Signalling molecules
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- MeSH
- buňky NK cytologie fyziologie MeSH
- genetické inženýrství trendy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekuly buněčné adheze fyziologie chemie metabolismus MeSH
- receptory buněčného povrchu fyziologie chemie metabolismus MeSH
- receptory leukocytové adheze metabolismus MeSH
- signál-rozpoznávající částice genetika metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Nitrated lipids and fatty acids have recently emerged as a new class of signalling molecules in homeostasis regulation and in anti-inflammatory pathways in animals. This review summarizes the current knowledge and understanding of molecular mechanisms of their biosynthesis and signalling functions in animal cells. Nitrated fatty acids (NFA) represent a convergence of signalling pathways of oxidized lipids and nitric oxide (NO). Nitration of fatty acids in vivo occurs either by the reaction of NO with lipid radicals or by the attack of reactive nitrogen species on intermediates of lipid oxidation with reactive oxygen species. NFA are highly stable in hydrophobic membrane lipids, which can serve as their reservoir. Biological functions of NFA could be derived from their decomposition producing NO. Due to their high reactivity with cell nucleophiles such as protein thiols, protein nitroalkenylation occurs, which considerably affects protein structure and activity. NFA are also endogenous ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Thus they are involved in the signalling pathways of this receptor in glucose homeostasis and adipocyte proliferation. NFA were also identified as mediators of anti-inflammatory signalling through their suppressive action on inflammatory stimuli. Despite recent advances in research on NFA, our understanding of signalling pathways and metabolism of NFA in vivo is still limited. Current research is focused on NFA as endogenous ligands and activators of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor.
Similarly to animals, nitrous oxide (NO) has emerged recently as a key signalling molecule in many physiological and pathological processes in plants. This review summarizes the current knowledge and understanding of the molecular mechanisms of NO synthesis and signalling in plant cells.
BACKGROUND: The treatment of malignancies like acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is often complicated by the heterogeneity of the disease and the mechanisms of the disease progression. This heterogeneity is often not reflected in standard treatment approaches which provide predictable outcomes in the majority of patients but fail in individual cases even with high-dose multi-agent chemotherapy regimens and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Further, the unselective effect of chemotherapy causes high treatment-related toxicity and accelerates the risk of infection during prolonged pancytopenia, preventing further dose escalation. Despite rapid progress in therapeutic strategies, the fatality of high-grade malignancies remains enormous. OBJECTIVES: Adhesive interactions trigger signal transduction pathway activation and this prevents the apoptosis of both normal and malignant cells. A correlation between expression of defined adhesion molecules and patient outcome has been found for several malignant diseases including AML. We aim to describe how disruption of these signalling pathways can overcome the high resistance to treatment and increase the selectivity of targeting malignant cells. This could effectively reduce the overall treatment-related toxicity and improve the general outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Adhesion molecules facilitate growth of malignant diseases. This review provides a deeper insight into these processes. Modulation of adhesion molecules-mediated interactions is an innovative and feasible approach in treatment of AML and many other malignancies. Due to expected low toxicity it is an acceptable addition to standard chemotherapeutical regimens for all age groups of patients. This approach could improve the overall treatment outcome in the future.
- MeSH
- akutní myeloidní leukemie metabolismus terapie MeSH
- kombinovaná terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekuly buněčné adheze * MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Endoglin (TGF-β receptor III), has been demonstrated to affect vascular endothelium and atherosclerosis. Moreover, it was also demonstrated that endoglin is involved in inflammation and plays a role in leukocyte adhesion and transmigration in vitro and in vivo but not in atherosclerosis related vessels. In this study, we wanted to evaluate endoglin expression in two different parts of the aorta (heart aortic sinus and ascending aorta) and assess its potential simultaneous expression with cell adhesion molecules in non-atherosclerotic and atherosclerotic aortas of apoE-deficient mice. Ten-week-old female apolipoprotein E-deficient mice on a C57BL/6J background (n=24) were randomly subdivided into three groups and were fed either chow diet (for another two months) or Western type diet (for another two or four months). Immunohistochemical staining of endoglin, VCAM-1 and P-selectin in aortic sinus and ascending aorta was performed. Endoglin expression was detected only in endothelial cells and varied during atherogenic process in aorta but not in aortic sinus. Moreover, its expression seemed to be weaker in aorta when compared to aortic sinus and the positivity was detected only in endothelium covering atherosclerotic lesions but not in non-atherosclerotic endothelium regardless of the plaque size. Endoglin was not expressed with P selectin and VCAM-1 in aortic endothelium in any studied group. This study shows that endothelial expression of endoglin is related to the atherogenic process predominantly in aorta outside the heart. Moreover, endoglin is not localized with cell adhesion molecules involved in atherosclerosis, suggesting it might not participate in leukocyte accumulation in aorta of apoE-deficient mice during atherogenesis.
- MeSH
- aorta metabolismus MeSH
- apolipoproteiny E nedostatek genetika MeSH
- aterosklerotický plát patologie MeSH
- ateroskleróza genetika MeSH
- cévní buněčněadhezivní molekula-1 biosyntéza MeSH
- dieta aterogenní MeSH
- intracelulární signální peptidy a proteiny biosyntéza MeSH
- lipidy krev MeSH
- makrofágy metabolismus MeSH
- molekuly buněčné adheze biosyntéza MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši MeSH
- P-selektin biosyntéza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease) is an infectious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2), which belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus. It was first identified in patients with severe respiratory disease in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. It mainly affects the respiratory system, and in severe cases causes serious lung infection or pneumonia, which can lead to the death of the patient. Clinical studies show that SARS-CoV-2 infection in critical cases causes acute tissue damage due to a pathological immune response. The immune response to a new coronavirus is complex and involves many processes of specific and non-specific immunity. Analysis of available studies has shown various changes, especially in the area of specific cellular immunity, including lymphopenia, decreased T cells (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+), changes in the T cell compartment associated with symptom progression, deterioration of the condition and development of lung damage. We provide a detailed review of the analyses of immune checkpoint molecules PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3 CTLA-4, TIGIT, BTLA, CD223, IDO-1 and VISTA on exhausted T cells in patients with asymptomatic to symptomatic stages of COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, this review may help to better understand the pathological T cell immune response and improve the design of therapeutic strategies for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 imunologie metabolismus virologie MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- proteiny kontrolních bodů imunitní reakce metabolismus MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 imunologie patogenita MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- T-lymfocyty imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
MAIN CONCLUSION: The present review summarizes current knowledge of the biosynthesis and biological importance of isoprenoid-derived plant signaling compounds. Cellular organisms use chemical signals for intercellular communication to coordinate their growth, development, and responses to environmental cues. The skeletons of majority of plant signaling molecules, mediators of plant intercellular 'broadcasting', are built from C5 units of isoprene and therefore belong to a huge and diverse group of natural substances called isoprenoids (terpenoids). They fill many important roles in nature. This review summarizes current knowledge of the biosynthesis and biological importance of a group of isoprenoid-derived plant signaling compounds.
- MeSH
- brassinosteroidy biosyntéza MeSH
- cytokininy biosyntéza MeSH
- gibereliny biosyntéza MeSH
- kyselina abscisová biosyntéza MeSH
- metabolické sítě a dráhy MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza MeSH
- rostliny metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce * MeSH
- terpeny metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the liquid that fills the brain ventricles. CSF represents not only a mechanical brain protection but also a rich source of signalling factors modulating diverse processes during brain development and adulthood. The choroid plexus (CP) is a major source of CSF and as such it has recently emerged as an important mediator of extracellular signalling within the brain. Growing interest in the CP revealed its capacity to release a broad variety of bioactive molecules that, via CSF, regulate processes across the whole central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, CP has been also recognized as a sensor, responding to altered composition of CSF associated with changes in the patterns of CNS activity. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the CP as a signalling centre that mediates long-range communication in the CNS. By providing a detailed account of the CP secretory repertoire, we describe how the CP contributes to the regulation of the extracellular environment-in the context of both the embryonal as well as the adult CNS. We highlight the role of the CP as an important regulator of CNS function that acts via CSF-mediated signalling. Further studies of CP-CSF signalling hold the potential to provide key insights into the biology of the CNS, with implications for better understanding and treatment of neuropathological conditions.
Podle definice života – množivost (replikace), metabolismus a energetická potřeba a schopnost reagovat na adekvátní podněty mají základní stavební molekuly života společnou hlavní nosnou strukturu: purinovou bázi – adenin, ribózu a dvě fosfátové skupiny. V tomto smyslu může molekula ATP představovat nosič a donor energie a organizátor molekulární výstavby, obnovy a replikace i signální molekulu v mechanismech reaktivity.
According to the definition of life – reproduction (replication), metabolism and energy requirements and the ability to respond to adequate stimuli, the basic building molecules of life have a common principal structure: the purine base - adenine, ribose and two phosphate groups. In this sense, the ATP molecule can represent a carrier and donor of energy and an organizer of molecular construction, renewal and replication, as well as a signalling molecule in reactivity mechanisms.
