INTRODUCTION: We investigated the burden of microembolic signals (MES) in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) and atrial fibrillation (AF), assessing their impact on functional outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This multicentre international prospective cohort study involved patients with AIS and either a known or newly diagnosed anticoagulant-naïve AF. All centres utilised the same transcranial Doppler machine for 1-h monitoring with bilateral 2 MHz probes within 24 h of symptom onset. Recordings underwent MES analysis by a blinded central reader. The primary objectives were to ascertain the MES proportion and its association with functional outcomes assessed by the modified Rankin scale (mRS) score at 90 days. RESULTS: Between September 2019 and May 2021, we enrolled 61 patients, with a median age of 78 years (interquartile range 73-83) and a median stroke severity score of 11 (interquartile range 4-18). MES were observed in 14 patients (23%), predominantly unilateral (12/14, 86%), with a median rate of 6 counts/hour (interquartile range 4-18). MES occurrence was higher post-thrombectomy and among those with elevated brain natriuretic peptide levels (p < 0.05). A worse mRS score of 3-6 was more frequent in patients with MES, occurring in 11/14 (79%), compared to those without MES, 20/47 (43%), with an adjusted odds ratio of 5.04 (95% CI, 1.15-39.4), p = 0.04. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly a quarter of patients with AIS and AF exhibited silent microembolization after the index event. Detecting MES within 24 h post-stroke (using transcranial Doppler) could signify a marker of poor functional outcomes. Subsequent trials will assess if very early antithrombotic treatment might enhance outcomes in this highly selective group of cardioembolic stroke patients. (Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT06018090).

• MeSH
• fibrilace síní * komplikace   MeSH
• intrakraniální embolie diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• ischemická cévní mozková příhoda * diagnostické zobrazování   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• trombektomie MeSH
• ultrasonografie dopplerovská transkraniální * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intraarterial thrombolysis as an adjunct to mechanical thrombectomy is increasingly being considered to enhance reperfusion in acute ischemic stroke patients. Intraarterial thrombolysis may increase the risk of post-thrombectomy intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in certain patient subgroups. METHODS: We analyzed acute ischemic stroke patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy in a multicenter registry. The occurrence of any (asymptomatic and symptomatic) post-thrombectomy ICH was ascertained using standard definition requiring serial neurological examinations and computed tomographic scans acquired within 48 hours of the thrombectomy. We determined the risk of ICH in subgroups defined by clinical characteristics and the use of intravenous (IV) thrombolysis. RESULTS: A total of 146 (7.5%) patients received intraarterial thrombolysis among 1953 acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy. The proportion of patients who developed any ICH was 26 (17.8%) and 510 (28.2%) among patients who were and were not treated with intraarterial thrombolysis, respectively (p = .006). The proportion of patients who developed symptomatic ICH was 4 (2.7%) and 30 (1.7%) among patients who were and were not treated with intraarterial thrombolysis, respectively (p = .34). Among patients who received IV thrombolysis (n = 1042), the proportion of patients who developed any ICH was 9 (16.7%) and 294 (30.7%) among patients who were and were not treated with intraarterial thrombolysis, respectively (p = .028). The risk was not different in strata defined by age, gender, location of occlusion, preprocedure National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, time interval between symptom onset and thrombectomy, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score, systolic blood pressure, and serum glucose concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy, the risk of any ICH and symptomatic ICH was not increased with intraarterial thrombolysis, including in those who had already received IV thrombolytics.

• MeSH
• cerebrální krvácení * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• fibrinolytika * aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• ischemická cévní mozková příhoda * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• kombinovaná terapie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• registrace MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• trombektomie * metody   MeSH
• trombolytická terapie * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH

BACKGROUND: Endovascular treatment (EVT) of tandem lesion (TL) in the anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke (IS) usually requires periprocedural antithrombotic treatment and early initiation of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after carotid stenting. However, it may contribute to an occurrence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) in some cases. We investigated factors influencing the SICH occurrence and assessed the possible predictors of SICH after EVT. METHODS: IS patients with TL in the anterior circulation treated with EVT were enrolled in the multicenter retrospective ASCENT study. A good three-month clinical outcome was scored as 0-2 points in modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and recanalization using the TICI scale. SICH was assessed using the SITS-MOST criteria. Logistic regression analysis was used for the assessment of possible predictors of SICH with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS: In total, 300 (68.7 % males, mean age 67.3 ± 10.2 years) patients with median of admission NIHSS 17 were analyzed. Recanalization (TICI 2b-3) was achieved in 290 (96.7 %) patients and 176 (58.7 %) had mRS 0-2. SICH occurred in 25 (8.3 %) patients. Patients with SICH did not differ from those without SICH in the rate of periprocedural antithrombotic treatment (64 vs. 57.5 %, p = 0.526) and in the rate of DAPT started within the first 12 h after EVT (20 vs. 42.2 %, p = 0.087). After adjustment, admission NIHSS and admission glycemia were found as the only predictors of SICH after EVT. CONCLUSION: Admission NIHSS and glycemia were found as the only predictors of SICH after EVT for TL. No associations between periprocedural antithrombotic treatment, early start of DAPT after EVT and SICH occurrence were found.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• cerebrální krvácení * diagnostické zobrazování   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• duální protidestičková léčba škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• endovaskulární výkony * škodlivé účinky   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• fibrinolytika * aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• inhibitory agregace trombocytů * škodlivé účinky   aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• ischemická cévní mozková příhoda * etiologie   terapie   diagnóza   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• posuzování pracovní neschopnosti * MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stenty MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Japonsko MeSH

PURPOSE: Endovascular treatment (EVT) of tandem lesion (TL) in anterior circulation (AC) acute ischemic stroke (AIS) represents still a clinical challenge. We aimed to evaluate selected factors related to EVT and assess other possible predictors of good clinical outcome besides the generally known ones. METHODS: AIS patients with TL in AC treated with EVT were enrolled in the multicenter retrospective ASCENT study. A good three-month clinical outcome was scored as 0-2 points in modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and achieved recanalization using the TICI scale. Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) was assessed using the SITS-MOST criteria. Logistic regression analysis was used for the assessment of possible predictors of mRS 0-2 with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS: In total, 300 (68.7% males, mean age 67.3 ± 10.2 years) patients with median of admission NIHSS 17 were analyzed. Recanalization (TICI 2b-3) was achieved in 290 (96.7%) patients and 176 (58.7%) had mRS 0-2. Besides the age, admission NIHSS and SICH, admission glycemia (p = 0.005, OR: 0.884) the stent patency within the first 30 days after EVT (p = 0.0003, OR: 0.219), dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) started within 12 h after EVT (p < 0.0001, OR: 5.006) and statin therapy started within 24 h after stenting (p < 0.0001, OR: 5.558) were found as other predictors. CONCLUSION: Admission glycemia, start of DAPT within 12 h and statin therapy within 24 h after EVT, and stent patency within the first 30 days after EVT were found as other predictors of good three-month clinical outcome in AIS patients treated with EVT for TL.

• MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda * diagnostické zobrazování   terapie   etiologie   MeSH
• endovaskulární výkony * metody   MeSH
• ischemická cévní mozková příhoda * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• ischemie mozku * diagnostické zobrazování   terapie   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• statiny * MeSH
• trombektomie metody   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH

Barevná duplexní sonografie je dostupnou a přesnou zobrazovací metodou pro diagnostiku subklaviálního steal syndromu ve všech fázích jeho rozvoje, stejně tak i pro detekci stenóz a okluzí a. subclavia nebo truncus brachiocephalicus, které vznik stealu způsobují. V přehledném článku předkládám postup vyšetření stenotických procesů podklíčkových tepen a brachiocefalického kmene, posouzení stupně stealu a vyhodnocení kolaterálních zdrojů, kterými je zásobeno povodí postižené a. subclavia, včetně předpokládaných dopadů na cévní zásobení mozku. V závěru článku je zmíněno i praktické využití těchto nálezů pro rozhodování o léčebných možnostech u vybraných skupin pacientů.

Color duplex sonography is a suitable and accurate imaging method for the diagnostics of the subclavian steal syndrome in all its hemodynamic degrees, aswell as for the detection of stenoses or occlusions of the subclavian and anonymous artery. In this overview article I describe methodology of examination of the subclavian and brachiocephalic arterial stenoses, classification of the steal degrees and assessment of all collateral resources, which are involved in blood supply of the impaired subclavian artery region, including supposed impact for the brain blood perfusion. In the final part of this article some aspects of practical use are mentioned, which may be important for decision making process concerning therapeutic possibilities in selected groups of patients.

• MeSH
• arteriální okluzní nemoci diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• ischemická cévní mozková příhoda diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• syndrom arteriae subclaviae * diagnostické zobrazování   klasifikace   patologie   MeSH
• ultrasonografie dopplerovská barevná metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Způsob referování nálezu zobrazovacích metod významným způsobem ovlivňuje nutnost prohlížení CT dokumentace lékařem centra vysoce specializované cerebrovaskulární péče (KCC). V případě dlouhého intervalu při odeslání snímků do archivu KCC je významným způsobem prodloužen transport pacienta mezi centrem vysoce specializované péče o pacienta s iktem (IC) a KCC. Nezbytné je referovat rozsah ischemických změn v povodí ACM pomocí ASPECTS skóre. K vylučování pacientů z intervenční léčby na základě ASPECTS skóre je třeba přistupovat opatrně. Zásadní je dále správně identifikovat etáž okluze (zejména odlišení M1 a M2 úseku ACM), která spolurozhoduje o indikaci mechanické trombektomie. Pro strategii endovaskulárního výkonu je důležitá znalost postižení extrakraniálních tepen (stenózy, uzávěry). Referovat je vhodné anatomii krčních tepen s identifikací aortálního oblouku III. typu a výrazného vinutí krčních tepen, které mechanickou trombektomii komplikují. Tyto nálezy nejsou důvodem pro odmítnutí endovaskulárního výkonu.

The method of reporting the imaging techniques findings significantly affects the necessity of viewing the CT scans by the doctor in comprehensive cerebrovascular centre (CCC). In the case of a long interval when images are sent to the CCC archive, the transport of the patient between stroke centre (SC) and CCC is significantly prolonged. It is essential to report the extent of ischemic changes in the MCA territory using the ASPECTS score. Exclusion of patients from interventional treatment based on ASPECTS scores should be approached with caution. It is essential to correctly identify the level of occlusion (especially the distinction between M1 and M2 of the MCA segments), which co-determines the indication for mechanical thrombectomy. Knowledge of extracranial arteries involvement (stenoses, occlusions) is important for the strategy of endovascular surgery. It is appropriate to refer to the anatomy of the carotid arteries with the identification of the aortic arch type III. and significant looping of the carotid arteries, which complicate mechanical thrombectomy. These findings are not a reason to refuse an endovascular procedure.

• MeSH
• arterie anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• CT angiografie MeSH
• infarkt arteria cerebri media diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• ischemická cévní mozková příhoda * diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mechanická trombolýza metody   MeSH
• referování a indexace jako téma * MeSH
• ukazatele zdravotního stavu MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests a beneficial effect of endovascular thrombectomy in acute ischaemic stroke with large infarct; however, previous trials have relied on multimodal brain imaging, whereas non-contrast CT is mostly used in clinical practice. METHODS: In a prospective multicentre, open-label, randomised trial, patients with acute ischaemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation and a large established infarct indicated by an Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomographic Score (ASPECTS) of 3-5 were randomly assigned using a central, web-based system (using a 1:1 ratio) to receive either endovascular thrombectomy with medical treatment or medical treatment (ie, standard of care) alone up to 12 h from stroke onset. The study was conducted in 40 hospitals in Europe and one site in Canada. The primary outcome was functional outcome across the entire range of the modified Rankin Scale at 90 days, assessed by investigators masked to treatment assignment. The primary analysis was done in the intention-to-treat population. Safety endpoints included mortality and rates of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage and were analysed in the safety population, which included all patients based on the treatment they received. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03094715. FINDINGS: From July 17, 2018, to Feb 21, 2023, 253 patients were randomly assigned, with 125 patients assigned to endovascular thrombectomy and 128 to medical treatment alone. The trial was stopped early for efficacy after the first pre-planned interim analysis. At 90 days, endovascular thrombectomy was associated with a shift in the distribution of scores on the modified Rankin Scale towards better outcome (adjusted common OR 2·58 [95% CI 1·60-4·15]; p=0·0001) and with lower mortality (hazard ratio 0·67 [95% CI 0·46-0·98]; p=0·038). Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage occurred in seven (6%) patients with thrombectomy and in six (5%) with medical treatment alone. INTERPRETATION: Endovascular thrombectomy was associated with improved functional outcome and lower mortality in patients with acute ischaemic stroke from large vessel occlusion with established large infarct in a setting using non-contrast CT as the predominant imaging modality for patient selection. FUNDING: EU Horizon 2020.

• MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• endovaskulární výkony * metody   MeSH
• infarkt komplikace   MeSH
• intrakraniální krvácení etiologie   MeSH
• ischemická cévní mozková příhoda * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• ischemie mozku * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• trombektomie metody   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Alberta MeSH

BACKGROUND: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to anterior circulation tandem lesion (TL) remains a technical and clinical challenge for endovascular treatment (EVT). Conflicting results from observational studies and missing evidence from the randomized trials led us to report a recent real-world multicenter clinical experience and evaluate possible predictors of good outcome after EVT. METHODS: We analyzed all AIS patients with TL enrolled in the prospective national study METRICS (Mechanical Thrombectomy Quality Indicators Study in Czech Stroke Centers). A good 3-month clinical outcome was scored as 0-2 points in modified Rankin Scale (mRS), achieved recanalization using the Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction (TICI) scale and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) according to the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST) criteria. RESULTS: Of 1178 patients enrolled in METRICS, 194 (19.2%) (59.8% males, mean age 68.7±11.5 years) were treated for TL. They did not differ in mRS 0-2 (48.7% vs 46.7%; p=0.616), mortality (17.3% vs 22.7%; p=0.103) and sICH (4.7% vs 5.1%; p=0.809) from those with single occlusion (SO). More TL patients with prior intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) reached TICI 3 (70.3% vs 50.8%; p=0.012) and mRS 0-2 (55.4% vs 34.4%; p=0.007) than those without IVT. No difference was found in the rate of sICH (6.2% vs 1.6%; p=0.276). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed prior IVT as a predictor of mRS 0-2 after adjustment for potential confounders (OR 3.818, 95% CI 1.614 to 9.030, p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Patients with TL did not differ from those with SO in outcomes after EVT. TL patients with prior IVT had more complete recanalization and mRS 0-2 and IVT was found to be a predictor of good outcome after EVT.

• MeSH
• benchmarking MeSH
• cerebrální krvácení etiologie   MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• endovaskulární výkony * metody   MeSH
• fibrinolytika MeSH
• ischemická cévní mozková příhoda * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• ischemie mozku * diagnostické zobrazování   terapie   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• trombektomie škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• trombolytická terapie metody   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Identifying the presence and extent of intracranial thrombi is crucial in selecting patients with acute ischemic stroke for treatment. This article aims to develop an automated approach to quantify thrombus on NCCT and CTA in patients with stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 499 patients with large-vessel occlusion from the Safety and Efficacy of Nerinetide in Subjects Undergoing Endovascular Thrombectomy for Stroke (ESCAPE-NA1) trial were included. All patients had thin-section NCCT and CTA images. Thrombi contoured manually were used as reference standard. A deep learning approach was developed to segment thrombi automatically. Of 499 patients, 263 and 66 patients were randomly selected to train and validate the deep learning model, respectively; the remaining 170 patients were independently used for testing. The deep learning model was quantitatively compared with the reference standard using the Dice coefficient and volumetric error. The proposed deep learning model was externally tested on 83 patients with and without large-vessel occlusion from another independent trial. RESULTS: The developed deep learning approach obtained a Dice coefficient of 70.7% (interquartile range, 58.0%-77.8%) in the internal cohort. The predicted thrombi length and volume were correlated with those of expert-contoured thrombi (r = 0.88 and 0.87, respectively; P < .001). When the derived deep learning model was applied to the external data set, the model obtained similar results in patients with large-vessel occlusion regarding the Dice coefficient (66.8%; interquartile range, 58.5%-74.6%), thrombus length (r = 0.73), and volume (r = 0.80). The model also obtained a sensitivity of 94.12% (32/34) and a specificity of 97.96% (48/49) in classifying large-vessel occlusion versus non-large-vessel occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed deep learning method can reliably detect and measure thrombi on NCCT and CTA in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

• MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• CT angiografie metody   MeSH
• deep learning * MeSH
• intrakraniální trombóza * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• ischemická cévní mozková příhoda * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• ischemie mozku * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• trombóza * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

PURPOSE: To investigate the safety and efficacy of baseline antiplatelet treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) undergoing mechanical thrombectomy (MT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Baseline use of antiplatelet medication before MT for (AIS) may provide benefit on reperfusion and clinical outcome but could also carry an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). All consecutive patients with AIS and treated with MT with and without intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) between January 2012 and December 2019 in all centers performing MT nationwide were reviewed. Data were prospectively collected in national registries (eg, SITS-TBY and RES-Q). Primary outcome was functional independence (modified Rankin Scale 0-2) at 3 months; secondary outcome was ICH. RESULTS: Of the 4,351 patients who underwent MT, 1,750 (40%) and 666 (15%) were excluded owing to missing data from the functional independence and ICH outcome cohorts, respectively. In the functional independence cohort (n = 2,601), 771 (30%) patients received antiplatelets before MT. Favorable outcome did not differ in any antiplatelet, aspirin, and clopidogrel groups when compared with that in the no-antiplatelet group: odds ratio (OR), 1.00 (95% CI, 0.84-1.20); OR, 1.05 (95% CI, 0.86-1.27); and OR, 0.88 (95% CI, 0.55-1.41), respectively. In the ICH cohort (n = 3,685), 1095 (30%) patients received antiplatelets before MT. The rates of ICH did not increase in any treatment options (any antiplatelet, aspirin, clopidogrel, and dual antiplatelet groups) when compared with those in the no-antiplatelet group: OR, 1.03 (95% CI, 0.87-1.21); OR, 0.99 (95% CI, 0.83-1.18); OR, 1.10 (95% CI, 0.82-1.47); and OR, 1.43 (95% CI, 0.87-2.33), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Antiplatelet monotherapy before MT did not improve functional independence or increase the risk of ICH.

• MeSH
• Aspirin škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda * diagnostické zobrazování   terapie   MeSH
• intrakraniální krvácení chemicky indukované   MeSH
• ischemická cévní mozková příhoda * diagnostické zobrazování   terapie   MeSH
• ischemie mozku * diagnostické zobrazování   terapie   MeSH
• klopidogrel škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mechanická trombolýza * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• trombektomie škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• trombolytická terapie škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH