• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví MeSH
• čištění vody MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• sanitace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• zásobování vodou normy   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zdravotní inženýrství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• statistiky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Hygiena. Lidské zdraví
• NLK Obory
• environmentální vědy
• hygiena
• NLK Publikační typ
• publikace WHO

During the bathing period of 1981 (June to September), and before it (September 1980 to May 1981), we monthly collected, and analysed, samples of water from a series of lakes used as recreational bathing area by inhabitants of the southern part of the City of Bratislava. We isolated and determined biochemical properties of altogether 241 strains of gram negative bacteria belonging mostly to Enterobacteriaceae and to so-called non-fermenters, with special reference to deviations in results of individual tests used for their taxonomical identification and classification. We attempted to determine also the significance of individual biochemical tests of bacterial strains from water samples, as well as the general evaluation of water quality on basis of hygienic criteria set up for the suitability of individual lakes for recreational bathing, to analyse the causes of water contamination, and to evaluate bacterial strains from the hygienic and epidemiological point of view. The qualitative and quantitative incidence of individual bacterial biotypes indicate a continuous contamination of natural baths with fecal waste containing microorganisms from healthy as well as sick persons. As a consequence, the free bathing of the City population in natural lakes studied represents a potential sanitary risk for the persons concerned.

• MeSH
• bakteriologické techniky MeSH
• Enterobacteriaceae klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• gramnegativní bakterie klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• koupací pláže * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiologie vody * MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• sladká voda MeSH
• znečištění vody analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

Pollution by chemical substances is of concern for the maintenance of healthy and sustainable aquatic environments. While the occurrence and fate of numerous emerging contaminants, especially pharmaceuticals, is well documented in freshwater, their occurrence and behavior in coastal and marine waters is much less studied and understood. This study investigates the occurrence of 58 chemicals in the open surface water of the Western Mediterranean Sea for the first time. 70 samples in total were collected in 10 different sampling areas. 3 pesticides, 11 pharmaceuticals and personal care products and 2 artificial sweeteners were detected at sub-ng to ng/L levels. Among them, the herbicide terbuthylazine, the pharmaceuticals caffeine, carbamazepine, naproxen and paracetamol, the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, the antibacterial triclocarban and the two artificial sweeteners acesulfame and saccharin were detected in all samples. The compound detected at the highest concentration was saccharin (up to 5.23 ng/L). Generally small spatial differences among individual sampling areas point to a diffuse character of sources which are likely dominated by WWTP effluents and runoffs from agricultural areas or even, at least for pharmaceuticals and artificial food additives, from offshore sources such as ferries and cruising ships. The implications of the ubiquitous presence in the open sea of chemicals that are bio-active or toxic at low doses on photosynthetic organisms and/or bacteria (i.e., terbuthylazine, sulfamethoxazole or triclocarban) deserve scientific attention, especially concerning possible subtle impacts from chronic exposure of pelagic microorganisms.

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
• mořská voda chemie   MeSH
• pesticidy analýza   MeSH
• sladidla analýza   MeSH
• sladká voda MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Středozemní moře MeSH

• MeSH
• kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
• odpadní voda MeSH
• pitná voda MeSH
• sanitace MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
• zásobování vodou MeSH
• zdravotní inženýrství MeSH

• Konspekt
• Sanitární technika. Vodárenství. Odpadové hospodářství. Světelná technika
• NLK Obory
• environmentální vědy
• NLK Publikační typ
• CD-ROM
• publikace WHO

The release of water from storage compartments to the transpiration stream is an important functional mechanism that provides the buffering of sudden fluctuations in water potential. The ability of tissues to release water per change in water potential, referred to as hydraulic capacitance, is assumed to be associated with the anatomy of storage tissues. However, information about how specific anatomical parameters determine capacitance is limited. In this study, we measured sapwood capacitance (C) in terminal branches and roots of five temperate tree species (Fagus sylvatica L., Picea abies L., Quercus robur L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Tilia cordata Mill.). Capacitance was calculated separately for water released mainly from capillary (CI; open vessels, tracheids, fibres, intercellular spaces and cracks) and elastic storage compartments (CII; living parenchyma cells), corresponding to two distinct phases of the moisture release curve. We found that C was generally higher in roots than branches, with CI being 3-11 times higher than CII Sapwood density and the ratio of dead to living xylem cells were most closely correlated with C In addition, the magnitude of CI was strongly correlated with fibre/tracheid lumen area, whereas CII was highly dependent on the thickness of axial parenchyma cell walls. Our results indicate that water released from capillary compartments predominates over water released from elastic storage in both branches and roots, suggesting the limited importance of parenchyma cells for water storage in juvenile xylem of temperate tree species. Contrary to intact organs, water released from open conduits in our small wood samples significantly increased CI at relatively high water potentials. Linking anatomical parameters with the hydraulic capacitance of a tissue contributes to a better understanding of water release mechanisms and their implications for plant hydraulics.

• MeSH
• dřevo anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• stromy anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• voda metabolismus   MeSH
• xylém metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• čištění vody metody   normy   MeSH
• koupele MeSH
• kvalita vody normy   MeSH
• plavecké bazény MeSH
• řízení kvality MeSH
• Publikační typ
• směrnice MeSH

• Konspekt
• Metrologie. Standardizace
• NLK Obory
• technika
• environmentální vědy
• hygiena

Měření transepidermální ztráty vody (TEWL) je velmi používaná metoda ke zkoumání bariérové funkce kůže za fyziologických i patologických stavů, k objektivizaci a zpřesnění klinické diagnózy, k vyhodnocování iritačních testů, ke sledování účinků léků a kosmetik. V současnosti se používají tři druhy měřících přístupů: uzavřené, ventilované a otevřené komůrky. Přiblíženy jsou současně komerčně dostupné přístroje. Jsou rozebrány klady, zápory a nutná standardizace metody a nejčastější zdroje chyb s širokým využitím metody. Přiložen je příklad měření TEWL, které bylo využito kromě dalších bioinženýrských metod při řešení probíhajícího grantového úkolu.

Transepidermal water loss measurement (TEWL) is a method frequently used for study of skin barrier function under physiologic and pathologic condition to objectification and specification of clinical diagnosis, to evaluation of irritation tests, to follow-up of effects of drugs and cosmetics. Today, three types of measuring devices are used: closed, ventilated and open chambers. Currently commercially available devices are introduced. Their pro-and-cons, necessity of method standardization, the most frequent sources of mistakes and method wide use are discussed. The example of TEWL measurement applied together with other bioengineering methods in ongoing research project is attached.

• MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• fyziologie kůže MeSH
• kožní absorpce fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování fyziologických funkcí metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• vodní a elektrolytová rovnováha MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• MeSH
• hojení ran * MeSH
• hydroterapie metody   MeSH
• okluzivní ošetření rány MeSH
• rány a poranění terapie   MeSH
• techniky open abdomen ošetřování   MeSH
• telemedicína metody   MeSH
• zdravotnické prostředky MeSH
• Publikační typ
• novinové články MeSH

Basic operation principles of a lightweight, low power, low cost, portable ion chromatograph utilizing open tubular ion chromatography in capillary columns coated with multi-layer polymeric stationary phases are demonstrated. A minimalistic configuration of a portable IC instrument was developed that does not require any chromatographic eluent delivery system, nor sample injection device as it uses gravity-based eluent flow and hydrodynamic sample injection adopted from capillary electrophoresis. As a detection device, an inexpensive commercially available capacitance sensor is used that has been shown to be a suitable substitute for contactless conductivity detection in capillary separation systems. The built-in temperature sensor allows for baseline drift correction typically encountered in conductivity/capacitance measurements without thermostating device. The whole instrument does not require any power supply for its operation, except the detection and data acquisition part that is provided by a USB port of a Netbook computer. It is extremely lightweight, its total weight including the Netbook computer is less than 2.5kg and it can be continuously operated for more than 8h. Several parameters of the instrument, such as detection cell design, eluent delivery systems and data treatment were optimized as well as the composition of eluent for non-suppressed ion chromatographic analysis of common inorganic cations (Na(+), NH(4)(+), K(+), Cs(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), transition metals). Low conductivity eluents based on weakly complexing organic acids such as tartaric, oxalic or pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acids were used with contactless capacitance detection for simultaneous separation of mono- and divalent cations. Separation of Na(+) and NH(4)(+) cations was optimized by addition of 18-crown-6 to the eluent. The best separation of 6 metal cations commonly present in various environmental samples was accomplished in less than 30min using a 1.75mM pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and 3mM 18-crown-6 eluent with excellent repeatability (below 2%) and detection limits in the low micromolar range. The analysis of field samples is demonstrated; the concentrations of common inorganic cations in river water, mineral water and snow samples were determined.

• MeSH
• chromatografie iontoměničová ekonomika   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• kationty analýza   MeSH
• sníh chemie   MeSH
• voda analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Hydrogen to deuterium isotopic substitution has only a minor effect on physical and chemical properties of water and, as such, is not supposed to influence its neutral taste. Here we conclusively demonstrate that humans are, nevertheless, able to distinguish D2O from H2O by taste. Indeed, highly purified heavy water has a distinctly sweeter taste than same-purity normal water and can add to perceived sweetness of sweeteners. In contrast, mice do not prefer D2O over H2O, indicating that they are not likely to perceive heavy water as sweet. HEK 293T cells transfected with the TAS1R2/TAS1R3 heterodimer and chimeric G-proteins are activated by D2O but not by H2O. Lactisole, which is a known sweetness inhibitor acting via the TAS1R3 monomer of the TAS1R2/TAS1R3, suppresses the sweetness of D2O in human sensory tests, as well as the calcium release elicited by D2O in sweet taste receptor-expressing cells. The present multifaceted experimental study, complemented by homology modelling and molecular dynamics simulations, resolves a long-standing controversy about the taste of heavy water, shows that its sweet taste is mediated by the human TAS1R2/TAS1R3 taste receptor, and opens way to future studies of the detailed mechanism of action.

• MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• chuť * MeSH
• chuťová percepce * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL fyziologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• oxid deuteria analýza   MeSH
• receptory spřažené s G-proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• simulace molekulární dynamiky MeSH
• transfekce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH