Coding
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228 s. : il.
Většinu eukaryotického genomu představují DNA sekvence, které nekódují proteiny. Tyto sekvence jsou přepisovány buď podle vývojového programu daného organizmu nebo v rámci odpovědi na vnější signály. Výsledkem transkripce takových sekvencí je pak velké množství dlouhých nekódujících RNA (lncRNA). Celogenomové studie předpokládají existenci více než 3 300 lncRNA. Dlouhé nekódující RNA jsou definovány jako molekuly nekódujících RNA o délce více než 200 nukleotidů. Vzhledem k vysoké míře komplexnosti a rozmanitosti těchto sekvencí byl nárůst poznání v této oblasti relativně pomalý. Ačkoli bylo dosud funkčně charakterizováno pouze omezené množství lncRNA, jejich regulační potenciál je již dnes evidentní. LncRNA hrají klíčové role jak v transkripčních, tak v post-transkripčních regulačních drahách. U mnoha nádorových onemocnění dochází k deregulaci lncRNA, což společně s jejich funkčními vlastnostmi naznačuje jejich významný potenciál v procesech maligní transformace. Tento přehledový článek je zaměřen na shrnutí nedávno objevených skupin lncRNA, popis jejich biologických funkcí a zejména na jejich význam v nádorové biologii a translačním onkologickém výzkumu.
A major portion of the eukaryotic genome is occupied by DNA sequences; transcripts of these sequences do not code for proteins. This part of the eukaryotic genome is transcribed in a developmentally regulated manner or as a response to external stimuli to produce large numbers of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Genome-wide studies indicate the existence of more than 3,300 lncRNAs. Long non-coding RNAs are tentatively defined as molecules of ncRNAs that are more than two hundred nucleotides long. Due to the complexity and diversity of their sequences, progress in the field of lncRNAs has been very slow. Nonetheless, lncRNAs have emerged as key molecules involved in the control of transcriptional and posttranscriptional gene regulatory pathways. Although limited numbers of functional lncRNAs have been identified so far, the immense regulatory potential of lncRNAs is already evident, emphasizing that a genome-wide characterization of functional lncRNAs is needed. The fact that many lncRNAs are deregulated in various human cancers, together with their functional characteristics, implies their eminent role in carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize novel classes of lncRNAs, describe their biological functions emphasizing their roles in tumor biology and translational oncology research.
- Klíčová slova
- lincRNA, T-UC,
- MeSH
- 3' nepřekládaná oblast fyziologie genetika imunologie MeSH
- 5' nepřekládaná oblast fyziologie genetika imunologie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- genetické markery genetika MeSH
- genetické struktury MeSH
- genom lidský fyziologie genetika imunologie MeSH
- hepatocelulární karcinom diagnóza genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- malá nekódující RNA genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- mikro RNA genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- nádory prostaty diagnóza genetika MeSH
- nádory prsu diagnóza genetika MeSH
- nádory diagnóza etiologie genetika MeSH
- nekódující RNA diagnostické užití genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- nepřekládané oblasti fyziologie genetika imunologie MeSH
- proteiny vázající telomery genetika MeSH
- pseudogeny fyziologie genetika imunologie MeSH
- translační biomedicínský výzkum metody trendy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
[1st ed.] nestr. ; 30 cm
- MeSH
- neuronové sítě MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kongresy MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- neurovědy
[1st ed.] 63 s. ; 26 cm
- MeSH
- kybernetika MeSH
- modely neurologické MeSH
- neurom fyziologie MeSH
- neuronové sítě MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakty MeSH
- kongresy MeSH
- Konspekt
- Knihovnictví. Informatika
- NLK Obory
- knihovnictví, informační věda a muzeologie
- neurovědy
Cells must change their properties in order to adapt to a constantly changing environment. Most of the cellular sensing and regulatory mechanisms described so far are based on proteins that serve as sensors, signal transducers, and effectors of signalling pathways, resulting in altered cell physiology. In recent years, however, remarkable examples of the critical role of non-coding RNAs in some of these regulatory pathways have been described in various organisms. In this review, we focus on all classes of non-coding RNAs that play regulatory roles during stress response, starvation, and ageing in different yeast species as well as in structured yeast populations. Such regulation can occur, for example, by modulating the amount and functional state of tRNAs, rRNAs, or snRNAs that are directly involved in the processes of translation and splicing. In addition, long non-coding RNAs and microRNA-like molecules are bona fide regulators of the expression of their target genes. Non-coding RNAs thus represent an additional level of cellular regulation that is gradually being uncovered.
- MeSH
- mikro RNA * genetika MeSH
- RNA dlouhá nekódující * genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
1 online zdroj
- MeSH
- nekódující RNA * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- periodika MeSH
- Konspekt
- Chemie. Mineralogické vědy
- NLK Obory
- chemie, klinická chemie
- genetika, lékařská genetika
The interactions between mitochondria and nucleus substantially influence plant development, stress response and morphological features. The prominent example of a mitochondrial-nuclear interaction is cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), when plants produce aborted anthers or inviable pollen. The genes responsible for CMS are located in mitochondrial genome, but their expression is controlled by nuclear genes, called fertility restorers. Recent explosion of high-throughput sequencing methods enabled to study transcriptomic alterations in the level of non-coding RNAs under CMS biogenesis. We summarize current knowledge of the role of nucleus encoded regulatory non-coding RNAs (long non-coding RNA, microRNA as well as small interfering RNA) in CMS. We also focus on the emerging data of non-coding RNAs encoded by mitochondrial genome and their possible involvement in mitochondrial-nuclear interactions and CMS development.
A colorectal adenoma, an aberrantly growing tissue, arises from the intestinal epithelium and is considered as precursor of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we investigated structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations in adenomas, hypothesizing that chromosomal instability (CIN) occurs early in adenomas. We applied array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to fresh frozen colorectal adenomas and their adjacent mucosa from 16 patients who underwent colonoscopy examination. In our study, histologically similar colorectal adenomas showed wide variability in chromosomal instability. Based on the obtained results, we further stratified patients into four distinct groups. The first group showed the gain of MALAT1 and TALAM1, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The second group involved patients with numerous microdeletions. The third group consisted of patients with a disrupted karyotype. The fourth group of patients did not show any CIN in adenomas. Overall, we identified frequent losses in genes, such as TSC2, COL1A1, NOTCH1, MIR4673, and GNAS, and gene gain containing MALAT1 and TALAM1. Since long non-coding RNA MALAT1 is associated with cancer cell metastasis and migration, its gene amplification represents an important event for adenoma development.
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematooncological disease of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. While new treatment brought unprecedented increase of survival of patients, MM pathogenesis is yet to be clarified. Increasing evidence of expression of long non-coding RNA molecules (lncRNA) linked to development and progression of many tumors suggested their important role in tumorigenesis. To date, over 15,000 lncRNA molecules characterized by diversity of function and specificity of cell distribution were identified in the human genome. Due to their involvement in proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and differentiation, they have a key role in the biological processes and pathogenesis of many diseases, including MM. This review summarizes current knowledge of non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), especially lncRNAs, and their role in MM pathogenesis. Undeniable involvement of lncRNAs in MM development suggests their potential as biomarkers.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Gliomas are the most common malignancies of the central nervous system. Because of tumor localization and the biological behavior of tumor cells, gliomas are characterized by very poor prognosis. Despite significant efforts that have gone into glioma research in recent years, the therapeutic efficacy of available treatment options is still limited, and only a few clinically usable diagnostic biomarkers are available. More and more studies suggest non-coding RNAs to be promising diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in many cancers, including gliomas. One of the largest groups of these molecules is long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). LncRNAs show promising potential because of their unique tissue expression patterns and regulatory functions in cancer cells. Understanding the role of lncRNAs in gliomas may lead to discovery of the novel molecular mechanisms behind glioma biological features. It may also enable development of new solutions to overcome the greatest obstacles in therapy of glioma patients. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about lncRNAs and their involvement in the molecular pathology of gliomas. A conclusion follows that these RNAs show great potential to serve as powerful diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets.
