Dyslipidemie je nejčastější metabolickou poruchou v industrializovaném světě a hlavním rizikovým faktorem pro rozvoj ischemické choroby srdeční (ICHS). V České republice trpí dyslipidemií nejméně 81,0 % mužů a 70,6 % žen, prevalence dyslipidemie roste s věkem. Léčba dyslipidemie je ale jak v primární, tak sekundární prevenci stále nedostatečná a doporučených cílových hodnot LDL-cholesterolu je dosahováno jen u menšiny nemocných. Základní skupinou léků pro léčbu dyslipidemie jsou statiny, které je nutné užívat každodenně. Přerušení nebo ukončení léčby statiny je v klinické praxi časté. Ideální hypolipidemikum je účinné, s minimem vedlejších účinků a dlouhým dávkovacím intervalem. Inklisiran je modifikovaný oligonukleotid fungující na principu RNA-interference. Inhibuje translaci mRNA pro PCSK9, což vede k dlouhodobému poklesu hladiny LDL-cholesterolu. Efekt jediné podané dávky trvá až dva roky. Při podávání jedenkrát za šest měsíců vede terapie tímto lékem k poklesu hladiny LDL-cholesterolu o 50–55 %, u vybraných pacientů potom až o 65 %. Terapie inklisiranem není spojena se změnou počtu krevních destiček, lymfocytů, monocytů nebo neutrofilů, nevede ke změnám hladin prozánětlivých cytokinů a není spojena s indukcí tvorby protilátek proti tomuto léku. Nežádoucí reakce v místě vpichu tak zůstávají jediným relevantním vedlejším účinkem této léčby. Těmito vlastnostmi tak inklisiran splňuje nároky na ideální hypolipidemikum a získává potenciál stát se široce používaným lékem, který od základu změní přístup k léčbě dyslipidemie a povede k dalšímu snížení incidence ICHS.

Dyslipidemia is the most common metabolic disorder in the industrialized world and a major risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). In the Czech Republic, at least 81.0% of men and 70.6% of women suffer from dyslipidemia, and the prevalence of dyslipidemia increases with age. However, the treatment of dyslipidaemia is still insufficient in both primary and secondary prevention and the recom- mended LDL-cholesterol target values are achieved in only a minority of patients. Statins are the main group of drugs used to treat dyslipidaemia and must be taken daily. Discontinuation or cessation of statin therapy is common in clinical practice. The ideal hypolipidemic is effective, with minimal side effects and a long dosing interval. Inclisiran is a modified oligonucleotide employing RNA interference. It inhibits the translation of mRNA for PCSK9 and thus leads to a long-term decrease in LDL- -cholesterol levels. The effect of a single dose lasts up to two years. When administered once every six months, treatment with this drug leads to a 50–55 % reduction in LDL-cholesterol, and up to 65 % in selected patients. Inclisiran therapy is not associated with changes in platelet, lymphocyte, monocyte or neutrophil counts, does not lead to changes in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and is not associated with the induction of anti-drug antibodies. Adverse reactions at the injection site thus remain the only relevant side-effect of this treatment. With these properties, inclisiran meets the requirements of an ideal hypolipidemic drug. Therefore, it has the potential to become widely used and change fundamentally our approach to dyslipidemia treatment. Consequently, a major further reduction in CAD incidence can be expected. Key words inclisiran, dyslipidemia, LDL-

• Klíčová slova
• inclisiran,
• MeSH
• dyslipidemie * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci farmakoterapie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma MeSH
• LDL-cholesterol analýza   účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• malá interferující RNA * analýza   aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• PCSK9 inhibitory aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• RNA interference fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Inhibitory control plays a role in the behavior selection and detection of conflicts. Defects in inhibitory control are an integral part of many neuropsychiatric disorders and the possibilities of influencing it are the subject of active study. Studies have shown and confirmed the activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the Stroop task and other tests involving response inhibition. Non-invasive brain stimulation is an emerging and actively developing group of methods used in cognitive research. In the present study, we used non-invasive, painless, and delicate transcranial direct stimulation (tDCS) for the study of inhibitory control, and to explore the effect of impulsivity on response inhibition ability in young healthy participants. We conducted a cross-over study with cross-hemispheric application of 2 mA tDCS with electrodes placed on the right - cathode, and left - anode - DLPFC. Participants performed a classic Stroop test before and after stimulation. Impulsivity was measured via the personal impulsiveness questionnaire. There was no significant difference in interference score alteration between active and sham stimulations, anodal and sham tDCS both induced slight improvement in Stroop test results. Individual impulsivity in healthy participants showed no influence on their results. Our study adds to the picture and helps to deepen knowledge about the impact of different stimulation parameters on cognitive functions.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• klinické křížové studie MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prefrontální mozková kůra MeSH
• přímá transkraniální stimulace mozku * MeSH
• zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Increased frontal midline theta activity generated by the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is induced by conflict processing in the medial frontal cortex (MFC). There is evidence that theta band transcranial alternating current stimulation (θ-tACS) modulates ACC function and alters inhibitory control performance during neuromodulation. Multi-electric (256 electrodes) high definition θ-tACS (HD θ-tACS) using computational modeling based on individual MRI allows precise neuromodulation targeting of the ACC via the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and optimizes the required current density with a minimum impact on the rest of the brain. We therefore tested whether the individualized electrode montage of HD θ-tACS with the current flow targeted to the mPFC-ACC compared with a fixed montage (non-individualized) induces a higher post-modulatory effect on inhibitory control. Twenty healthy subjects were randomly assigned to a sequence of three HD θ-tACS conditions (individualized mPFC-ACC targeting; non-individualized MFC targeting; and a sham) in a double-blind cross-over study. Changes in the Visual Simon Task, Stop Signal Task, CPT III, and Stroop test were assessed before and after each session. Compared with non-individualized θ-tACS, the individualized HD θ-tACS significantly increased the number of interference words and the interference score in the Stroop test. The changes in the non-verbal cognitive tests did not induce a parallel effect. This is the first study to examine the influence of individualized HD θ-tACS targeted to the ACC on inhibitory control performance. The proposed algorithm represents a well-tolerated method that helps to improve the specificity of neuromodulation targeting of the ACC.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Introduction: Deficits in neurocognitive mechanisms such as inhibition control and cognitive flexibility have been suggested to mediate the symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). These mechanisms are proposedly controlled by the "affective" and "executive" orbitofronto-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits with well-documented morphological and functional alterations in OCD that are associated with OCD symptoms. The precuneus region has been suggested in OCD as another key structure associated with the mechanism of "thought-action fusion." Our study aimed to elucidate the association of the altered functional coupling of the CSTC nodes (and precuneus), the OCD symptoms, and interference control/cognitive flexibility. Methods: In a group of 36 (17 medicated and 19 drug-free) OCD patients and matched healthy volunteers, we tested functional connectivity (FC) within the constituents of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex "executive" CSTC, the orbitofrontal cortex/anterior cingulate "affective" CSTC, and precuneus. The functional connections showing the strongest effects were subsequently entered as explanatory variables to multiple regression analyses to identify possible associations between observed alterations of functional coupling and cognitive (Stroop test) and clinical measures (obsessions, compulsions, and anxiety level). Results: We observed increased FC (FWE p < 0.05 corr.) between CSTC seeds and regions of the parieto-occipital cortex, and between the precuneus and the angular gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Decreased FC was observed within the CSTC loop (caudate nucleus and thalamus) and between the anterior cingulate cortex and the limbic lobe. Linear regression identified a relationship between the altered functional coupling of thalamus with the right somatomotor parietal cortex and the Stroop color-word score. Similar association of thalamus FC has been identified also for obsessions severity. No association was observed for compulsions and anxiety. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate altered FC in OCD patients with a prevailing increase in FC originating in CSTC regions toward other cortical areas, and a decrease in FC within the constituents of CSTC loops. Moreover, our results support the role of precuneus in OCD. The association of the cognitive and clinical symptoms with the FC between the thalamus and somatomotor cortex indicates that cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control are strongly linked and both mechanisms might contribute to the symptomatology of OCD.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Fifty-five strains of enterococci isolated from the piglet intestine were characterized in vitro for probiotic activity. Identification of the isolates revealed Enterococcus faecium as the predominant species (84 %). Forty strains (73 %) were found to produce bacteriocin-like substances (only into solid media) with activity almost only toward Gram-positive genera. Thirty-eight % of strains were resistant to tetracycline, 27 % to chloramphenicol, 18 % to erythromycin and 16 % to vancomycin. In addition to control of strain safety, 6 % of isolates were beta-hemolytic and 16 % produced gelatinase. Seven strains selected for further probiotic assays exhibited sufficient survival rate at pH 3.0 after 3 h, in the presence of 1 % ox-bile and lysozyme after 1 d (over 107 CFU/mL in all tests). The adhesion of tested strains to porcine and human intestinal mucus was found in a similar range (1.4-14.0 % and 1.4-17.6 %, respectively). In accordance with current research effort to use and/or to combine various health promoting substances, the sensitivity of all isolates toward plant extracts and toward bacteriocins produced by animal and environmental strains was determined. All enterococci were sensitive toward oregano and sage extracts and toward one (E. faecium EF55--chicken isolate, activity of 25 600 AU/mL) of ten bacteriocin substances. It means that a similar anti-enterococcal potential of some bacteriocin substances may be observed as for certain plant extracts.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• antibióza MeSH
• bakteriální adheze MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• bakteriociny biosyntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• dobromysl (rod) chemie   MeSH
• Enterococcus MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• gastrointestinální trakt mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kyseliny toxicita   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mikrobiální viabilita MeSH
• muciny metabolismus   MeSH
• muramidasa MeSH
• prasata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• probiotika farmakologie   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty farmakologie   MeSH
• žlučové kyseliny a soli toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH

BACKGROUND: An emerging metabolic theory of pulmonary hypertension (PH) suggests that cellular and mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction underlies the pathology of this disease. We and others have previously demonstrated the existence of hyperproliferative, apoptosis-resistant, proinflammatory adventitial fibroblasts from human and bovine hypertensive pulmonary arterial walls (PH-Fibs) that exhibit constitutive reprogramming of glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism, accompanied by an increased ratio of glucose catabolism through glycolysis versus the tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, the mechanisms responsible for these metabolic alterations in PH-Fibs remain unknown. We hypothesized that in PH-Fibs microRNA-124 (miR-124) regulates PTBP1 (polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1) expression to control alternative splicing of pyruvate kinase muscle (PKM) isoforms 1 and 2, resulting in an increased PKM2/PKM1 ratio, which promotes glycolysis and proliferation even in aerobic environments. METHODS: Pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts were isolated from calves and humans with severe PH (PH-Fibs) and from normal subjects. PTBP1 gene knockdown was achieved via PTBP1-siRNA; restoration of miR-124 was performed with miR-124 mimic. TEPP-46 and shikonin were used to manipulate PKM2 glycolytic function. Histone deacetylase inhibitors were used to treat cells. Metabolic products were determined by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analyses, and mitochondrial function was analyzed by confocal microscopy and spectrofluorometry. RESULTS: We detected an increased PKM2/PKM1 ratio in PH-Fibs compared with normal subjects. PKM2 inhibition reversed the glycolytic status of PH-Fibs, decreased their cell proliferation, and attenuated macrophage interleukin-1β expression. Furthermore, normalizing the PKM2/PKM1 ratio in PH-Fibs by miR-124 overexpression or PTBP1 knockdown reversed the glycolytic phenotype (decreased the production of glycolytic intermediates and byproducts, ie, lactate), rescued mitochondrial reprogramming, and decreased cell proliferation. Pharmacological manipulation of PKM2 activity with TEPP-46 and shikonin or treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors produced similar results. CONCLUSIONS: In PH, miR-124, through the alternative splicing factor PTBP1, regulates the PKM2/PKM1 ratio, the overall metabolic, proliferative, and inflammatory state of cells. This PH phenotype can be rescued with interventions at various levels of the metabolic cascade. These findings suggest a more integrated view of vascular cell metabolism, which may open unique therapeutic prospects in targeting the dynamic glycolytic and mitochondrial interactions and between mesenchymal inflammatory cells in PH.

• MeSH
• alternativní sestřih MeSH
• antagomiry metabolismus   MeSH
• cévní endotel cytologie   MeSH
• fibroblasty cytologie   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• glykolýza MeSH
• heterogenní jaderné ribonukleoproteiny antagonisté a inhibitory   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• inhibitory histondeacetylas farmakologie   MeSH
• interleukin-1beta metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makrofágy cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• mikro RNA antagonisté a inhibitory   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• naftochinony farmakologie   MeSH
• plicní hypertenze metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• proliferace buněk MeSH
• protein - isoformy antagonisté a inhibitory   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• protein vázající polypyrimidinové úseky RNA antagonisté a inhibitory   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• pyruvátkinasa antagonisté a inhibitory   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA interference MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Inhibition of apoptosis by the ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has been proposed to play a role in their tumor promoting effects on liver parenchymal cells. However, little is presently known about the impact of toxic AhR ligands, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on apoptosis in other liver cell types, such as in liver epithelial/progenitor cells. In the present study, we focused on the effects of TCDD on apoptosis regulation in a model of liver progenitor cells, rat WB-F344 cell line, during the TCDD-elicited release from contact inhibition. The stimulation of cell proliferation in this cell line was associated with deregulated expression of a number of genes known to be under transcriptional control of the Hippo signaling pathway, a principal regulatory pathway involved in contact inhibition of cell proliferation. Interestingly, we found that mRNA and protein levels of survivin, a known Hippo target, which plays a role both in cell division and inhibition of apoptosis, were significantly up-regulated in rat liver epithelial cell model, as well as in undifferentiated human liver HepaRG cells. Using the short interfering RNA-mediated knockdown, we confirmed that survivin plays a central role in cell division of WB-F344 cells. When evaluating the effects of TCDD on apoptosis induction by camptothecin, a genotoxic topoisomerase I inhibitor, we observed that the pre-treatment of WB-F344 cells with TCDD increased number of cells with apoptotic nuclear morphology, and it potentiated cleavage of both caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase I. This indicated that despite the observed up-regulation of survivin, apoptosis induced by the genotoxin was potentiated in the model of rat liver progenitor cells. The present results indicate that, unlike in hepatocytes, AhR agonists may not prevent induction of apoptosis elicited by DNA-damaging agents in a model of rat liver progenitor cells.

• MeSH
• apoptóza účinky léků   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• epitelové buňky účinky léků   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• genetická transkripce účinky léků   MeSH
• inhibitory apoptózy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• inhibitory topoisomerasy I toxicita   MeSH
• játra účinky léků   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• kamptothecin toxicita   MeSH
• kaspasa 3 metabolismus   MeSH
• kontaktní inhibice účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poly(ADP-ribosa)polymerasy metabolismus   MeSH
• polychlorované dibenzodioxiny toxicita   MeSH
• potkani inbrední F344 MeSH
• proteiny asociované s mikrotubuly genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory aromatických uhlovodíků agonisté   metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA interference MeSH
• signální transdukce účinky léků   MeSH
• transfekce MeSH
• transkripční faktory bHLH agonisté   metabolismus   MeSH
• upregulace MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Hereditární angioedém je vrozené onemocnění charakterizované opakujícími se atakami bolestivých, nesvědivých otoků v dermis a v submukóze, významně snižující kvalitu života. Onemocnění nejčastěji vzniká v důsledku nedostatku C1 inhibitoru či jeho funkčního defektu. Léčbu lze rozdělit na léčbu akutních atak a na profylaxi: krátkodobou (před invazivním výkonem) či dlouhodobou (s cílem dosažení plné kontroly onemocnění a normalizace kvality života nemocných). V posledním desetiletí došlo k významnému rozšíření spektra terapeutických možností, zejména dlouhodobé profylaxe. Prakticky rovnocenně lze v klinické praxi použít Lanadelumab, koncentrát C1 inhibitoru určený s podkožnímu podání, či perorální malou molekulu berotralstat, a tím předcházet vzniku akutních atak. V letošním roce byla dále registrována monoklonální protilátka proti faktoru XII. Ve fázi preklinických a klinických zkoušení se nacházejí další slibné možnosti: cílené malé molekuly (podání profylaktické i on demand), monoklonální protilátky, Léčba na bázi RNA interference, genová terapie a editace.

Hereditary angioedema is an inherited disease characterized by recurrent attacks of painful, non-itchy swelling in the dermis and submucosa, significantly reducing the quality of life. The disease is predominantly caused by a deficiency of C1 inhibitor or its functional defect. Treatment can be divided into treatment of acute attacks and prophylaxis: short-term (before invasive procedures) or long-term (with the aim of achieving full control of the disease and normalizing patients’ quality of life). In the last decade, the spectrum of therapeutic options has significantly expanded, especially long-term prophylaxis. Lanadelumab, a concentrate of serum C1 inhibitor for subcutaneous administration, or orally used the small molecule berotralstat can be used almost equally in clinical practice preventing acute attacks. This year, a monoclonal antibody against factor XII was also registered. Other promising approaches have been in the preclinical and clinical testing phase: targeted small molecules (prophylactic and on demand), monoclonal antibodies, RNA-based therapeutics, gene therapy and editing.

• Klíčová slova
• garadacimab, lanadelumab, profylaktická léčba,
• MeSH
• genetická terapie MeSH
• hereditární angioedémy * farmakoterapie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• humanizované monoklonální protilátky farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• biologie buňky MeSH
• molekulární biologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika
• NLK Obory
• biologie
• cytologie, klinická cytologie

Antitumorigenic effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are well established in several types of cancer disease. However, the mechanisms driving these processes are not understood in all details. In our study, we observed significant differences in sensitivity of cancer epithelial cell lines to COX-independent antiproliferative effects of NSAIDs. The prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, lacking both critical enzymes in the negative control of PKB/Akt activation, PTEN and SHIP2, was the most sensitive to these effects, as assessed by analysing the cell cycle profile and expression of cell cycle regulating proteins. We found that p53 protein and its signalling pathway is not involved in early antiproliferative action of the selected NSAID-indomethacin. RNAi provided evidence for the involvement of p21(Cip1/Waf1), but not GDF-15, in antiproliferative effects of indomethacin in LNCaP cells. Interestingly, we also found that indomethacin activated PKB/Akt and induced nuclear localisation of p21(Cip1/Waf1) and Akt2 isoform. Our results are in agreement with other studies and suggest that maintaining of the p21(Cip1/Waf1) level and its intracellular localisation might be influenced by Akt2. Knock-down of SHIP2 by RNAi in PTEN negative prostate and colon cancer cell lines resulted in higher sensitivity to antiproliferative effects of indomethacin. Our data suggest novel mechanisms of NSAIDs antiproliferative action in cancer epithelial cells, which depends on the status of negative regulation of the PKB/Akt pathway and the isoform-specific action of Akt2. Thus, unexpectedly, multiple defects in negative regulation of the PKB/Akt pathway may contribute to increased sensitivity to chemopreventive effects of these widely used drugs.

• MeSH
• antiflogistika nesteroidní farmakologie   MeSH
• buněčný cyklus fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• enzymová indukce MeSH
• epitelové buňky patologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• exprese genu účinky léků   MeSH
• extracelulárním signálem regulované MAP kinasy metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfatidylinositol-3-kinasy MeSH
• indomethacin farmakologie   MeSH
• inhibitor p21 cyklin-dependentní kinasy biosyntéza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádorový supresorový protein p53 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory prostaty patologie   MeSH
• proteiny buněčného cyklu metabolismus   MeSH
• protinádorové látky farmakologie   MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-akt metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA interference MeSH
• růstový diferenciační faktor 15 biosyntéza   MeSH
• signální transdukce fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH