resource availability
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Plant clonal spread is ubiquitous and of great interest, owing both to its key role in plant community assembly and its suitability for plant behaviour research. However, mechanisms that govern spreading distance are not well known. Here we link spacer costs and below-ground competition in a simple model of growth in a homogeneous below-ground environment, in which optimal distance between ramets is based on minimizing the sum of these costs. Using this model, we predict a high prevalence of clonal growth that does not employ spacers in resource-poor environments and a nonlinear increase in spreading distance in response to increasing below-ground resource availability. Analysis of database data on clonal growth in relationship to below-ground resource availability revealed that patterns of the spread based on stolons is compatible with the model's predictions. As expected, model prediction failed for rhizomatous species, where spacer sizes are likely to be selected mainly to play roles other than spread. The model's simplicity makes it useful as a null model in testing hypotheses about the effects of environmental heterogeneity on clonal spread.
Crisis resource management (CRM, řízení lidských zdrojů v krizové situaci) znamená koordinaci, používání a využívání všech dostupných zdrojů pro záchranu a pomoc pacientovi. Termín zdroje zahrnuje veškerý personál spolu s jeho schopnostmi, techniku, zařízení, informační zdroje včetně kognitivních pomůcek. Velmi úzce souvisí s netechnickými dovednostmi, potřebnými pro efektivní týmovou práci v akutní situaci.
Crisis resource management (CRM) means to coordinate, use and apply all available resources to protect and help the patient as best as possible. The term resources includes all personnel involved, along with all their skills, abilities and attitude. Machines, devices, and information sources, including cognitive aids, are also critical resources. It is very closely related to the non-technical skills needed for effective teamwork in an emergency situation.
BACKGROUND: It is estimated that over one billion persons worldwide have some form of disability. However, there is lack of knowledge and prioritisation of how to serve the needs and provide opportunities for people with disabilities. The community-based rehabilitation (CBR) guidelines, with sufficient and sustained support, can assist in providing access to rehabilitation services, especially in less resourced settings with low resources for rehabilitation. In line with strengthening the implementation of the health-related CBR guidelines, this study aimed to determine what workforce characteristics at the community level enable quality rehabilitation services, with a focus primarily on less resourced settings. METHODOLOGY: This was a two-phase review study using (1) a relevant literature review informed by realist synthesis methodology and (2) Delphi survey of the opinions of relevant stakeholders regarding the findings of the review. It focused on individuals (health professionals, lay health workers, community rehabilitation workers) providing services for persons with disabilities in less resourced settings. RESULTS: Thirty-three articles were included in this review. Three Delphi iterations with 19 participants were completed. Taken together, these produced 33 recommendations for developing health-related rehabilitation services. Several general principles for configuring the community rehabilitation workforce emerged: community-based initiatives can allow services to reach more vulnerable populations; the need for supportive and structured supervision at the facility level; core skills likely include case management, social protection, monitoring and record keeping, counselling skills and mechanisms for referral; community ownership; training in CBR matrix and advocacy; a tiered/teamwork system of service delivery; and training should take a rights-based approach, include practical components, and involve persons with disabilities in the delivery and planning. CONCLUSION: This research can contribute to implementing the WHO guidelines on the interaction between the health sector and CBR, particularly in the context of the Framework for Action for Strengthening Health Systems, in which human resources is one of six components. Realist syntheses can provide policy makers with detailed and practical information regarding complex health interventions, which may be valuable when planning and implementing programmes.
- MeSH
- dostupnost zdravotnických služeb * MeSH
- kvalita zdravotní péče MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- postižení rehabilitace MeSH
- rehabilitace MeSH
- veřejné zdravotnické služby pracovní síly MeSH
- vládní programy MeSH
- zdravotní pomocníci v komunitě MeSH
- zdravotnické zdroje * MeSH
- zdravotnický personál * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Článek se zabývá problematikou „přidělování“ nákladné péče, jež je spojena s nutností vybírat mezi pacienty, neboť z kapacitních, finančních či jiných důvodů není možné péči poskytnout všem, kdo by z ní měli klinický prospěch. V sérii rozhovorů s vedoucími lékaři vybraných oddělení, poskytujících superspecializovanou péči, byla probírána aktuální situace z pohledu změn spojených s transformací zdravotnictví, především byl sledován dopad změn financování v r. 1997. Dále se diskutovalo o otázce výběru nemocných, transparentnosti přidělování péče a interferenci neklinických aspektů do procesu přidělování péče. Přidělování péče probíhá na základě uplatňování jak explicitních, tak implicitních kritérií. Z explicitních se uplatňují především klinické charakteristiky. Až na malé výjimky byla situace v době výzkumu (r. 2000) hodnocena z pohledu rationingu pozitivně, bez známek velkých disproporcí mezi klinickou potřebou a kapacitními možnostmi.Toto hodnocení je pravděpodobně silně ovlivněno neustálým porovnáváním aktuálních možností se situací před r. 1989, není však vyloučeno, že potřeba superspecializované péče je poddimenzována v důsledku špatné koordinace služeb na nižších úrovních zdravotnického systému a „zadržování“ nemocných v primární či ambulantní specializované péči.
The paper deals with the problem of „rationing“ expensive care which is connected with the necessity of selecting patients because it is not possible to provide that care to all of the patients who could be clinically benefited by it, be it for insufficient capacity of the facility, financial or other reasons. In a series of interviews with the heads of selected departments providing super-specialized healthcare there has been discussed the current situation from the point of view of changes connected with the transformation of healthcare with special emphasis on the impact of changes in financing since 1997. Further, there has been discussed the problem of selecting patients, the transparency of allotting care and the interference of non-clinical aspects into the process of that allotting. The providing of healthcare proceeds on the basis of applying explicit as well as implicit criteria.Among the explicit ones it is first of all clinical characteristics that assert themselves. Except for minor exceptions the situation at the time of the survey (year 2000) was assessed positively from the point of view of rationing, without any marked signs of disproportions between clinical need and available capacities. Such evaluations are probably influenced to a large degree by continual comparisons of current possibilities with the situation preceding the year 1989, however, it cannot be ruled out that the need of super-specialized healthcare is very under-dimensioned due to bad coordination of services at lower levels of the healthcare system and the „holding up“ of patients in primary and out-patient specialized care.
The expression of alternative reproductive tactics can be plastic and occur simultaneously depending on cues that vary spatially or temporally. For example, variation in resources and sexual selection intensity is expected to influence the pay-off of each tactic and shape the decision of which tactic to employ. Males of the nuptial gift-giving spider Pisaura mirabilis can adopt three tactics: offering a genuine prey gift, a 'worthless' non-nutritious gift or no gift. We hypothesized that resources and/or male body condition, and mating opportunity and sexual selection intensity, vary over the course of the mating season to shape the co-existence of alternative traits. We measured these variables in the field over two seasons, to investigate the predictions that as the mating season progresses, (i) males become more likely to employ a gift-giving tactic, and (ii) the likelihood of switching from worthless to genuine gifts increases. Prey availability increased over the season and co-varied with the propensity of males to employ the gift-giving tactic, but we found no support for condition-dependent gift giving. Males responded to an increase in female availability by increasing their mating effort (gift production). Furthermore, the frequency of genuine gift use increased with sexual selection intensity, consistent with the assumption that sperm competition intensity increases with time. Our results suggest that the frequency of alternative tactics is shaped by seasonal changes in ecological factors and sexual selection. This leads to relaxed selection for the gift-giving tactic early in the season when females are less choosy and resources more scarce, and increased selection for genuine gifts later in the season driven by mating opportunity and risk of sperm competition.
- MeSH
- pavouci genetika fyziologie MeSH
- selekce (genetika) MeSH
- sexuální chování zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
reprinted in 2015 with changes vi, 94 stran : ilustrace, tabulky ; 30 cm
- MeSH
- dostupnost zdravotnických služeb MeSH
- elektrárny MeSH
- obnovitelná energie MeSH
- poskytování zdravotní péče MeSH
- rozvojové země MeSH
- sluneční energie MeSH
- zachování zdrojů energie MeSH
- zdravotnická zařízení * MeSH
- zdroje elektrické energie zásobování a distribuce MeSH
- Konspekt
- Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
- NLK Obory
- environmentální vědy
- veřejné zdravotnictví
- NLK Publikační typ
- publikace WHO
OBJECTIVE: Pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases (PIBDs), despite being more prevalent in westernized nations, show an increasing incidence worldwide. Accurate evaluation, diagnosis, therapy, and monitoring are mandatory for the adequate management of patients, as is a sensible use of expensive resources, which may be limited in some parts of the world. This limitation often poses challenges to diagnose and treat patients. As the long-term prognosis very much depends on early diagnosis and remission of active disease, it is important to consider reasonable alternatives that may help clinicians to act accordingly within resource constraints, without downgrading previously published guidelines. METHODS: A group of experts from the "Paediatric IBD Porto Group" of European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) as well as pediatric and adult IBD experts, trained in IBD centers and having working experience in limited-resource settings (LR settings), joined efforts to suggest alternative options in settings where resources are limited, while prioritizing an acceptable cost-effectiveness ratio. Almost all recently published ESPGHAN guidelines and position papers on PIBD were evaluated, and the writing group framed proposals for adaptation in situations with limited access to more expensive resources or tools. RESULTS: Ninety consensus-based recommendations, derived from the available evidence, were formulated. Diagnostic protocol, biochemical evaluation, imaging and endoscopy, monitoring and options for nutritional, medical and surgical treatment were addressed. Cooperation between professionals and institutions was suggested to improve quality of care and optimize use of available expertise. Patient education, counseling, mental health and transition of care were also addressed. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis and management of PIBD are complex and costly in medical resources, but some alternative protocols could provide acceptable results and help with accurate diagnosis and management. These recommendations and practice points may offer useful guidance in settings where resources may be limited while still providing good medical practice.
Most heterotrophic organisms feed on substrates that are poor in nutrients compared to their demand, leading to elemental imbalances that may constrain their growth and function. Flexible carbon (C)-use efficiency (CUE, C used for growth over C taken up) can represent a strategy to reduce elemental imbalances. Here, we argue that metabolic regulation has evolved to maximise the organism growth rate along gradients of nutrient availability and translated this assumption into an optimality model that links CUE to substrate and organism stoichiometry. The optimal CUE is predicted to decrease with increasing substrate C-to-nutrient ratio, and increase with nutrient amendment. These predictions are generally confirmed by empirical evidence from a new database of c. 2200 CUE estimates, lending support to the hypothesis that CUE is optimised across levels of organisation (microorganisms and animals), in aquatic and terrestrial systems, and when considering nitrogen or phosphorus as limiting nutrients.
BACKGROUND: Inactivating germline mutations in the tumour suppressor gene BRCA1 are associated with a significantly increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. A large number (>1500) of unique BRCA1 variants have been identified in the population and can be classified as pathogenic, non-pathogenic or as variants of unknown significance (VUS). Many VUS are rare missense variants leading to single amino acid changes. Their impact on protein function cannot be directly inferred from sequence information, precluding assessment of their pathogenicity. Thus, functional assays are critical to assess the impact of these VUS on protein activity. BRCA1 is a multifunctional protein and different assays have been used to assess the impact of variants on different biochemical activities and biological processes. METHODS AND RESULTS: To facilitate VUS analysis, we have developed a visualisation resource that compiles and displays functional data on all documented BRCA1 missense variants. BRCA1 Circos is a web-based visualisation tool based on the freely available Circos software package. The BRCA1 Circos web tool (http://research.nhgri.nih.gov/bic/circos/) aggregates data from all published BRCA1 missense variants for functional studies, harmonises their results and presents various functionalities to search and interpret individual-level functional information for each BRCA1 missense variant. CONCLUSIONS: This research visualisation tool will serve as a quick one-stop publically available reference for all the BRCA1 missense variants that have been functionally assessed. It will facilitate meta-analysis of functional data and improve assessment of pathogenicity of VUS.
- MeSH
- datové soubory jako téma MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
- genetické databáze MeSH
- genetické testování MeSH
- internet * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- missense mutace * MeSH
- mutační analýza DNA MeSH
- nádory prsu genetika MeSH
- nádory vaječníků genetika MeSH
- počítačová grafika * MeSH
- protein BRCA1 genetika MeSH
- software * MeSH
- systémy řízení databází MeSH
- výpočetní biologie metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
