Introduction Mental training plays an important role in the comprehensive training for sport performance. Mental training aims to improve the foundation for cognitive regulation of complex movement performance. When mental representation of a sport skill is improved with the aid of systematic techniques, performance is enhanced considerably. It could be determined in different studies that mental training leads to the same changes of the motor representation like the physical training. Aims The computer aided tool “Gymnastic-Mental” should be tested during training practice to make the accomplishment of the mental training more effective and to improve the motor performances. As a result of the examinations, we looked for a training means which can be used in rhythmic gymnastics to optimize the training technique. Methodology In the “Gymnastic-Mental”-programme are selected model examples of sport-specific body techniques and combination techniques as figures. This system can influence the internal movement representations over the visual and acoustic analyzer. The pictures of the technique are to be arranging in the correct order for the movement. Indicators for quantifying the effects of practising and of cognitive learning gain are defined using the “error rate” as a measurement for accuracy of action; “cognitive time consumption” as a measurement for time taken to make decisions and hence availability of representation pattern and “motor time consumption” as a measurement for time taken to complete an action. A group of 8 top level gymnasts were tested. The cognitive and motor components were concurrently examined in preand post-tests. Mental Training was carried out on a daily basis over a one week period. Results A significant learning profit could be proved: After practice, 95% of the pictures were assigned correctly during post-test conditions. The adjournment period with reference to the selection of the pictures decreased on average about 80.6%. The difference with respect to “motor time” is also of statistical importance. Summary After one-week-period of mental training exercise, it can be assumed that the programme supports mental learning (basic structure of the movement) and allows the control of movement association. So mistakes that exist for the reason of a wrong movement association can be assessed and removed. Conclusion The use of the “Gymnastic-Mental”-programme was successful. Although all athletes have an exact movement idea, it becomes clear that the motor implementation still shows considerable deficienies. Therefore, a quantitative evaluation of the biomecanical parameters must take place.

• MeSH
• duševní procesy MeSH
• gymnastika MeSH
• kognitivní věda MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motorické dovednosti MeSH
• techniky cvičení a pohybu výchova   MeSH
• učení MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Představa pohybu může být vhodný doplněk běžné fyzioterapie u pacientů po cévní mozkové příhodě (CMP), jelikož vede ke zlepšení vykonání pohybu skrz facilitaci motorického učení. Před implementací představy pohybu do terapie je nicméně žádoucí ozřejmit, zda daný pacient má kapacitu na tento typ tréninku. Schopnost představy pohybu je u pacientů po CMP testována mimo jiné prostřednictvím dotazníku Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised Second Version (MIQ-RS). Cílem předložené práce je vytvořit českou verzi dotazníku MIQ-RS pro pacienty po CMP a ověřit jeho reliabilitu a validitu. Spolehlivost MIQ-RS pro pacienty po CMP byla z hlediska vnitřní konzistence velmi dobrá (Cronbachovo alfa 0,91–0,94) a z hlediska test-retest opakovatelnosti akceptovatelná (vnitrotřídní koeficient korelace (ICC) 0,59–0,91). Dále byla potvrzena i dvoufaktorová struktura dotazníku obsahující vizuální a kinestetickou škálu. Česká verze dotazníku MIQ-RS je spolehlivým a platným indikátorem schopnosti představy pohybu u pacientů v subakutním stadiu po CMP, a proto je vhodná pro použití v klinické praxi.

Motor imagery may be a useful adjunct to conventional physiotherapy in stroke survivors as it leads to improved movement execution through facilitation of motor learning. However, before implementing motor imagery in therapy, it is desirable to clarify whether the patient has the capacity for this type of training. Motor imagery capacity in stroke survivors is tested, among others, by the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised Second Version (MIQ-RS). The aim of the present study is to develop the Czech MIQ-RS for stroke survivors and to verify its reliability and validity. The reliability of the MIQ-RS for stroke survivors was very good in terms of internal consistency (Cronbach‘s alpha 0.91–0.94) and acceptable in terms of test-retest repeatability (interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.59–0.91). Furthermore, the two-factor structure of the questionnaire containing visual and kinesthetic scales was confirmed. The Czech MIQ-RS is a reliable and valid indicator of the ability to imagine movement in subacute stroke survivors and is therefore suitable for use in clinical practice.

• Klíčová slova
• představa pohybu, validace,
• MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• představa o vlastním těle MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rehabilitace po cévní mozkové příhodě * metody   MeSH
• vnímání pohybu MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• vnitřní lékařství
• patologie

Úvod: V této práci popisujeme naše zkušenosti s hlubokou mozkovou stimulací (DBS). Metoda a soubor: V rozmezí let 1998 až 2009 jsme provedli DBS u 100 nemocných (Ž : M = 37 : 63; medián 56 let: 12 až 73 let). Z toho 14 trpělo esenciálním tremorem (ET), dva jiným třesem (T), 73 Parkinsonovou nemocí (PN), 10 generalizovanou dystonií různého původu (GD) a jeden cervikální (CD) dystonií. Cílem implantace bylo ventrální intermediální jádro talamu (VIM) pro ET, T a PN, nc. subthalamicus (STN) pro PN a vnitřní pallidum (GPi) pro GD, CD, PN. Intracerebrální elektrody byly implantovány do 187 jader . Hodnotili jsme intraoperační stimulační parametry, klinickou odpověď na stimulaci a parametry určující přesnost implantace. Výsledky: Medián nejnižší účinné stimulace byl 1 V (0,3-2,5 V). Terapeutický interval byl 0-5 V (medián 2,5 V). Tremor byl odstraněn během implantace do jednotlivých jader VIM v 92,9 %, rigidita a akineze při implantaci do STN v 94,7; resp. v 18,9 %. Vypočítaný cíl byl použit pro konečnou implantaci elektrody v 56,7 % případů. Implantovaná elektroda procházela STN jádrem v rozmezí 3,5-7,5 mm (medián 5 mm). Rozdíl souřadnic mezi předpokládanou a skutečnou pozicí elektrody dle pooperačního RTG byl: ?X= 0,5 (0-1,5), ?Y=0,7 (0-1,7),?Z = 0,5 (0-1,7). Nejčastější vedlejší příznaky stimulace byly u VIM parestezie v 38 % a u STN dysartrie v 28,3 % případech. Intraoperační klinické, technické a hardwarové komplikace se objevily u 21 % nemocných. Závěr: Intraoperační výsledky prokázaly přesné zacílení a dobrou techniku implantace s minimální morbiditou.

Introduction: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the method of choice in the treatment of various movement disorders. Methods: Between 1998 and 2009, we performed DBS in 100 patients (F : M = 37 : 63; median 56 yrs /12-73 yrs/). Fourteen patients suffered from essential tremor (ET), 2 from tremor of other aetiology (T), 73 from Parkinson's disease (PD), 10 from generalized (GD) and 1 from cervical (CD ) dystonia. Implantation was targeted in the ventral intermedial thalamus (VIM) for ET, T and PD, subthalamic nucelus (STN) for PD and internal pallidum (GPi) for GD, CD and PD. Intracerebral electrodes were totally implanted into 187 nuclei. We evaluated stimulation parameters, while clinical response and parameters determined the accuracy of implantation. Results: The lowest effective amplitude of stimulation ranged from 0.3 to 2.5 V (median 1 V). The therapeutic interval ranged from 0 to 5 V (median 2.5 V). Tremor was eliminated in 92.9% of cases, rigidity in 94.7% and akinesia in 18.9%. The central trajectory was used for final electrode implantation in 56.7% of procedures. In STN the trajectory passed through the nucleus in the range of 3.5-7.5 mm (median 5 mm). The difference of coordinates between expected and real position of electrodes was: ?X= 0.5 (0-1.5), ?Y=0.7 (0-1.7), ?Z=0.5 (0-1.7). The most frequent side effects were paraesthesias (VIM 38%) and dysarthria (STN 28.3%). Overall morbidity occurred in 21% of patients. Conclusion: The results showed accurate targeting and optimal implantation technique with minimal morbidity.

• Klíčová slova
• intraoperační výsledky, přesnost implantace, intraoperační komplikace,
• MeSH
• dystonické poruchy terapie   MeSH
• dystonie MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace metody   přístrojové vybavení   využití   MeSH
• implantované elektrody využití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezioborová komunikace MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc terapie   MeSH
• peroperační komplikace MeSH
• pohybové poruchy diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• pooperační péče MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• stereotaktické techniky využití   MeSH
• tremor terapie   MeSH
• výsledky a postupy - zhodnocení (zdravotní péče) MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

BACKGROUND: Little information is available on the official postgraduate and subspecialty training programs in movement disorders (MD) in Europe and North Africa. OBJECTIVE: To survey the accessible MD clinical training in these regions. METHODS: We designed a survey on clinical training in MD in different medical fields, at postgraduate and specialized levels. We assessed the characteristics of the participants and the facilities for MD care in their respective countries. We examined whether there are structured, or even accredited postgraduate, or subspecialty MD training programs in neurology, neurosurgery, internal medicine, geriatrics, neuroradiology, neuropediatrics, and general practice. Participants also shared their suggestions and needs. RESULTS: The survey was completed in 31/49 countries. Structured postgraduate MD programs in neurology exist in 20 countries; structured neurology subspecialty training exists in 14 countries and is being developed in two additional countries. Certified neurology subspecialty training was reported to exist in 7 countries. Recommended reading lists, printed books, and other materials are the most popular educational tools, while courses, lectures, webinars, and case presentations are the most popular learning formats. Mandatory activities and skills to be certified were not defined in 15/31 countries. Most participants expressed their need for a mandatory postgraduate MD program and for certified MD sub-specialization programs in neurology. CONCLUSION: Certified postgraduate and subspecialty training exists only in a minority of European countries and was not found in the surveyed Egypt and Tunisia. MD training should be improved in many countries.

• MeSH
• akreditace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kurikulum statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurologie výchova   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• pohybové poruchy * MeSH
• průzkumy zdravotní péče statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• studium lékařství specializační postgraduální statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Egypt MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Tunisko MeSH

Non-union in forearm fractures is an uncommon but complex problem. This is especially given the unique anatomical structure and function of the forearm, making treatment distinctly different to that of other long bone fractures. Anatomical restoration of length, alignment, rotation and the radial bow maintains the optimal stabilising effects of the forearm muscles and interosseous membrane, as well as maximising the range of movement, particularly pronation and supination. Contemporary plate osteosynthesis using variations of the dynamic compression plate (DCP) developed by the AO group combined with established techniques of internal fixation have revolutionised the treatment of diaphyseal forearm fractures. Non-union rates have been minimised to below 5% and good to excellent functional outcomes are achieved. Non-union of the forearm is also intimately associated with a significant pain experience, marked pre-operative functional disability and physical and psychosocial morbidity. This review examines the literature and presents a guide to management as well as the current controversies and future directions related to this challenging problem.

• MeSH
• fraktury ulny diagnóza   chirurgie   MeSH
• fraktury vřetenní kosti diagnóza   chirurgie   MeSH
• interní fixátory MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nezhojené fraktury diagnóza   patofyziologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• pooperační komplikace prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• předloktí * patofyziologie   radiografie   MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
• vnitřní fixace fraktury * škodlivé účinky   přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lung tumor motion during respiration and to describe factors affecting the range and variability of motion in patients treated with stereotactic ablative radiation therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Log file analysis from online respiratory tumor tracking was performed in 145 patients. Geometric tumor location in the lungs, tumor volume and origin (primary or metastatic), sex, and tumor motion amplitudes in the superior-inferior (SI), latero-lateral (LL), and anterior-posterior (AP) directions were recorded. Tumor motion variability during treatment was described using intrafraction/interfraction amplitude variability and tumor motion baseline changes. Tumor movement dependent on the tumor volume, position and origin, and sex were evaluated using statistical regression and correlation analysis. RESULTS: After analysis of >500 hours of data, the highest rates of motion amplitudes, intrafraction/interfraction variation, and tumor baseline changes were in the SI direction (6.0 ± 2.2 mm, 2.2 ± 1.8 mm, 1.1 ± 0.9 mm, and -0.1 ± 2.6 mm). The mean motion amplitudes in the lower/upper geometric halves of the lungs were significantly different (P<.001). Motion amplitudes >15 mm were observed only in the lower geometric quarter of the lungs. Higher tumor motion amplitudes generated higher intrafraction variations (R=.86, P<.001). Interfraction variations and baseline changes >3 mm indicated tumors contacting mediastinal structures or parietal pleura. On univariate analysis, neither sex nor tumor origin (primary vs metastatic) was an independent predictive factor of different movement patterns. Metastatic lesions in women, but not men, showed significantly higher mean amplitudes (P=.03) and variability (primary, 2.7 mm; metastatic, 4.9 mm; P=.002) than primary tumors. CONCLUSION: Online tracking showed significant irregularities in lung tumor movement during respiration. Motion amplitude was significantly lower in upper lobe tumors; higher interfraction amplitude variability indicated tumors in contact with mediastinal structures, although adhesion to parietal pleura did not necessarily reduce tumor motion amplitudes. The most variable lung tumors were metastatic lesions in women.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• čtyřrozměrná počítačová tomografie MeSH
• dýchání * MeSH
• frakcionace dávky záření MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory plic diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   radioterapie   sekundární   MeSH
• pohyb těles MeSH
• pohyb * MeSH
• radiochirurgie * MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• tumor burden MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Motility is a characteristic function of the male gamete, which allows spermatozoa to actively reach and penetrate the female gamete in organisms with internal and external fertilization. Sperm motility is acquired under the control of many extrinsic and intrinsic factors and is based on a specialized structure of the sperm flagellum called "axoneme". An overview of how the sperm flagellum is organized, and it operates to support cell motility is presented, with special focus on the molecular mechanisms and factors involved in the development, maintenance and control of motility. Data obtained in aquatic organisms with external fertilization, such as sea urchins, ascidians or fishes are critically analyzed because they constitute model species on which most of the present day understanding of sperm motility function is based. In most animal species, sperm motility is dependent on a long appendage called flagellum. Flagella are essential organelles found in most eukaryotic cells; their basic structure is the axoneme, which consists of a scaffold of microtubules and is responsible for movement in an autonomous manner if ATP-energy is present. Flagellar beat propels the cell through the medium which surrounds sperm cells and is responsible of the translational drive of spermatozoa. The present paper includes: (1) an introduction to typical sperm morphology and ultrastructure in most aquatic species, (2) the motility apparatus or axoneme of the spermatozoa: the axoneme, (3) the structural and biochemical composition of the axoneme, (4) the axonemal motor or dynein, and its operation, (5) the regulation of motility at axoneme and cell membrane levels, including several effectors such as Ca2+ ions, (6) biophysical features of the wave propagation mechanism in motile spermatozoa, (7) the energy production and consumption, and (8) the building of a flagellum. Flagellar beating in aquatic animals is illustrated using several examples in figures and video-clips. These types of data are also used for computer simulation of various aspects of the modulation of sperm motility of marine animals.

• MeSH
• bezobratlí fyziologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• flagella fyziologie   MeSH
• motilita spermií fyziologie   MeSH
• obratlovci fyziologie   MeSH
• spermie fyziologie   MeSH
• vodní organismy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• vnitřní lékařství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• učebnice MeSH

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NLK Obory
• vnitřní lékařství
• NLK Publikační typ
• kolektivní monografie

The oculomotor role of the basal ganglia has been supported by extensive evidence, although their role in scanning eye movements is poorly understood. Nineteen Parkinsońs disease patients, which underwent implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes, were investigated with simultaneous intraoperative microelectrode recordings and single channel electrooculography in a scanning eye movement task by viewing a series of colored pictures selected from the International Affective Picture System. Four patients additionally underwent a visually guided saccade task. Microelectrode recordings were analyzed selectively from the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars reticulata and from the globus pallidus by the WaveClus program which allowed for detection and sorting of individual neurons. The relationship between neuronal firing rate and eye movements was studied by crosscorrelation analysis. Out of 183 neurons that were detected, 130 were found in the subthalamic nucleus, 30 in the substantia nigra and 23 in the globus pallidus. Twenty percent of the neurons in each of these structures showed eye movement-related activity. Neurons related to scanning eye movements were mostly unrelated to the visually guided saccades. We conclude that a relatively large number of basal ganglia neurons are involved in eye motion control. Surprisingly, neurons related to scanning eye movements differed from neurons activated during saccades suggesting functional specialization and segregation of both systems for eye movement control.

• MeSH
• antiparkinsonika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• bazální ganglia účinky léků   patofyziologie   MeSH
• čtení MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• globus pallidus účinky léků   patofyziologie   MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace MeSH
• implantované elektrody MeSH
• levodopa terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• mikroelektrody MeSH
• neurony patologie   MeSH
• nucleus subthalamicus účinky léků   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• pohyby očí * MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• substantia nigra účinky léků   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH