory mechanisms for coping. It is primarily about communication within the family, family planning, joint leisure time, active and positive approach to problem solving and communication with the external environment. An essential step for coping in a family with a handicapped child is to enable the family to live a sensual and full life, without any restriction. The cooperation of involved professionals and families is essential, so that between them a mutual trust is created, especially between the family, the child’s GP and the youth and child nurse.
- Keywords
- handicap,
- MeSH
- Adaptation, Psychological MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Mothers psychology MeSH
- Children with Disabilities classification psychology education MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires utilization MeSH
- Stress, Psychological psychology MeSH
- Parenting psychology MeSH
- Family MeSH
- Family Relations MeSH
- Social Support MeSH
- Social Adjustment MeSH
- Social Desirability MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
