BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to find a possible association between retinal microvascular abnormality and major depression in a non-geriatric population. METHOD: The participants with major depression were hospitalised at the University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Department of Psychiatry. Retinal images were obtained using a stationary Fundus camera FF450 by Zeiss and a hand-held camera by oDocs. RESULTS: Fifty patients (men n=18, women n=32) aged 16 to 55 (men's average age 33.7±9.9 years, women's average age 37.9±11.5 years) were compared with fifty mentally healthy subjects (men n=28, women n=22) aged 18 to 61 (men's average age 35.3±9.2 years, women's average age 36.6±10.6 years) in a cross-sectional design. The patients were diagnosed with a single depressive episode (n=26) or a recurrent depressive disorder (n=24) according to the ICD-10 classification. Our results confirmed significant microvascular changes in the retina in patients with depressive disorder in comparison to the control group of mentally healthy subjects, with significantly larger arteriolar (P<0.0001) as well as venular (P<0.001-0.0001) calibres in major depression. CONCLUSION: According to the literature, acute and chronic neuroinflammation is associated with changes in microvascular form and function. The endothelium becomes a major participant in the inflammatory response damaging the surrounding tissue and its function. Because the retina and brain tissue share a common embryonic origin, we suspect similar microvascular pathology in the retina and in the brain in major depression. Our results may contribute to a better understanding of depression etiopathogenesis and to its personalized treatment.

• MeSH
• Depressive Disorder, Major * MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Microvessels diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Retinal Diseases diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Retinal Vessels * diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Case-Control Studies MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

• MeSH
• Medical Records Systems, Computerized MeSH
• History, 19th Century MeSH
• Fluorescein Angiography * history   methods   MeSH
• Photography history   methods   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Retinal Diseases diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods   MeSH
• Inventors history   MeSH
• Inventions history   MeSH
• Check Tag
• History, 19th Century MeSH
• Humans MeSH

Cieľ: Objasniť možnosti a úlohu zobrazovania zadného segmentu oka u pacientov s diagnózou neurofibromatózy typu 1 (NF1) a poukázať na výskyt prejavov tohto ochorenia u detskej populácie na Slovensku. Materiál a metodika: Donedávna sa očné konzíliá pri pacientoch s NF1 obmedzovali najmä na observáciu Lischových uzlíkov dúhovky a výskytu gliómu zrakového nervu. Rozvoj zobrazovacích možností však umožňuje skúmať a popisovať nové zistenia o očných prejavoch tohto ochorenia. Od októbra 2020 do novembra 2021 sme na našej klinike vyšetrili predný aj zadný segment 76 očí (38 detí – 12 chlapcov a 26 dievčat) s geneticky potvrdenou mutáciou génu NF1. Vek pacientov bol 4–18 rokov. Na prednom segmente sa kontrolovala prítomnosť Lischových uzlíkov biomikroskopicky štrbinovou lampou. Na zadnom segmente sa kontrolovala prítomnosť choroidálnych nodulov rôznymi zobrazovacími metódami – fundus kamerou, infračervenou konfokálnou selektívnou laserovou oftalmoskopiou, MultiColor zobrazením, OCT a OCT angiografiou. Všetci pacienti mali realizovanú magnetickú rezonanciu pre možné zistenie gliómu zrakového nervu za účelom diagnos tiky. Sledovali sme koreláciu medzi vekom pacienta, prítomnosťou Lischových uzlíkov a prítomnosťou choroidálnych nodulov. Osem pacien tov malo zároveň iné prejavy ochorenia – gliómy zrakového nervu či mikrovaskulárne zmeny (tzv. „corskscrew“ cievy). Výsledky: Z celkového počtu 38 pacientov boli Lischove uzlíky dúhovky prítomné u 20 pacientov (53 %) a choroidálne noduly u 24 pacientov (63 %). Nebola zistená žiadna pozitívna korelácia medzi prítomnosťou týchto dvoch prejavov v rámci jedného pacienta, či oka, avšak je zrejmá korelácia medzi prítomnosťou choroidálnych nodulov a vekom pacienta. Záver: Z výsledkov možno vyvodiť, že donedávna neznámy očný prejav neurofibromatózy typu 1, choroidálny nodul, má aj u detskej populá cie vyšší výskyt ako Lischove uzlíky a je možné ho jednoducho zobraziť pomocou rôznych zobrazovacích modalít. Dôležité bude zaradiť sledo vanie tohto nálezu medzi štandardné kontroly očných nálezov pri NF1 a veľmi zaujímavé bude korelovať tento nález s presnou mutáciou NF1

Aim: To clarify the possibilities and role of posterior segment imaging in patients with neurofibromatosis type I (NF1), and to show the prevalence of this disease in the pediatric population in Slovakia. Material and methods: Until recently, ophthalmologic consultations in patients with NF1 were limited mainly to the observation of Lisch nodules of the iris and the presence of optic nerve glioma. However, advances in imaging capabilities have made it possible to investigate and describe new f indings concerning the ocular manifestations of this disease. Between October 2020 and November 2021, we examined the anterior and posterior segment of 76 eyes (38 children – 12 boys and 26 girls) with genetically confirmed NF1 gene mutation at our clinic. The age of the patients ranged from 4 to 18 years. The anterior segment was checked for the presence of Lisch nodules biomicroscopically with a slit lamp. On the posterior segment, the presence of choroidal nodules was checked by various imaging methods – fundus camera, infrared confocal selective laser ophthalmoscopy, MultiColor imaging, OCT, and OCT angiography. All the patients had magnetic resonance imaging performed in order to detect potential optic nerve gliomas for the purpose of diagnosis. We observed the correlation between the patients’ age, presence of Lisch nodules and the presence of choroidal nodules. Eight patients also had other manifestations of the disease – optic nerve gliomas or microvascular changes (so-called “corkscrew” vessels). Results: Out of 38 patients, Lisch iris nodules were present in 20 patients (53%) and choroidal nodules in 24 patients (63%). There was no positive correlation between the presence of these two manifestations within the same patient or eye, but there is a clear correlation between the presence of choroidal nodules and patient age. Conclusion: The results suggest that a previously unknown ocular manifestation of neurofibromatosis type I, namely choroidal nodules, has a higher prevalence than Lisch nodules also in the pediatric population and can be easily visualized using various imaging modalities. It will be important to include follow-up observation of this finding among the standard controls for ocular findings in NF1, and it will be very interesting to correlate this f inding with the exact NF1 mutation

• Keywords
• Lischovy uzly, choroidální noduly,
• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Multimodal Imaging classification   methods   MeSH
• Retinal Diseases diagnostic imaging   diagnosis   classification   pathology   MeSH
• Neurofibromatosis 1 * diagnostic imaging   diagnosis   complications   MeSH
• Eye Diseases * diagnostic imaging   diagnosis   classification   pathology   MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Posterior Eye Segment diagnostic imaging   pathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Publication type
• Clinical Study MeSH

• MeSH
• Anemia classification   complications   physiopathology   MeSH
• Diagnosis, Differential MeSH
• Blood Coagulation Disorders diagnosis   classification   physiopathology   pathology   MeSH
• Leukemia diagnosis   classification   complications   physiopathology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Lymphoma diagnosis   classification   physiopathology   pathology   MeSH
• Multiple Myeloma diagnosis   classification   complications   MeSH
• Retinal Diseases diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   therapy   MeSH
• Intraocular Lymphoma diagnostic imaging   classification   complications   MeSH
• Eye Manifestations * MeSH
• Anterior Eye Segment diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   pathology   MeSH
• Retinal Hemorrhage diagnostic imaging   etiology   therapy   MeSH
• Vision, Low diagnostic imaging   etiology   MeSH
• Posterior Eye Segment diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   pathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

Cíl: Poukázat na využití optické koherenční angiografie (Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography – OCTA) u chorob vitreoretinálního rozhraní. Na vlastním souboru prezentovat výsledky hodnocení makulární kapilární sítě před a po operaci idiopatické makulární díry (IMD) a OCTA nálezy u pacientů s epiretinální membránou (ERM). Metodika a soubor: Prospektivní hodnocení funkčních výsledků, anatomických a OCTA nálezů před a po operaci IMD. Soubor tvořilo 8 očí osmi pacientů. Předoperačně a 1, 3 a 6 měsíců po operaci byla vyšetřována nejlépe korigovaná zraková ostrost (NKZO), provedeno foto fundu, vyšetření makuly spectral-domain optickou koherenční tomografií (SD OCT), stanovení stadia IMD dle Gasse a OCTA. Při vyšetření OCTA byla hodnocena plocha foveální avaskulární zóny (FAZ) a vaskulární denzita (VD). Operace byla ve všech případech provedena transkonjunktivální bezstehovou 25G vitrektomií, jedním chirurgem, vždy byl proveden peeling vnitřní limitující membrány. K endotamponádě sklivcové dutiny byl použit expanzivní plyn, 7x 20 % SF6, 1x 15 % C3F8. Výsledky: Ve všech 8 případech došlo po operaci k primárnímu uzavření IMD. Průměrná NKZO se statisticky významně zlepšila z 0,74 do 0,48 logMAR (p = 0,0023). Průměrná plocha FAZ se po operaci zmenšila z 0,345 mm² do 0,25 mm² (p = 0,0458). Průměrná VD se zvýšila z 7,93 mm-1 do 8,38 mm-1 (p = 0,2959). Závěr: Posuzování makulární kapilární sítě u pacientů s chorobami vitreoretinálního rozhraní nabízí nové poznatky a důležité detaily, které mohou vést k prognostickým informacím a k lepšímu pochopení patogenese onemocnění. V našem souboru jsme prokázaly statisticky významné zmenšení FAZ u očí po úspěšné operaci IMD a nepřímou závislost mezi zlepšením NKZO a změnou plochy FAZ.

Aims: Present the use of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) in vitreoretinal interface diseases and results of macular capillary network evaluation before and after idiopathic macular hole surgery (IMD). Methodology: Prospective evaluation of functional results, anatomical and OCTA findings before and after IMD surgery. The group consists of 8 eyes of eight patients. Preoperatively and 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery, the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was examined, fundus photography was performed, examination of the macula by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT), determination of the stage of IMD according to Gases and also OCTA examination. The area of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and vascular density (VD) were evaluated by using of the OCTA. The operation was performed in all cases by transconjunctival suture 25G vitrectomy by one surgeon, always peeling the inner limiting membrane. An expansive gas, 7x 20% SF6, 1x 15% C3F8, was used for vitreous tamponade. Results: In all 8 cases, the primary closure of the IMD occurred after the operation. The mean BCVA improved statistically significantly from 0.74 to 0.48 logMAR (p = 0.0023). The average FAZ area decreased from 0.345 mm² to 0.25 mm² after surgery (p = 0.0458). The mean VD increased from 7.93 mm-1 to 8.38 mm-1 (p = 0.2959). Conclusions: Assessment of the macular capillary network in patients with diseases of the vitreoretinal interface offers new findings and important details that can lead to prognostic information and a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. We demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in FAZ in the eyes after successful IMD surgery and an indirect relationship between the improvement of BCVA and the change in FAZ area in our cohort.

• Keywords
• OCT angiografie, pars plana vitrektomie, vitreoretinální rozhraní,
• MeSH
• Epiretinal Membrane MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Retinal Diseases * diagnostic imaging   pathology   MeSH
• Retinal Neovascularization diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Tomography, Optical Coherence * methods   MeSH
• Retinal Perforations surgery   pathology   MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Vitreous Body pathology   MeSH
• Vitrectomy MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Visual Acuity MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To update the consensus recommendations for reporting of quantitative optical coherence tomography (OCT) study results, thus revising the previously published Advised Protocol for OCT Study Terminology and Elements (APOSTEL) recommendations. METHODS: To identify studies reporting quantitative OCT results, we performed a PubMed search for the terms "quantitative" and "optical coherence tomography" from 2015 to 2017. Corresponding authors of the identified publications were invited to provide feedback on the initial APOSTEL recommendations via online surveys following the principle of a modified Delphi method. The results were evaluated and discussed by a panel of experts and changes to the initial recommendations were proposed. A final survey was recirculated among the corresponding authors to obtain a majority vote on the proposed changes. RESULTS: A total of 116 authors participated in the surveys, resulting in 15 suggestions, of which 12 were finally accepted and incorporated into an updated 9-point checklist. We harmonized the nomenclature of the outer retinal layers, added the exact area of measurement to the description of volume scans, and suggested reporting device-specific features. We advised to address potential bias in manual segmentation or manual correction of segmentation errors. References to specific reporting guidelines and room light conditions were removed. The participants' consensus with the recommendations increased from 80% for the previous APOSTEL version to greater than 90%. CONCLUSIONS: The modified Delphi method resulted in an expert-led guideline (evidence Class III; Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations [GRADE] criteria) concerning study protocol, acquisition device, acquisition settings, scanning protocol, funduscopic imaging, postacquisition data selection, postacquisition analysis, nomenclature and abbreviations, and statistical approach. It will be essential to update these recommendations to new research and practices regularly.

• MeSH
• Delphi Technique MeSH
• Consensus MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Retinal Diseases diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Ophthalmology methods   MeSH
• Tomography, Optical Coherence * MeSH
• Research Design * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Publikace se zabývá zkoumáním projevů neurologických onemocnění na sítnici pomocí optické koherenční tomografie. Určeno odborné veřejnosti.; První česká kniha věnovaná optické koherenční tomografii (OCT) v neurologii je cílena na širokou odbornou veřejnost včetně neurologů, oftalmologů a vědců zabývajících se projevy neurologických onemocnění na sítnici...

• MeSH
• Nervous System Diseases diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Retinal Diseases diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Neurologic Manifestations MeSH
• Tomography, Optical Coherence methods   MeSH
• Publication type
• Monograph MeSH

• Conspectus
• Ortopedie. Chirurgie. Oftalmologie
• NML Fields
• oftalmologie
• radiologie, nukleární medicína a zobrazovací metody
• neurologie

Retinal oximetry imaging of retinal blood vessels measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. The imaging technology is non-invasive and reproducible with remarkably low variability on test-retest studies and in healthy cohorts. Pathophysiological principles and novel biomarkers in several retinal diseases have been discovered, as well as possible applications for systemic and brain disease. In diabetic retinopathy, retinal venous oxygen saturation is elevated and arteriovenous difference progressively reduced in advanced stages of retinopathy compared with healthy persons. This correlates with pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy where hypoxia stimulates VEGF production. Laser treatment and vitrectomy both improve retinal oximetry values, which correlate with clinical outcome. The oximetry biomarker may allow automatic measurement of severity of diabetic retinopathy and predict its response to treatment. Central retinal vein occlusion is characterized by retinal hypoxia, which is evident in retinal oximetry. The retinal hypoxia seen on oximetry correlates with the extent of peripheral ischemia, visual acuity and thickness of macular edema. This biomarker may help diagnose and measure severity of vein occlusion and degree of retinal ischemia. Glaucomatous retinal atrophy is associated with reduced oxygen consumption resulting in reduced arteriovenous difference and higher retinal venous saturation. The oximetry findings correlate with worse visual field, thinner nerve fiber layer and smaller optic disc rim. This provides an objective biomarker for glaucomatous damage. In retinitis pigmentosa, an association exists between advanced atrophy, worse visual field and higher retinal venous oxygen saturation, lower arteriovenous difference. This biomarker may allow measurement of severity and progression of retinitis pigmentosa and other atrophic retinal diseases. Retinal oximetry offers visible light imaging of systemic and central nervous system vessels. It senses hypoxia in cardiac and pulmonary diseases. Oximetry biomarkers have been discovered in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis and oxygen levels in the retina correspond well with brain.

• MeSH
• Oxygen blood   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Cerebrovascular Circulation physiology   MeSH
• Brain Diseases diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Retinal Diseases diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Oximetry * MeSH
• Retinal Vessels physiopathology   MeSH
• Visual Acuity MeSH
• Visual Fields MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• Angiography * methods   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Retinal Diseases diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Tomography, Optical Coherence methods   MeSH
• Retina * diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

A girl with profound congenital deafness and balance problems was found at 3.5 years of age to be a carrier of two novel compound heterozygous mutations in MYO7A that were predicted to be disease-causing. She also carried one known pathogenic mutation and one rare variant in USH2A. Fundus examination performed at 4.75 years revealed one small peripheral pigment deposit in the right eye, indicating probable retinal degeneration. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) showed a loss of photoreceptors throughout the macular area, except for the foveolar region, clearly confirming a diagnosis of Usher syndrome type 1. This case demonstrates that SD-OCT may be easily used in young children to confirm retinal disease, quantify the extent of retinal damage, and monitor disease progression.

• MeSH
• Extracellular Matrix Proteins genetics   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mutation, Missense MeSH
• Myosins genetics   MeSH
• Retinal Diseases diagnosis   diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Tomography, Optical Coherence methods   MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Usher Syndromes diagnosis   genetics   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Case Reports MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH