OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine trend in polyphenol consumption in the Czech Republic during the last three decades. Additionally, it provides a brief overview of the beneficial effects of polyphenols in several body systems. METHODS: Data from the Phenol-Explorer 3.6, a specialized database of polyphenolic substances, were assigned to the resources of the Czech Statistical Office on the consumption of food and beverages in the Czech Republic for the years 1989-2022. The average daily intake of polyphenols was determined by multiplying the average annual consumption of each type of food by the polyphenol content obtained from the database; results were given in milligrams of polyphenols per inhabitant and day. Since the food items in the data sources are not identical, it was necessary to create an extensive model of food categories. RESULTS: The current value of polyphenol intake is 1,673 mg per day per inhabitant; however, this level most likely reflects methodological underestimation. The favourable increase in dietary polyphenol intake in the Czech population - doubling, to be precise - which we observed from 1989 to 2007, has been replaced by the opposite trend in the last 15 years. The current intake of polyphenols corresponds to the level that was already achieved in 2004. Hydroxycinnamic acids (from the group of phenolic acids) are the most prevalent dietary polyphenols, followed by flavanols (from the group of flavonoids). The most frequent source of polyphenols in the Czech population are non-alcoholic beverages such as coffee, tea and juices, followed by fruits, cereals, and vegetables, respectively. CONCLUSION: Current trend of dietary polyphenol intake in the Czech population is slightly decreasing. This tendency, lasting since 2008, is indisputably negative. Plant polyphenols offer opportunities for inexpensive interventions in health promotion.

• MeSH
• dieta statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polyfenoly * aplikace a dávkování   analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The ultraviolet (UV) part of solar radiation can permanently affect skin tissue. UVA photons represent the most abundant UV component and stimulate the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative damage to various biomolecules. Several plant-derived polyphenols are known as effective photoprotective agents. This study evaluated the potential of quercetin (QE) and its structurally related flavonoid taxifolin (TA) to reduce UVA-caused damage to human primary dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) obtained from identical donors. Cells pre-treated with QE or TA (1 h) were then exposed to UVA light using a solar simulator. Both flavonoids effectively prevented oxidative damage, such as ROS generation, glutathione depletion, single-strand breaks formation and caspase-3 activation in NHDF. These protective effects were accompanied by stimulation of Nrf2 nuclear translocation, found in non-irradiated and irradiated NHDF and NHEK, and expression of antioxidant proteins, such as heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 and catalase. For most parameters, QE was more potent than TA. On the other hand, TA demonstrated protection within the whole concentration range, while QE lost its protective ability at the highest concentration tested (75 μM), suggesting its pro-oxidative potential. In summary, QE and TA demonstrated UVA-protective properties in NHEK and NHDF obtained from identical donors. However, due to the in vitro phototoxic potential of QE, published elsewhere and discussed herein, further studies are needed to evaluate QE safety in dermatological application for humans as well as to confirm our results on human skin ex vivo and in clinical trials.

• MeSH
• fibroblasty MeSH
• flavonoidy * metabolismus   MeSH
• keratinocyty MeSH
• kůže metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxidační stres MeSH
• quercetin * analogy a deriváty   farmakologie   MeSH
• ultrafialové záření MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Phytochemical investigations of Matricaria chamomilla L. (Asteraceae) stated the presence of several compounds with an established therapeutic and antioxidant potential. The chamomile non-enzymatic antioxidant system includes low molecular mass compounds, mainly polyphenols such as cinnamic, hydroxybenzoic and chlorogenic acids, flavonoids and coumarins. The objective of this work was to evaluate the role of the non-enzymatic antioxidant system after stimulation by ethylene in tetraploid chamomile plants. Seven days of ethylene treatment significantly increased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, which influenced the biosynthesis of protective polyphenols in the first step of their biosynthetic pathway. Subsequently, considerable enhanced levels of phenolic metabolites with a substantial antioxidant effect (syringic, vanillic and caffeic acid, 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, quercetin, luteolin, daphnin, and herniarin) were determined by HPLC-DAD-MS. The minimal information on the chlorogenic acids function in chamomile led to the isolation and identification of 5-O-feruloylquinic acid. It is accumulated during normal conditions, but after the excessive effect of abiotic stress, its level significantly decreases and levels of other caffeoylquinic acids enhance. Our results suggest that ethephon may act as a stimulant of the production of pharmaceutically important non-enzymatic antioxidants in chamomile leaves and thus, lead to an overall change in phytochemical content and therapeutic effects of chamomile plants, as well.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• biosyntetické dráhy fyziologie   MeSH
• ethyleny metabolismus   MeSH
• fenoly metabolismus   MeSH
• fenylalaninamoniaklyasa metabolismus   MeSH
• fyziologický stres fyziologie   MeSH
• heřmánek, heřmánkovec, rmen, rmenec metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina chinová analogy a deriváty   metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina chlorogenová metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny kávové metabolismus   MeSH
• listy rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• Matricaria metabolismus   MeSH
• polyfenoly metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Elevational gradients affect the production of plant secondary metabolites through changes in both biotic and abiotic conditions. Previous studies have suggested both elevational increases and decreases in host-plant chemical defences. We analysed the correlation of alkaloids and polyphenols with elevation in a community of nine Ficus species along a continuously forested elevational gradient in Papua New Guinea. We sampled 204 insect species feeding on the leaves of these hosts and correlated their community structure to the focal compounds. Additionally, we explored species richness of folivorous mammals along the gradient. When we accounted for Ficus species identity, we found a general elevational increase in flavonoids and alkaloids. Elevational trends in non-flavonol polyphenols were less pronounced or showed non-linear correlations with elevation. Polyphenols responded more strongly to changes in temperature and humidity than alkaloids. The abundance of insect herbivores decreased with elevation, while the species richness of folivorous mammals showed an elevational increase. Insect community structure was affected mainly by alkaloid concentration and diversity. Although our results show an elevational increase in several groups of metabolites, the drivers behind these trends likely differ. Flavonoids may provide figs with protection against abiotic stressors. In contrast, alkaloids affect insect herbivores and may provide protection against mammalian herbivores and pathogens. Concurrent analysis of multiple compound groups alongside ecological data is an important approach for understanding the selective landscape that shapes plant defences.

• MeSH
• alkaloidy metabolismus   MeSH
• býložravci * MeSH
• feromony analýza   MeSH
• Ficus chemie   MeSH
• flavonoidy metabolismus   MeSH
• hmyz fyziologie   MeSH
• listy rostlin chemie   MeSH
• nadmořská výška * MeSH
• potravní řetězec * MeSH
• savci fyziologie   MeSH
• společenstvo MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Papua Nová Guinea MeSH

Bilirubin is considered to be one of the most potent endogenous antioxidants in humans. Its serum concentrations are predominantly affected by the activity of hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT1A1). Our objective was to analyze the potential bilirubin-modulating effects of natural polyphenols from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), a hepatoprotective herb. Human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells were exposed to major polyphenolic compounds isolated from milk thistle. Based on in vitro studies, 2,3-dehydrosilybins A and B were selected as the most efficient compounds and applied either intraperitoneally or orally for seven days to C57BL/6 mice. After, UGT1A1 mRNA expression, serum, intrahepatic bilirubin concentrations, and lipoperoxidation in the liver tissue were analyzed. All natural polyphenols used increased intracellular concentration of bilirubin in HepG2 cells to a similar extent as atazanavir, a known bilirubinemia-enhancing agent. Intraperitoneal application of 2,3-dehydrosilybins A and B (the most efficient flavonoids from in vitro studies) to mice (50 mg/kg) led to a significant downregulation of UGT1A1 mRNA expression (46 ± 3% of controls, p < 0.005) in the liver and also to a significant increase of the intracellular bilirubin concentration (0.98 ± 0.03vs.1.21 ± 0.02 nmol/mg, p < 0.05). Simultaneously, a significant decrease of lipoperoxidation (61 ± 2% of controls, p < 0.005) was detected in the liver tissue of treated animals, and similar results were also observed after oral treatment. Importantly, both application routes also led to a significant elevation of serum bilirubin concentrations (125 ± 3% and 160 ± 22% of the controls after intraperitoneal and oral administration, respectively, p < 0.005 in both cases). In conclusion, polyphenolic compounds contained in silymarin, in particular 2,3-dehydrosilybins A and B, affect hepatic and serum bilirubin concentrations, as well as lipoperoxidation in the liver. This phenomenon might contribute to the hepatoprotective effects of silymarin.

• MeSH
• bilirubin metabolismus   MeSH
• buňky Hep G2 MeSH
• flavonoidy chemie   izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• glukuronosyltransferasa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• hemoxygenasa-1 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• intracelulární prostor metabolismus   MeSH
• játra účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• messenger RNA genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů účinky léků   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese enzymů účinky léků   MeSH
• silibinin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• silymarin izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Quercetin is the great representative of polyphenols, flavonoids subgroup, flavonols. Its main natural sources in foods are vegetables such as onions, the most studied quercetin containing foods, and broccoli; fruits (apples, berry crops, and grapes); some herbs; tea; and wine. Quercetin is known for its antioxidant activity in radical scavenging and anti-allergic properties characterized by stimulation of immune system, antiviral activity, inhibition of histamine release, decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines, leukotrienes creation, and suppresses interleukin IL-4 production. It can improve the Th1/Th2 balance, and restrain antigen-specific IgE antibody formation. It is also effective in the inhibition of enzymes such as lipoxygenase, eosinophil and peroxidase and the suppression of inflammatory mediators. All mentioned mechanisms of action contribute to the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties of quercetin that can be effectively utilized in treatment of late-phase, and late-late-phase bronchial asthma responses, allergic rhinitis and restricted peanut-induced anaphylactic reactions. Plant extract of quercetin is the main ingredient of many potential anti-allergic drugs, supplements and enriched products, which is more competent in inhibiting of IL-8 than cromolyn (anti-allergic drug disodium cromoglycate) and suppresses IL-6 and cytosolic calcium level increase.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Brassica chemie   MeSH
• česneky chemie   MeSH
• flavonoly imunologie   metabolismus   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• histamin imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• imunoglobulin E biosyntéza   MeSH
• interleukin-4 biosyntéza   imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přirozená imunita účinky léků   MeSH
• quercetin imunologie   metabolismus   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• rovnováha Th1-Th2 účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Many studies observed that increased consumption of cereal grains is associated with a reduced incidence of lifestyle diseases. Cereals are a rich source of functional compounds including dietary fibers, ?-glucans, resistant starches, vitamins, minerals and other bioactive phytochemicals, therefore they are suitable and increasingly used raw materials for production of functional foods.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• beta-glukany chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• flavonoidy chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• fytoestrogeny chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• fyziologie výživy * MeSH
• glukosinoláty chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• jedlá semena * fyziologie   chemie   klasifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• polyfenoly chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• potravní vláknina metabolismus   MeSH
• primární prevence MeSH
• škrob metabolismus   MeSH
• zdravotní stav MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Úvod: V přehledovém článku jsou popsány historické souvislosti současného konceptu funkčních potravin a funkčních komponent potravy, které kromě své nutriční hodnoty vykazují příznivý účinek na lidské zdraví. Předmět sdělení: Výzkum i praktické uplatnění funkčních potravin má své místo v prevenci a podpoře léčby mnoha onemocnění a některé z nich se mohou uplatnit i v prevenci zubního kazu. Antikariogenní potenciál těchto látek se testuje in vitro, v pokusech na zvířatech, in situ a in vivo. V in vitro studiích se sleduje vliv složek potravin na růst, produkci kyselin a na adherenci na pevné povrchy u izolovaných kmenů mikroorganismů, ve smíšených kulturách a nejnověji v experimentálním biofilmu. Jako model zubního kazu in situ se používají vzorky zubních tkání zamontované do akrylátových nosičů, které dobrovolníci nosí v ústech. Další možností jsou klinické studie, ve kterých se sleduje přírůstek kazu, respektive jeho redukce přidáním testované látky, resp. placeba do výživy. Z látek přítomných v rostlinách a ovoci se věnuje pozornost polyfenolům, flavonoidům a procyanidinům, které inhibují metabolismus kariogenních mikroorganismů a blokováním glykosyltransferázy zhoršují možnost adherence streptokoků skupiny mutans na povrchu zubu. Podobným mechanismem se uplatňují i fosfátové estery sacharidů, přítomné ve včelím medu, propolisu a také v nerafinovaných sirupech z cukrové řepy a cukrové třtiny. Snížený kariogenní potenciál mají také potraviny slazené cukernými polyalkoholy, z nichž jako nejperspektivnější se jeví xylitol. Pozornost je věnována také příznivému účinku potravových konzervancií, benzoátů, sorbátů, siřičitanů a dusitanů, které snižují viabilitu kariogenních mikroorganismů. Z funkčních komponent obsažených v mléce a v mléčných produktech se studuje účinek kaseinu a jeho složek kasein fosfopeptidu a glykomakropeptidu, a zejména jejich vápenatých solí. V prevenci zubního kazu nacházejí uplatnění i probiotické mikroorganismy Lactobactillus reuteri, L. LG a jiné laktobacily a bifidobakterie, regulující při pravidelné místní aplikaci mikrobiální společenství dutiny ústní. Závěr: Výzkum funkčních potravin a funkčních komponent potravy ve vztahu k orálnímu zdraví intenzivně pokračuje a mnohé z nich mohou najít své uplatnění ve strategii komplexní prevence kazu jako doplněk účinné ústní hygieny a bezpečné výživy.

Introduction: The review article describes historical context of functional foods and functional food components, which, in addition to their nutritional value, show a positive effect on human health. Objectives: Research and practical usage of functional foods play role in the prevention and treatment of different diseases. Some of them may be beneficial in the prevention of dental decay. Anticariogenic potential of these substances has been tested in vitro, in experiments on animal models and in humans in situ and in vivo. In vitro studies monitor the effects of food components on growth, production of acids and adherence of microorganisms to hard dental structures in isolated microbial strains and in experimental biofilm model. As caries in situ model samples of hard dental tissues are being used, mounted into acrylic appliances and placed in the oral cavity of volunteers. Alternatively, there are clinical studies focusing on caries increment after the inclusion of investigational food components or placebo into diet. Of the substances present in plants and fruits, attention is drawn to polyphenols, flavonoids and procyanidins, which inhibit metabolism of microorganisms and glycosyltranspherase of cariogenic organisms, thus deteriorating their adherence to the tooth surface. A similar mechanism is ascribed to phosphate esters of carbohydrates, present in bee honey, propolis and also in non-refined sugar syrups of sugar beet and sugar cane. Replacement sweeteners, such as sugar polyalcohols and especially xylitol have been found to reduce cariogenic potential in many laboratory studies and clinical trials. Attention is also paid to the beneficial effect of food preservatives, benzoate, sorbate, sulphite and nitrite, which reduce the viability of cariogenic bacteria. Milk and milk products are sources of bioactive peptides and among them calcium salts of casein, casein glycomacropeptide and phosphopeptids seem to be very perspective. Probiotic microorganisms Lactobactillus reuteri, L. LG and other lactobacilli and bifidobacteria show favourable effect in the regulation of microbial community in the oral cavity. Conclusion: The research on functional foods and functional food components in relation to the oral health is very intensive. Many of the investigational substances may eventually be implemented in comprehensive strategies for the prevention of tooth decay as adjuncts to an effective oral hygiene and safe nutrition.

• Klíčová slova
• prevence zubního kazu, kariogenní mikroorganismy,
• MeSH
• analýza potravin metody   MeSH
• biopotraviny MeSH
• čaj MeSH
• funkční potraviny * dějiny   využití   MeSH
• kariogenní látky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• med MeSH
• medicína založená na důkazech MeSH
• mléčné výrobky MeSH
• ovoce MeSH
• potravinářské konzervační látky MeSH
• probiotika MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH
• rostliny MeSH
• sladidla MeSH
• Vaccinium macrocarpon MeSH
• výzkum MeSH
• zubní kaz * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH