Poruchy vizuospaciálních funkcí přestavují významný deficit pacientů s akutním postižením mozku, které v konečném důsledku zřetelně ovlivňují celkovou restituci motorických a kognitivních funkcí a zároveň determinují úspěšnost rehabilitace. V současnosti se vyšetření těchto poruch omezilo na diagnostiku neglect syndromu. Poněkud archaické „pen and paper“ testy a škály jsou schopné identifikovat pouze malé procento postižených. Určitou formu neglect syndromu však můžeme nalézt i u pacientů bez zjevných klinických příznaků. Nemusí se pak jednat o neglect syndrom v pravém slova smyslu, ale spíše o upřednostňování určité části prostoru vůči druhé. K odhalení těchto diskrétních poruch může sloužit technika umožňující monitorování přirozených očních pohybů a sledovacích strategií – tzv. eye tracking. V této studii byl využit přístroj The Eye Tribe. Vyšetření bylo prováděno prostřednictvím interaktivních úkolů zaměřených na prostorové vnímání. Vyhodnocením těchto úkolů jsme určili stranovou preferenci očních pohybů a sledovacích strategií. Uvádíme kazuistické výsledky 3 probandů. A – pacient po CMP s pravostrannou lézí, B – pacient po CMP s levostrannou lézí, C – zdravý proband. Výsledky potvrdily ipsilezionální stranovou preferenci v prostoru u obou vyšetřovaných pacientů (A, B). To potvrzuje hypotézu, že prvky neglect syndromu lze nalézt i u pacientů, u kterých je standardní vyšetření zcela „němé“.

Disorders of visuospatial functions represent an important deficit in patients with acute brain damage, which in the end distinctly influence a general restitution of motor and cognitive functions and simultaneously determine the successfulness of rehabilitation. The examination of these disorders is at the present time limited to diagnosis of the neglect syndrome. Somewhat archaic „pen and paper tests” and scales can identify only a low percentage of the affected individuals. Certain form of the neglect syndrome and be found even in patients without apparent clinical symptoms, though. In need not be the proper neglect syndrome, but rather giving preference a certain part f the space as compared to the other. A technique making possible monitoring of natural visual movements and monitoring strategies, sc eye tracking can help to reveal discrete disorders. The Eye Tribe apparatus ahs been used in this study. The examination was performed by means of interactive tasks oriented to visual perception. The side preference of ocular movements and observation strategies was determined by evaluation of these tasks. Case reports of three probands are described. A – a patient after CMS with dextral lesion, B- a patient after CMS with sinistral lesion, C – a healthy proband. The results confirmed ipsilesional side preference in space in both patients examined (A, B). It con firmed the hypothesis that elements of the neglect syndrome may be found even in patients where a standard examination remains totally “dumb”.

• Keywords
• vizuospaciální funkce, eye tracking,
• MeSH
• Stroke * complications   MeSH
• Functional Laterality MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Eye Movement Measurements * MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests MeSH
• Perceptual Disorders * diagnosis   MeSH
• Eye Movements physiology   MeSH
• Space Perception physiology   MeSH
• Visual Perception MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

BACKGROUND: Although dystonia is traditionally conceptualized as a basal ganglia disorder, increasing interest has been directed at a different neural network node, the cerebellum, which may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of dystonia. Abnormal sensorimotor processing and disturbed motor schemes, possibly attributable to cerebellar changes, remain unclear. METHODS: We sought to characterize the extent of cerebellar dysfunction within the motor network using functional MRI activation analysis, connectivity analysis, and voxel-based morphometry in cervical dystonia patients (n = 25, 15 women, mean age 45.8 years) and healthy volunteers (n = 25, 15 women, mean age 44.7 years) in a visuospatial task requiring predictive motor timing. RESULTS: Cervical dystonia patients showed decreased activation in the posterior cerebellar lobules as well as in the premotor areas, the associative parietal cortex, and visual regions. Patients also had decreased cerebellar connectivity with bilateral basal ganglia structures and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: This promotes the view that dystonia results from miscommunication between the basal ganglia and cerebellar loops, thus providing new insights into the brain regions essential for the development of cervical dystonia. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

• MeSH
• Basal Ganglia diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Functional Neuroimaging MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Motor Cortex diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Cerebellum diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Brain diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Neural Pathways diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Task Performance and Analysis MeSH
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted MeSH
• Spatial Processing * MeSH
• Torticollis diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

There is accumulating evidence that training on working memory (WM) generalizes to other nontrained domains, and there are reports of transfer effects extending as far as to measures of fluid intelligence. Although there have been several demonstrations of such transfer effects in young adults and children, they have been difficult to demonstrate in older adults. In this study, we investigated the generalizing effects of an adaptive WM intervention on nontrained measures of WM and visuospatial skills. We randomly assigned healthy older adults to train on a verbal n-back task over the course of a month for either 10 or 20 sessions. Their performance change was compared with that of a control group. Our results revealed reliable group effects in nontrained standard clinical measures of WM and visuospatial skills in that both training groups outperformed the control group. We also observed a dose-response effect, that is, a positive relationship between training frequency and the gain in visuospatial skills; this finding was further confirmed by a positive correlation between training improvement and transfer. The improvements in visuospatial skills emerged even though the intervention was restricted to the verbal domain. Our work has important implications in that our data provide further evidence for plasticity of cognitive functions in old age.

• MeSH
• Memory, Short-Term * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Practice, Psychological MeSH
• Transfer, Psychology * MeSH
• Psychological Tests MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Aging psychology   MeSH
• Space Perception * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Randomized Controlled Trial MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

AIM: To explore the relationship between visuospatial memory, weak central coherence, and eating disorder (ED) symptoms in anorexia nervosa (AN) inpatients. SAMPLE: 31 female AN inpatients. METHODS: Rey complex figure test (RCFT) was used to assess both visuospatial memory and central coherence. RCFT consisted of copy and recall trials. ED symptoms were assessed by The Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and The Clinical and Research Inventory for Eating Disorders (CR-EAT). RESULTS: We found a statistically significant negative correlation between recall accuracy and the total EDE-Q score. Furthermore, recall accuracy and recall central coherence significantly negatively correlate with several EDE-Q and CR-EAT scales. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may contribute to a better understanding of cognitive impairments specifically in ED, and to refining interventions aiming at their improvement.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Anorexia Nervosa diagnosis   psychology   MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests MeSH
• Personality Inventory MeSH
• Memory * MeSH
• Body Image * MeSH
• Self Concept MeSH
• Severity of Illness Index * MeSH
• Sense of Coherence * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Visuospatial perspective-taking (VPT) is a process of imagining what can be seen and how a scene looks from a location and orientation in space that differs from one's own. It comprises two levels that are underpinned by distinct neurocognitive processes. Level-2 VPT is often studied in relation to two other cognitive phenomena, object mental rotation (oMR) and theory of mind (ToM). With the aim to describe the broad picture of neurocognitive processes underlying level-2 VPT, here we give an overview of the recent behavioral and neuroscientific findings of level-2 VPT. We discuss its relation to level-1 VPT, which is also referred to as perspective-tracking, and the neighboring topics, oMR and ToM. Neuroscientific research shows that level-2 VPT is a diverse cognitive process, encompassing functionally distinct neural circuits. It shares brain substrates with oMR, especially those parietal brain areas that are specialized in spatial reasoning. However, compared to oMR, level-2 VPT involves additional activations in brain structures that are typically involved in ToM tasks and deal with self/other distinctions. In addition, level-2 VPT has been suggested to engage brain areas coding for internal representations of the body. Thus, the neurocognitive model underpinning level-2 VPT can be understood as a combination of visuospatial processing with social cognition and body schema representations.

• MeSH
• Imagination physiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Cerebral Cortex physiology   MeSH
• Theory of Mind physiology   MeSH
• Space Perception physiology   MeSH
• Visual Perception physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

INTRO: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of quiet eye training (QET) on inhibitory control, visuospatial working memory (WM), and tonic attention in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Forty-eight children with ADHD aged 9-12 years were randomly assigned to QET and control (CON) groups. The QET group practiced targeted hand-eye tasks within a QET protocol developed to optimize controlled attention and gaze through eye fixations. We used the go/no-go (GNG) test, the Corsi test, and the reaction test of alertness (RTA) to verify the effects of QET on inhibition control, WM, and tonic attention. RESULTS: QET group showed significantly shorter reaction times, a higher number of correct responses, and a lower number of omissions in the GNG inhibition test after QET as compared to the pre-measurements, whereas the CON group did not demonstrate significant changes in this test. The measures of WM (Corsi test) and tonic attention (RTA) did not change significantly with the QET-based intervention. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that the QET protocol, which includes instructions and a video demonstration to optimize eye fixation on a target during aiming tasks, is acceptable and usable for children with ADHD. Overall, a short-term, 5-week visuomotor training intervention based on the quiet eye paradigm was shown to be effective in improving inhibitory control and focused visual attention, but not visuospatial WM and intrinsic attention in 9-12-year-old children with inattentive or combined ADHD.

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Double-Blind Method MeSH
• Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity * therapy   MeSH
• Cognition MeSH
• Memory, Short-Term * physiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Fixation, Ocular MeSH
• Reaction Time MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Randomized Controlled Trial MeSH

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a key non-motor complication during the disease course. OBJECTIVES: A review of detailed cognitive instruments to detect mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) or dementia (PDD) is needed to establish optimal tests that facilitate diagnostic accuracy. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature review of tests that assess memory, language including premorbid intelligence, and visuospatial domains (for tests of attention and executive functions see accompanying review) to determine suitability to assess cognition in PD. Based on in-depth scrutiny of psychometric and other relevant clinimetric properties, tests were rated as "recommended," "recommended with caveats," "suggested," or "listed" by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (IPMDS) panel of experts according to the IPMDS Clinical Outcome Assessment Scientific Evaluation Committee guidelines. RESULTS: We included 39 tests encompassing 48 outcome measures. Seven tests (different versions or subtests of the test counted once) were recommended, including four for memory, one for visuospatial domains, one for language (including three measures), and one for estimated premorbid intelligence. Furthermore, 10 tests (12 measures) were "recommended with caveats," 11 were "suggested," and 11 (15 measures) were "listed." CONCLUSIONS: Recommended neuropsychological tests in memory, visuospatial functions, and language are proposed to guide the assessment of cognitive impairment and its progression in PD-MCI and PDD, and for use in clinical trials to stratify participants or as outcome measures. Novel measures being developed will need extensive validation research to be "recommended." © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

• MeSH
• Language * MeSH
• Cognitive Dysfunction * diagnosis   etiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests * standards   MeSH
• Memory * physiology   MeSH
• Parkinson Disease * complications   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Systematic Review MeSH

Age-related spatial navigation decline is more pronounced in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. We used a realistic-looking virtual navigation test suite to analyze different aspects of visuospatial processing in typical and atypical aging. A total of 219 older adults were recruited from the Czech Brain Aging Study cohort. Cognitively normal older adults (CN; n = 78), patients with amnestic MCI (n = 75), and those with mild AD dementia (n = 66) underwent three navigational tasks, cognitive assessment, and brain MRI. Route learning and wayfinding/perspective-taking tasks distinguished the groups as performance and learning declined and specific visuospatial strategies were less utilized with increasing cognitive impairment. Increased perspective shift and utilization of non-specific strategies were associated with worse task performance across the groups. Primacy and recency effects were observed across the groups in the route learning and the wayfinding/perspective-taking task, respectively. In addition, a primacy effect was present in the wayfinding/perspective-taking task in the CN older adults. More effective spatial navigation was associated with better memory and executive functions. The results demonstrate that a realistic and ecologically valid spatial navigation test suite can reveal different aspects of visuospatial processing in typical and atypical aging.

• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Deficit in visuospatial functions can influence both simple and complex daily life activities. Despite the fact that visuospatial deficit was reported in schizophrenia, research on visuospatial functions as an independent entity is limited. Our study aims to elucidate the impact of visuospatial deficit in comparison with verbal deficit on global functioning and quality of life in the first psychotic episode of schizophrenia spectrum disorder (FES). The significance of clinical symptoms and antipsychotic medication was also studied. METHODS: Thirty-six FES patients and a matched group of healthy controls (HC group) were assessed with a neuropsychological battery focused on visuospatial (VIS) and verbal (VERB) functions. Using multiple regression analysis, we evaluated the cumulative effect of VERB and VIS functions, psychiatric symptoms (PANSS) and antipsychotic medication on global functioning (GAF) and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) in the FES group. RESULTS: The FES group demonstrated significant impairment both in VIS and VERB cognitive abilities compared to the HC group. Antipsychotic medication did not significantly affect either VIS or VERB functioning. PANSS was not related to cognitive functioning, apart from the Trail Making Test B. In the FES group, the GAF score was significantly affected by the severity of positive symptoms and VERB functioning, explaining together 60% of GAF variability. The severity of negative and positive symptoms affected only the Physical health domain of WHOQOL-BREF. The degree of VERB deficit was associated with both Physical and Psychological health. Although we did not find any relation between VIS functioning, GAF, and WHOQOL-BREF, a paradoxical finding emerged in the Environment quality domain, where a worse quality of the environment was associated with better VIS functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the deficit in VIS functions is an integral part of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, rather than a side effect of symptomatology or antipsychotic medication. Moreover, VERB functioning was a better predictor of GAF and WHOQOL-BREF than VIS functioning. Given the findings of negative or missing effect of VIS deficit on WHOQOL-BREF and GAF, the accuracy of these measures in evaluating the impact of global cognitive deficit on everyday life in schizophrenia could be questioned.

• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Introduction: The Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) is a frequently used visuospatial declarative memory test, but normative data in the Czech population are lacking. Moreover, the BVMT-R includes promising learning indexes that can be used to detect learning deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, its clinical usefulness has not yet been thoroughly examined. Early detection of memory impairment in PD is essential for effective treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to provide BVMT-R Czech normative data for clinical use and to find the detection potential of the principal BVMT-R scores, including new learning indices, to capture the cognitive deficit in PD. Method: The BVMT-R were administered to a normative sample of 920 participants aged 17 to 95 years and to a clinical sample of 60 PD patients; 25 with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and 35 with normal cognition (PD-NC). In order to provide normative values, multiple regression analyses were employed, and to compare the clinical and control sample, Bayesian Hierarchical Linear Models were used. Results: The best model for regression-based norms showed to be with age + age2 + education + sex as predictors. From all learning indexes, L6 (sum of trials 1-3), followed by, L4 (sum of trials 1-3 multiplied by the difference between the highest and the lowest score) best differentiated between controls or PD-NC and PD-MCI. Conclusions: We provide regression-based normative values for BVMT-R that could be used in clinical settings and meta-analytic efforts. Furthermore, we revealed visuospatial learning and memory deficit in PD-MCI. We have also identified the most discriminative learning index adapted to BVMT-R.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Cognitive Dysfunction etiology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests standards   MeSH
• Parkinson Disease complications   physiopathology   MeSH
• Memory Disorders etiology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Learning physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH