water‐use efficiency
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Five winter oilseed rape cultivars (Benefit, Californium, Cortes, Ladoga, Navajo) were subjected to 30 days of cold treatment (4 °C) to examine the effect of cold on acquired frost tolerance (FT), dehydrin (DHN) content, and photosynthesis-related parameters. The main aim of this study was to determine whether there are relationships between FT (expressed as LT50 values) and the other parameters measured in the cultivars. While the cultivar Benefit accumulated two types of DHNs (D45 and D35), the other cultivars accumulated three additional DHNs (D97, D47, and D37). The similar-sized DHNs (D45 and D47) were the most abundant; the others exhibited significantly lower accumulations. The highest correlations were detected between LT50 and DHN accumulation (r=-0.815), intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi; r=-0.643), net photosynthetic rate (r=-0.628), stomatal conductance (r=0.511), and intracellular/intercellular CO2 concentration (r=0.505). Those cultivars that exhibited higher Pn rate in cold (and further a significant increase in WUEi) had higher levels of DHNs and also higher FT. No significant correlation was observed between LT50 and E, PRI, or NDVI. Overall, we have shown the selected physiological parameters to be able to distinguish different FT cultivars of winter oilseed rape.
- MeSH
- aklimatizace MeSH
- analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
- analýza rozptylu MeSH
- Brassica napus fyziologie MeSH
- fotosyntéza fyziologie MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace * MeSH
- roční období * MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- voda fyziologie MeSH
- zmrazování * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Článek popisuje zdroje šedé vody a její kvalitu po stránce fyzikální, chemické a mikrobiologické. Popisuje způsoby nepitného užití vyčištěné šedé vody v budovách a s nimi spojené expoziční cesty nákazy. Charakterizuje možná zdravotní rizika při ingesci, inhalaci a dermálním kontaktu. Závěrem jsou diskutována potřebná opatření k ochraně veřejného zdraví, která v ČR dosud chybí. Jako nejvhodnější se jeví kombinace požadavků na kvalitu vyčištěné vody pro různé způsoby užití s požadavky na účinnost technologie čištění ve smyslu logaritmické redukce referenčních patogenů a doporučení uživatelům ohledně bezpečného chování při užití této vody.
The paper describes the sources of greywater and its physical, chemical, and microbiological quality. The list of different non-potable uses of treated greywater in buildings and related exposure pathways of infections are provided. Possible health risks stemmed from ingestion, inhalation or dermal contact are characterised. Finally, required measures needed to protect public health, which have been missing in Czechia so far, are discussed. A combination of water quality standards for different ways of use, requirements for log reduction of reference pathogens of treatment technologies, and recommendations for end-users on safety behaviour seems to be the most efficient approach.
- Klíčová slova
- šedá voda, recyklace vody,
- MeSH
- čištění vody MeSH
- environmentální zdraví MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- kvalita vody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odpadní voda * analýza toxicita MeSH
- recyklace MeSH
- zásobování vodou MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The method employing molecularly imprinted polymers for the extraction and clean up of endocrine-disrupting compounds (estrogens, bisphenol A, and alkylphenols) from water and sediment is described. The identical extraction/clean-up and LC-MS/MS condition were used for the analysis of both types of samples. The method showed high recoveries ranging from 90 to 99% with excellent precision (intrabatch: 3.6-9.3%; interbatch: 5.6-11.4% for water; intrabatch: 4.3-8.5%; interbatch: 6.1-9.6% for sediment). The LOD was in the range of 0.7-1.9 ng/L and 0.3-0.6 ng/g for water and sediment, respectively. Overall extraction on molecularly imprinted polymers substantially enhanced sample clean-up. The difference in efficiency of clean-up was particularly pronounced when a large sample volume/weight was extracted and analyzed. Finally, the method was successfully applied for the analysis of 20 water and sediment samples.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza izolace a purifikace MeSH
- endokrinní disruptory analýza izolace a purifikace MeSH
- extrakce na pevné fázi přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- geologické sedimenty analýza MeSH
- molekulový imprinting MeSH
- polymery chemická syntéza chemie MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Despite the importance of phosphorus as a nutrient for humans and its role in ecological sustainability, its high abundance, resulting in large part from human activities, causes eutrophication that negatively affects the environment and public health. Here, we present the use of ferrate(VI) as an alternative agent for removing phosphorus from aqueous media. We address the mechanism of phosphate removal as a function of the Fe/P mass ratio and the pH value of the solution. The isoelectric point of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, formed as dominant Fe(VI) decomposition products, was identified to play a crucial role in predicting their efficiency in removing of phosphates. Importantly, it was found that the removal efficiency dramatically changes if Fe(VI) is added before (ex-situ conditions) or after (in-situ conditions) the introduction of phosphates into water. Removal under in-situ conditions showed remarkable sorption capacity of 143.4 mg P per gram of ferric precipitates due to better accessibility of active surface sites on in-situ formed ferric oxides/oxyhydroxides. At pH = 6.0-7.0, complete removal of phosphates was observed at a relatively low Fe/P mass ratio (5:1). The results show that phosphates are removed from water solely by sorption on the surface of γ-Fe2O3/γ-FeOOH core/shell nanoparticles. The advantages of Fe(VI) utilization include its environmentally friendly nature, the possibility of easy separation of the final product from water by a magnetic field or by natural settling, and the capacity for successful phosphate elimination at pH values near the neutral range and at low Fe/P mass ratios.
Nanocomposites consisting of diatomaceous earth particles and silver nanoparticles (silver NPs) with high antimicrobial activity were prepared and characterized. For the purpose of nanocomposite preparation, silver NPs with an average size of 28nm prepared by modified Tollens process were used. Nanocomposites were prepared using poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA) as an interlayer substance between diatomite and silver NPs which enables to change diatomite original negative surface charge to positive one. Due to strong electrostatic interactions between negatively charged silver NPs and positively charged PDDA-modified diatomite, Ag/PDDA-diatomite nanocomposites with a high content of silver (as high as 46.6mgAg/1g of diatomite) were prepared. Because of minimal release of silver NPs from prepared nanocomposites to aqueous media (<0.3mg Ag/1g of nanocomposite), the developed nanocomposites are regarded as a potential useful antimicrobial material with a long-term efficiency showing no risk to human health or environment. All the prepared nanocomposites exhibit a high bactericidal activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungicidal activity against yeasts at very low concentrations as low as 0.11g/L, corresponding to silver concentration of 5mg/L. Hence, the prepared nanocomposites constitute a promising candidate suitable for the microbial water treatment in environmental applications.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- antifungální látky chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- Bacteria účinky léků MeSH
- křemelina chemie farmakologie MeSH
- kvartérní amoniové sloučeniny chemie farmakologie MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- nanokompozity chemie MeSH
- organokovové sloučeniny chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- polyethyleny chemie farmakologie MeSH
- povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae účinky léků MeSH
- stříbro chemie farmakologie MeSH
- velikost částic MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Antineoplastic drugs (ADs) pose risks to healthcare staff. Surface disinfectants are used in hospitals to prevent microbial contamination but the efficiency of disinfectants to degrade ADs is not known. We studied nine disinfectants on ten ADs in the standardized laboratory and realistic in situ hospital conditions. METHODS: A survey in 43 hospitals prioritized nine most commonly used disinfections based on different ingredients. These were tested on inert stainless steel and in situ on contaminated hospital flooring. The effects against ten ADs were studied by LC-MS/MS (Cyclophosphamide CP; Ifosfamide IF; Capecitabine CAP; Sunitinib SUN; Methotrexate MET; Doxorubicin DOX; Irinotecan IRI; Paclitaxel PX; 5-Fluorouracil FU) and ICP-MS (Pt as a marker of platinum-based ADs). RESULTS: Monitoring of the floor contamination in 26 hospitals showed that the most contaminated are the outpatient clinics that suffer from a large turnover of staff and patients and have limited preventive measures. The most frequent ADs were Pt, PX, FU and CP with maxima exceeding the recommended 1 ng/cm2 limit by up to 140 times. IRI, FU, MET, DOX and SUN were efficiently removed by hydrolysis in clean water and present thus lower occupational risk. Disinfectants based on hydrogen peroxide were efficient against PX and FU (> 70% degradation) but less against other ADs, such as carcinogenic CP or IF, IRI and CAP. The most efficient were the active chlorine and peracetic acid-based products, which however release irritating toxic vapors. The innovative in situ testing of ADs previously accumulated in hospital flooring showed highly problematic removal of carcinogenic CP and showed that alcohol-based disinfectants may mobilize persistent ADs contamination from deeper floor layers. CONCLUSION: Agents based on hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, quaternary ammonium salts, glutaraldehyde, glucoprotamine or detergents can be recommended for daily use for both disinfection and AD decontamination. However, they have variable efficiencies and should be supplemented by periodic use of strong chlorine-based disinfectants efficient also against the carcinogenic and persistent CP.
- MeSH
- dekontaminace metody MeSH
- detergenty MeSH
- dezinficiencia * MeSH
- diaminy MeSH
- glutaraldehyd MeSH
- kontaminace zdravotnického vybavení MeSH
- kvartérní amoniové sloučeniny MeSH
- kyselina peroctová MeSH
- laboratoře MeSH
- nemocnice MeSH
- nerezavějící ocel MeSH
- peroxid vodíku MeSH
- podlahy a podlahové krytiny MeSH
- protinádorové látky * MeSH
- pyrrolidinony MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The duration of in-situ generation of iron corrosion products (FeCPs) prior the remediation process (so called "aging" of metallic iron (Fe0)), was found as the key parameter affecting the efficiency of Fe0 for water remediation. Batch experiments were performed in buffered solutions (pH 4.0, 4.7 and 5.5) and under oxic conditions (presence of dissolved oxygen) using Zn2+ as probe contaminant. The time-dependent (0-16 d) concentration changes of aqueous Fe2+ and Zn2+ were monitored using differential pulse polarography (DPP). During the time of pre-corrosion varying from 0 to 6 d, an "induction period" of the corrosion occurs in the first one - 2 h when no Fe2+ ion is released in the solution. After this period, Fe2+ was identified in solution and its concentration progressively increases up to 6 h, then starts to decrease and after 6 d nearly disappears. Experiments with Zn2+ reveal that the most efficient Fe0 remediation occurs after 6 h of pre-corrosion. This coherence thus proves that the presence, the amount and the age of FeCPs ("degree" of corrosion) significantly impact the removal efficiency of Zn2+ in Fe0/H2O systems. The present study severely refute the wording 'reactivity loss' and states that progress in designing sustainable Fe0/H2O systems will not be achieved before the role of "active" FeCPs is clarified.
Eutrophication of water by nutrient pollution remains an important environmental issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutrient uptake capacity of an algal biofilm as a means to treat polluted water. In addition, the study investigated the nutrient removal process. The algal biofilm was able to remove 99% of phosphorus within 24 hours of P addition, with the PO4-P concentration in inflowing water ranging from 3 to 10 mg L-1. Different patterns of phosphorus and nitrogen removal were observed. Daily quantity of removed NO3-N ranged from 2 to 25% and was highly dependent on solar irradiance. Precipitation of phosphorus during the removal process was studied using X-ray diffraction analyses and was not confirmed in the biofilm. The biofilm system we constructed has a high efficiency for phosphorus removal and, therefore, has great potential for integration into wastewater treatment processes.
- MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- biofilmy * MeSH
- čištění vody * MeSH
- dusík * MeSH
- fosfor * MeSH
- odpad tekutý - odstraňování MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Nano-scale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been conceived for cost-efficient degradation of chlorinated pollutants in soil as an alternative to e.g permeable reactive barriers or excavation. Little is however known about its efficiency in degradation of the ubiquitous environmental pollutant DDT and its secondary effects on organisms. Here, two types of nZVI (type B made using precipitation with borohydride, and type T produced by gas phase reduction of iron oxides under H2) were compared for efficiency in degradation of DDT in water and in a historically (>45 years) contaminated soil (24 mg kg(-1) DDT). Further, the ecotoxicity of soil and water was tested on plants (barley and flax), earthworms (Eisenia fetida), ostracods (Heterocypris incongruens), and bacteria (Escherichia coli). Both types of nZVI effectively degraded DDT in water, but showed lower degradation of aged DDT in soil. Both types of nZVI had negative impact on the tested organisms, with nZVI-T giving least adverse effects. Negative effects were mostly due to oxidation of nZVI, resulting in O2 consumption and excess Fe(II) in water and soil.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu chemie toxicita MeSH
- DDT chemie toxicita MeSH
- ekotoxikologie MeSH
- Escherichia coli účinky léků MeSH
- ječmen (rod) účinky léků MeSH
- korýši účinky léků MeSH
- kyslík metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu chemie toxicita MeSH
- len účinky léků MeSH
- Oligochaeta účinky léků MeSH
- půda MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí MeSH
- železo chemie toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
A high-performance liquid chromatography method using an alternative pentafluorophenyl (PFP) core-shell stationary phase has been developed and used for rapid separation of 23 anthocyanins in a highbush blueberry Bluehaven cultivar. A high efficiency of separation of anthocyanins was achieved in the core-shell column Kinetex PFP, 150×4.6mm (particle size 2.6µm) with a 5×4.6mm precolumn, using a simple linear gradient elution with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and a water solution of 2% formic acid at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min and at a temperature of 50°C. The detection wavelength was set at 520nm for detection of all anthocyanins. The homogenized blueberry sample (Bluehaven cultivar) was extracted using pure methanol with 1.3% formic acid using an ultrasound bath for 20min and then filtrated. A 5-µL sample volume was directly injected into the HPLC system. The developed method showed an efficient separation of 23 anthocyanins in a total runtime of 21min. The potential of the pentafluorophenyl phase for efficient separation was demonstrated on a wide range of anthocyanins varying in glycosylation and acylation patterns found in highbush blueberries. The fluorinated stationary phase showed an alternative and complementary separation approach providing unique aromatic and polar selectivity in comparison with common C-18 phases.
