Tropical forests of Central and South America represent hotspots of biological diversity. Tree squirrels of the tribe Sciurini are an excellent model system for the study of tropical biodiversity as these squirrels disperse exceptional distances, and after colonizing the tropics of the Central and South America, they have diversified rapidly. Here, we compare signals from DNA sequences with morphological signals using pictures of skulls and computational simulations. Phylogenetic analyses reveal step-wise geographic divergence across the Northern Hemisphere. In Central and South America, tree squirrels form two separate clades, which split from a common ancestor. Simulations of ancestral distributions show western Amazonia as the epicenter of speciation in South America. This finding suggests that wet tropical forests on the foothills of Andes possibly served as refugia of squirrel diversification during Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Comparison of phylogeny and morphology reveals one major discrepancy: Microsciurus species are a single clade morphologically but are polyphyletic genetically. Modeling of morphology-diet relationships shows that the only group of species with a direct link between skull shape and diet are the bark-gleaning insectivorous species of Microsciurus. This finding suggests that the current designation of Microsciurus as a genus is based on convergent ecologically driven changes in morphology.

• MeSH
• dieta * MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace MeSH
• lebka anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• počítačová simulace * MeSH
• rozšíření zvířat * MeSH
• Sciuridae * anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Introduction: It is common for celiac disease (CD) patients on a gluten-free diet to accidentally consume gluten that can cause symptomatic distress and histologic damage. We present an algorithm to relate the quantity of gluten intake to the severity of episodic symptoms for abdominal pain, bloating and tiredness in CD patients. Methods: This analysis employs a model based on data from the CeliAction study for latiglutenase (ALV003-1221; NCT01917630). A previously estimated average daily quantity of gluten consumed by these trial patients along with the data for frequency and severity of the symptoms for abdominal pain, bloating, and tiredness allowed us to estimate the relationship between episodic inadvertent gluten ingestion and symptom severity. Results: The CD trial patients were previously estimated to consume a mean of 354 mg/day. From the study data, these patients experienced at least one symptom (of six possible) almost every day (6.13/week) and on average experienced 2-3 different symptoms per symptom event. The most common severity (on a 1-5 scale) was 2 for abdominal pain and 3 for bloating and tiredness corresponding to 1.1, 0.9, and 0.7 g gluten consumed per event. The frequency that a severe symptom (4 or 5) occurs during a symptomatic event equates to about 10%, 27%, and 33% for abdominal pain, bloating, and tiredness and correlates to 2.1, 1.2, and 1.0 g gluten consumed per event, respectively. Conclusions: This model suggests that the quantity of ingested gluten varies per event type and likely includes periodic gluten exposures of substantial quantity.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• bezlepková dieta MeSH
• celiakie * dietoterapie   patologie   MeSH
• gastrointestinální trakt patologie   MeSH
• gluteny * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přijímání potravy MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

In this article the patch and diet choice models of the optimal foraging theory are reanalyzed with respect to evolutionary stability of the optimal foraging strategies. In their original setting these fundamental models consider a single consumer only and the resulting fitness functions are both frequency and density independent. Such fitness functions do not allow us to apply the classical game theoretical methods to study an evolutionary stability of optimal foraging strategies for competing animals. In this article frequency and density dependent fitness functions of optimal foraging are derived by separation of time scales in an underlying population dynamical model and corresponding evolutionarily stable strategies are calculated. Contrary to the classical foraging models the results of the present article predict that partial preferences occur in optimal foraging strategies as a consequence of the ecological feedback of consumer preferences on consumer fitness. In the case of the patch occupation model these partial preferences correspond to the ideal free distribution concept while in the case of the diet choice model they correspond to the partial inclusion of the less profitable prey type in predators diet.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• predátorské chování fyziologie   MeSH
• preference v jídle MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti fyziologie   MeSH
• výběrové chování MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Human and animal diet reconstruction studies that rely on tissue chemical signatures aim at providing estimates on the relative intake of potential food groups. However, several sources of uncertainty need to be considered when handling data. Bayesian mixing models provide a natural platform to handle diverse sources of uncertainty while allowing the user to contribute with prior expert information. The Bayesian mixing model FRUITS (Food Reconstruction Using Isotopic Transferred Signals) was developed for use in diet reconstruction studies. FRUITS incorporates the capability to account for dietary routing, that is, the contribution of different food fractions (e.g. macronutrients) towards a dietary proxy signal measured in the consumer. FRUITS also provides relatively straightforward means for the introduction of prior information on the relative dietary contributions of food groups or food fractions. This type of prior may originate, for instance, from physiological or metabolic studies. FRUITS performance was tested using simulated data and data from a published controlled animal feeding experiment. The feeding experiment data was selected to exemplify the application of the novel capabilities incorporated into FRUITS but also to illustrate some of the aspects that need to be considered when handling data within diet reconstruction studies. FRUITS accurately predicted dietary intakes, and more precise estimates were obtained for dietary scenarios in which expert prior information was included. FRUITS represents a useful tool to achieve accurate and precise food intake estimates in diet reconstruction studies within different scientific fields (e.g. ecology, forensics, archaeology, and dietary physiology).

• MeSH
• analýza potravin metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• dieta * MeSH
• izotopy dusíku MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nejistota MeSH
• statistické modely * MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Introduction: The quality of diet is very significant for the fetus development. The task of our study was to determine the composition of diet of pregnant mothers in two regions with different level of air pollution, districts of Karviná (K) and České Budějovice (CB). Methods: Each day, they fulfilled the questionnaire about the consumption of vegetables, fruits, dairy products, type of meat, and diet supplements. Results: Recent results indicate that the quality of diet of pregnant mothers do not correspond to recommended daily intake. The fruits intake was 61.8% vs. 35.5%, in the vegetables intake 22.8% vs. 15.9%, in the dairy products intake 30.4% vs. 30.2% in CB vs. K, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the obtained data, the web page for pregnant mothers was prepared to improve present situation. Mothers can find the evaluation of the quality of their diet, model menu, and recommended intake of nutrients.

• MeSH
• dietoterapie * MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mléko MeSH
• ovoce MeSH
• potravní doplňky MeSH
• těhotenství * MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství * MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

People with metabolic syndrome have higher risk of cardiovascular diseases then those without. The aim of the work was to investigate whether high fat diet administered to Prague hereditary hypertriglyceridemic (HTG) rats can induce signs of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Our results showed that HTG rats fed high fat diet (HTGch) had disturbed glucose metabolism and also lipid metabolism - increased serum triacylglycerols (TAG), total cholesterol (Ch), low-density lipoprotein-Ch (LDL-Ch), and decreased high-density lipoprotein-Ch (HDL-Ch). Their livers proved markers of developing steatosis. Moreover, HTGch had increased blood pressure, yet the vascular endothelium was not significantly damaged. All these changes were accompanied with oxidative stress and tissue damage identified as increased liver concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and activity of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAGA). We assume that the model used may be suitable for the study of MetS with no evidence of obesity. Prolongation of the high fat diet duration might have a major impact on all parameters tested, especially on vascular endothelial function.

• MeSH
• dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol krev   MeSH
• hypertriglyceridemie krev   etiologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• LDL-cholesterol krev   MeSH
• metabolický syndrom krev   etiologie   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech * MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Understanding variation in resource specialization is important for progress on issues that include coevolution, community assembly, ecosystem processes, and the latitudinal gradient of species richness. Herbivorous insects are useful models for studying resource specialization, and the interaction between plants and herbivorous insects is one of the most common and consequential ecological associations on the planet. However, uncertainty persists regarding fundamental features of herbivore diet breadth, including its relationship to latitude and plant species richness. Here, we use a global dataset to investigate host range for over 7,500 insect herbivore species covering a wide taxonomic breadth and interacting with more than 2,000 species of plants in 165 families. We ask whether relatively specialized and generalized herbivores represent a dichotomy rather than a continuum from few to many host families and species attacked and whether diet breadth changes with increasing plant species richness toward the tropics. Across geographic regions and taxonomic subsets of the data, we find that the distribution of diet breadth is fit well by a discrete, truncated Pareto power law characterized by the predominance of specialized herbivores and a long, thin tail of more generalized species. Both the taxonomic and phylogenetic distributions of diet breadth shift globally with latitude, consistent with a higher frequency of specialized insects in tropical regions. We also find that more diverse lineages of plants support assemblages of relatively more specialized herbivores and that the global distribution of plant diversity contributes to but does not fully explain the latitudinal gradient in insect herbivore specialization.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• býložravci fyziologie   MeSH
• dieta * MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hmyz klasifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• hostitelská specificita MeSH
• Lepidoptera klasifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

• MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• experimentální nádory MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NLK Obory
• experimentální medicína
• nutriční terapie, dietoterapie a výživa

Recently, mathematical models of human integrative physiology, derived from Guyton's classic 1972 model of the circulation, have been used to investigate potential mechanistic abnormalities mediating salt sensitivity and salt-induced hypertension. We performed validation testing of 2 of the most evolved derivatives of Guyton's 1972 model, Quantitative Cardiovascular Physiology-2005 and HumMod-3.0.4, to determine whether the models accurately predict sodium balance and hemodynamic responses of normal subjects to increases in salt intake within the real-life range of salt intake in humans. Neither model, nor the 1972 Guyton model, accurately predicts the usual changes in sodium balance, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance that normally occur in response to clinically realistic increases in salt intake. Furthermore, although both contemporary models are extensions of the 1972 Guyton model, testing revealed major inconsistencies between model predictions with respect to sodium balance and hemodynamic responses of normal subjects to short-term and long-term salt loading. These results demonstrate significant limitations with the hypotheses inherent in the Guyton models regarding the usual regulation of sodium balance, cardiac output, and vascular resistance in response to increased salt intake in normal salt-resistant humans. Accurate understanding of the normal responses to salt loading is a prerequisite for accurately establishing abnormal responses to salt loading. Accordingly, the present results raise concerns about the interpretation of studies of salt sensitivity with the various Guyton models. These findings indicate a need for continuing development of alternative models that incorporate mechanistic concepts of blood pressure regulation fundamentally different from those in the 1972 Guyton model and its contemporary derivatives.

• MeSH
• hemodynamika fyziologie   MeSH
• hypertenze etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• krevní tlak fyziologie   MeSH
• kuchyňská sůl * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• minutový srdeční výdej fyziologie   MeSH
• modely kardiovaskulární * MeSH
• počítačová simulace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

• MeSH
• biologické markery analýza   krev   MeSH
• dieta metody   MeSH
• dietní proteiny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• glutamin aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• kolagen typu I analýza   MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• kostní denzita MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH
• osteokalcin analýza   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• remodelace kosti fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH