predictive models
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Acta radiologica, ISSN 0365-5954 suppl. 425, vol. 42, 2001
1 elektronický optický disk (CD-ROM) : barev. ; 13 cm
... Contents -- Part I The Framework for Brilliant Business Models in Healthcare -- 1 What Are the Cornerstones ... ... of a Brilliant Business Model? ... ... 3 -- 1.1 Vision 5 -- 1.2 Brand Positioning 8 -- 2 What is a Business Model? ... ... in Healthcare -- 35 -- 35 -- 37 -- 42 -- Part II Brilliant Cases Involving Brilliant Business -- Models ... ... DHAN 74 -- 5.2.1 The Cornerstone: Empowering the Poor to Help Themselves 76 -- 5.2.2 The Business Model ...
xix, 429 stran : ilustrace ; 24 cm
- MeSH
- ekonomické modely MeSH
- ekonomika lékařská MeSH
- obchod MeSH
- poskytování zdravotní péče MeSH
- sektor zdravotní péče MeSH
- Publikační typ
- monografie MeSH
- Konspekt
- Ekonomie
- NLK Obory
- ekonomie, ekonomika, ekonomika zdravotnictví
[Preclinical models of depression]
Preklinické modely deprese si obdobně jako jiné modely lidských onemocnění kladou za cíl porozumět neurobiologickému pozadí afektivních poruch a odhadovat terapeutický efekt nových látek. Tato práce ve dvou částech podává přehled o preklinických farmakologických, genetických (1. část) a behaviorálních (2. část) modelech depresivního onemocnění a o jejich citlivosti k různým látkám používaným v léčbě deprese. Zvířecí model deprese by měl zahrnovat primární poruchu funkce CNS, která by byla léčena chronickým podáváním látek s antidepresivní aktivitou. Tyto látky by přitom neměly měnit chování normálních, kontrolních zvířat. Za modely deprese s největší validitou se považují modely intrakraniální elektrické autostimulace, chronického mírného stresu, naučené bezmocnosti a model bilaterální olfaktorické bulbektomie u potkanů, či separační model u primátů.
The aim of preclinical (animal) models of depression is to understand neurobiological basis of affective disorders and to predict therapeutic effect of novel drugs. This review, divided in two parts, summarizes preclinical pharmacological, genetic (part I.) and behavioural (part II.) models of depression and their sensitivity to different drugs, which are used in the treatment of depressive disorder. The animal model of depression should include a primary deficit of CNS function, which is successfully treated by drugs with antidepressive properties. These drugs should not change behaviour of control animals. High-validity models are model of intracranial self-stimulation, chronic mild stress, learned helplessness and model of bilateral olfactory bulbectomy in rats, or social deprivation model in primates.
- MeSH
- antidepresiva druhé generace farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- antidepresiva tricyklická farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- antidepresiva farmakologie klasifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
- deprese farmakoterapie terapie MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- genetické nemoci vrozené diagnóza farmakoterapie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely genetické MeSH
- modely u zvířat MeSH
- přehledová literatura jako téma MeSH
- psychologické modely MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
A long-term goal in evolutionary ecology is to explain the incredible diversity of insect herbivores and patterns of host plant use in speciose groups like tropical Lepidoptera. Here, we used standardized food-web data, multigene phylogenies of both trophic levels and plant chemistry data to model interactions between Lepidoptera larvae (caterpillars) from two lineages (Geometridae and Pyraloidea) and plants in a species-rich lowland rainforest in New Guinea. Model parameters were used to make and test blind predictions for two hectares of an exhaustively sampled forest. For pyraloids, we relied on phylogeny alone and predicted 54% of species-level interactions, translating to 79% of all trophic links for individual insects, by sampling insects from only 15% of local woody plant diversity. The phylogenetic distribution of host-plant associations in polyphagous geometrids was less conserved, reducing accuracy. In a truly quantitative food web, only 40% of pair-wise interactions were described correctly in geometrids. Polyphenol oxidative activity (but not protein precipitation capacity) was important for understanding the occurrence of geometrids (but not pyraloids) across their hosts. When both foliar chemistry and plant phylogeny were included, we predicted geometrid-plant occurrence with 89% concordance. Such models help to test macroevolutionary hypotheses at the community level.
- MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- býložravci * MeSH
- deštný prales MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- larva růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- listy rostlin chemie MeSH
- můry růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- potravní řetězec * MeSH
- rostliny MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Nová Guinea MeSH
Přehled uvádí současné možnosti behaviorální farmakologie predikovat z preklinickýcli pokusů potenciál testovaných látek navozovat závislost. Nejužívanější modely sledují schopnost látek navozovat jejich „vyhledávání" („drug-seeking behaviour"), působit jako „odměna" („reinforcing effects"), být zvířetem „rozlišovány" („disriminative effects") a vyvolávat „behaviorální abstinenční příznaky" („behavioural withdrawal signs") při vysazení opakované aplikace. Popsány jsou proto modely: a) „drug self-administration", b) rConditioned pláce preference", c) „drug discrimination", d) „agonistic behaviour"
A survey of current options to predict a dependence potential in druqs from preclinical behavioural pharmacological studies is given. The most frequently used models pursue an ability of drugs to induce „drug-seeking behaviour", „reinforcing effects", „disriminative effects", and „behavioural withdrawal signs" in the case of the repeated administration abrogation. Thus, the principles of models: a) „drug self-administration", b) „conditioned place preference'', c) „drug discrimination", d) „agonistic behaviour" are described.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To assess predisposing and precipitating risk factors and create a predictive model for post-stroke delirium. RESEARCH DESIGN: A prospective observational study in a cohort of consecutive patients with ischemic stroke or intracerebral haematoma admitted within 24 hours of stroke onset. METHODS: Patients were assessed daily for delirium during the first week by means of DSM-IV criteria and risk factors were recorded. RESULTS: One hundred patients completed a 7-day evaluation (47 women and 53 men, median age 77 years). An episode of delirium was detected in 43 patients (43%). Using multivariate logistic regression, a predictive statistical model was developed that utilized independent risk factors: age (OR = 1.08; 95% CI = 1.02-1.15); intracerebral haemorrhage (OR = 6.11; 95% CI = 1.62-22.98), lesion volume > 40 ccm (OR = 3.99; 95% CI = 1.29-12.39) and either elevated gamma-glytamyl transferase (OR = 4.88; 95% CI = 1.45-16.35) and elevated serum bilirubin (OR = 3.70; 95% CI = 1.32-10.38) or maximum sequential organ failure assessment score >2 (OR = 3.33; 95% CI = 1.06-10.45) with acceptable sensitivity and specificity (69.0% and 80.7%). In ischemic strokes, total anterior circulation infarctions were more frequently associated with delirium (73.3% developed delirium) compared with the remainder of the groups combined (p = 0.004; OR = 6.66; 95% CI = 1.85-24.01). CONCLUSION: Higher age, metabolic disturbances, intracerebral haemorrhage and larger ischemic hemispheric strokes increase the risk of post-stroke delirium.
- MeSH
- bilirubin krev MeSH
- C-reaktivní protein metabolismus MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cerebrální krvácení krev komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- cévní mozková příhoda krev komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- delirium krev etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- Diagnostický a statistický manuál mentálních poruch MeSH
- gama-glutamyltransferasa krev MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- míra přežití MeSH
- prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Current standard treatments for metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) are based on combination regimens with one of the two chemotherapeutic drugs, irinotecan or oxaliplatin. However, drug resistance frequently limits the clinical efficacy of these therapies. In order to gain new insights into mechanisms associated with chemoresistance, and departing from three distinct CRC cell models, we generated a panel of human colorectal cancer cell lines with acquired resistance to either oxaliplatin or irinotecan. We characterized the resistant cell line variants with regards to their drug resistance profile and transcriptome, and matched our results with datasets generated from relevant clinical material to derive putative resistance biomarkers. We found that the chemoresistant cell line variants had distinctive irinotecan- or oxaliplatin-specific resistance profiles, with non-reciprocal cross-resistance. Furthermore, we could identify several new, as well as some previously described, drug resistance-associated genes for each resistant cell line variant. Each chemoresistant cell line variant acquired a unique set of changes that may represent distinct functional subtypes of chemotherapy resistance. In addition, and given the potential implications for selection of subsequent treatment, we also performed an exploratory analysis, in relevant patient cohorts, of the predictive value of each of the specific genes identified in our cellular models.
- MeSH
- biologické modely * MeSH
- chemorezistence * MeSH
- kamptothecin analogy a deriváty farmakologie MeSH
- kolorektální nádory * farmakoterapie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- organoplatinové sloučeniny farmakologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Aim of this study is to validate some constitutive models by assessing their capabilities in describing and predicting uniaxial and biaxial behavior of porcine aortic tissue. METHODS: 14 samples from porcine aortas were used to perform 2 uniaxial and 5 biaxial tensile tests. Transversal strains were furthermore stored for uniaxial data. The experimental data were fitted by four constitutive models: Holzapfel-Gasser-Ogden model (HGO), model based on generalized structure tensor (GST), Four-Fiber-Family model (FFF) and Microfiber model. Fitting was performed to uniaxial and biaxial data sets separately and descriptive capabilities of the models were compared. Their predictive capabilities were assessed in two ways. Firstly each model was fitted to biaxial data and its accuracy (in term of R2 and NRMSE) in prediction of both uniaxial responses was evaluated. Then this procedure was performed conversely: each model was fitted to both uniaxial tests and its accuracy in prediction of 5 biaxial responses was observed. RESULTS: Descriptive capabilities of all models were excellent. In predicting uniaxial response from biaxial data, microfiber model was the most accurate while the other models showed also reasonable accuracy. Microfiber and FFF models were capable to reasonably predict biaxial responses from uniaxial data while HGO and GST models failed completely in this task. CONCLUSIONS: HGO and GST models are not capable to predict biaxial arterial wall behavior while FFF model is the most robust of the investigated constitutive models. Knowledge of transversal strains in uniaxial tests improves robustness of constitutive models.
- MeSH
- aorta thoracica * MeSH
- biologické modely * MeSH
- biomechanika MeSH
- mechanické jevy * MeSH
- pevnost v tahu MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- testování materiálů MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Pacienti považují své případné nekompliantní chován í za poměrně srozumitelné. Zdravotníci je naopak často vnímají jako nepochopit elné. Vědci proto objevují různé teoretické modely, kterými se snaží vysvětlit a pře dpovědět lidské jednání ve vztahu ke zdraví. Mezi nejvýznamnější vysvětlení nekompliantn ího chování patří „model zdravotního přesvědčení“, „behaviorální modely“, „t ransteoretický model“ a „teorie reaktance“. Každý z uvedených přístupů přispívá svý m dílem k porozumění chování pacientů (a také zdravotníků, protože i jejich chov ání lze se stejnou mírou vnímat jako nekompliantní). Většinu modelů spojuje neobviňující přístup k nekompliantnímu člověku; optimismus, že neexistuje z hlediska kompl iance žádný beznadějný pacient, a zájem o pacientova očekávání, představy, přesvědčen í a hodnoty.
Patients perceive their non-compliant behavior as q uite clear. On the other hand, health- care providers often consider it to be incomprehens ible. Therefore scientists think of various theoretical models explaining patients ́ beh avior and predicting it. Among the most important explanations we can find the “health belief model”, “behavioral model”, “transtheoretical model” and “reactance theory”. Ea ch of these approaches contribute to making patients ́ behavior more understandable (and health-care providers ́ behavior as well, because it can be also perceived as noncompli ant). Most of the models agree on not accusing person of his/her noncompliant behavior. T hey are optimistic regarding the success of the compliance promoting activities. And they are interested in patients ́ expectations, ideas, beliefs, and values.
