... (Dong Chong Xia Cao) 194 -- II/20 Kyslík v tabletě 202 -- II/21 Příběh olomoucinu aneb Z Hané do celého ...
Vydání první 354 stran : ilustrace ; 25 cm
Publikace obsahuje příběhy spojené s vývojem léčivých přípravků zejména ve 20. století. Určeno odborné i široké veřejnosti.; V roce 2023 vyšla kniha s názvem Příběhy spojené s objevy nových léčiv. Na rozdíl od mnoha jiných děl popisujících výzkum a vývoj léčiv striktně z odborného nebo převážně historického zaměření byla tato kniha pojata jako soubor příběhů zahrnujících jak historická fakta, tak někdy až detektivní zápletky. Zvolený formát se osvědčil, o čemž svědčí opravdu nečekaný zájem čtenářů. Proto se autor pustil do pokračování s názvem Příběhy spojené s objevy nových léčiv II. Volné pokračování. Nově předkládaná kniha si jistě opět najde své čtenáře. Kniha je vhodná pro každého se zájmem o problematiku léčiv, ať už je jeho znalost chemie nebo farmacie na jakékoli úrovni.
- MeSH
- History, 20th Century MeSH
- History of Pharmacy MeSH
- Pharmacists history MeSH
- Pharmaceutical Research history MeSH
- Pharmaceutical Preparations history MeSH
- Drug Development history MeSH
- Check Tag
- History, 20th Century MeSH
- Publication type
- Personal Narrative MeSH
- Popular Work MeSH
- Conspectus
- Farmacie. Farmakologie
- NML Fields
- farmacie a farmakologie
- dějiny lékařství
- NML Publication type
- literatura faktu
We present new developments for an ab-initio model of the neutron relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in inducing specific classes of DNA damage. RBE is evaluated as a function of the incident neutron energy and of the depth inside a human-sized reference spherical phantom. The adopted mechanistic approach traces neutron RBE back to its origin, i.e. neutron physical interactions with biological tissues. To this aim, we combined the simulation of radiation transport through biological matter, performed with the Monte Carlo code PHITS, and the prediction of DNA damage using analytical formulas, which ground on a large database of biophysical radiation track structure simulations performed with the code PARTRAC. In particular, two classes of DNA damage were considered: sites and clusters of double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are known to be correlated with cell fate following radiation exposure. Within a coherent modelling framework, this approach tackles the variation of neutron RBE in a wide energy range, from thermal neutrons to neutrons of hundreds of GeV, and reproduces effects related to depth in the human-sized receptor, as well as to the receptor size itself. Besides providing a better mechanistic understanding of neutron biological effectiveness, the new model can support better-informed decisions for radiation protection: indeed, current neutron weighting (ICRP)/quality (U.S. NRC) factors might be insufficient for use in some radiation protection applications, because they do not account for depth. RBE predictions obtained with the reported model were successfully compared to the currently adopted radiation protection standards when the depth information is not relevant (at the shallowest depth in the phantom or for very high energy neutrons). However, our results demonstrate that great care is needed when applying weighting factors as a function of incident neutron energy only, not explicitly considering RBE variation in the target. Finally, to facilitate the use of our results, we propose look-up RBE tables, explicitly considering the depth variable, and an analytical representation of the maximal RBE vs. neutron energy.
BACKGROUND: Cross-sectional anatomy is a challenging yet a vital foundation to clinical practice. The traditional teachings of gross anatomy cadaveric dissections do not cover adequate training of recognizing anatomical structures on CT, MRI and sonographic cross-sections. New modern technologies are emerging as teaching tools in anatomy aiming to deliver visual interactive experience. The Visible Human Project provides a library of cross-sectional images compiled from cryosectioned body donors that was utilized by modern technologies such as the virtual dissection table (Anatomage) in constructing 3D software applications visualizing the internal composition of the human body virtually. Hereby, this article explores an integrative approach utilizing the Visible Human Project based applications and basic radiological modalities. PURPOSE: The purpose of our newly implemented teaching approach was to test and assure technology fitness to the medical curriculum and its potential influence on students' performance in learning gross as well as cross-sectional anatomy in much depth. BASIC PROCEDURES: A three years (2021-2024) observational study was conducted by implanting a practical cross-sectional anatomy optional course by selectively utilizing Anatmage interactively beside CT, MRI and ultrasound practice. The performance of 50 participants was evaluated in the form of a written test comprised of labeling of ten cross-sectional images and drawing of two cross-section schemes. Their optional course test scores were compared to their obligatory anatomy subject test scores; and to a non-participants control group of 50 retrospective obligatory anatomy subject test scores. In addition, the participants' attitude toward the training lessons was assessed through a survey focused on satisfaction level, competence and ability to recognize structures on radiological images. MAIN FINDINGS: The participants reported a high level of practical engagement. The test scores in the anatomy obligatory subject were positively influenced by this implemented practical course. Students showed improved test scores in the standardized labeling keyword questions, while the scheme questions showed discrepancy. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: Integrating Visible Human Project based applications with radiological modalities showed positive efficacy on the students' engagement and learning performance. Inevitably, cadaveric dissection and prosection remain the cornerstone of gross anatomy education. Integrating both modalities of teaching would excel students' practical skills in applied clinical anatomy.
- MeSH
- Anatomy, Cross-Sectional * education MeSH
- Anatomy education MeSH
- Dissection education MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Curriculum * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Cadaver MeSH
- Visible Human Projects * MeSH
- Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
- Schools, Medical MeSH
- Students, Medical MeSH
- Education, Medical, Undergraduate methods MeSH
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Observational Study MeSH
Úvod: Simulační výuka na mnoha místech světa již není pouze moderní trend, ale stala se pevnou součástí vzdělávání a výcviku zdravotnických týmů i studentů lékařských fakult. Její validita a přínos je nezpochybnitelná a tuto potřebu odráží i doporučení Evropské odborné společnosti pro gynekologii a porodnictví. Cíl: Naše práce měla za cíl zmapovat momentální technické, prostorové a personální zabezpečení v oblasti simulační medicíny ve velkých gynekologicko-porodnických pracovištích v ČR a zjistit, do jaké míry se jednotlivé výukové metody využívají v rámci pregraduálního i postgraduálního vzdělávání. Soubor a metodika: Sběr informací proběhl formou dotazníku ze sedmi klinických pracovišť a byl zaměřen na technické a prostorové podmínky, lidské zdroje a způsob využití simulačních metod v pregraduálním i postgraduálním výcviku vč. spektra nabízených kurzů. Výsledky a závěr: Naším zjištěním je velmi dobrá úroveň prostorového a technického vybavení na velkých gynekologicko-porodnických pracovištích v ČR a schopnost využívat většinu dostupných metod. Na druhou stranu mimo nácvik vaginálních extrakčních operací je nabízen malý počet jiných simulačních kurzů. Tyto i další výsledky dotazníkového šetření jsou dále využity k diskuzi o možnostech rozvoje simulačního tréninku v rámci gynekologie a porodnictví v ČR.
Introduction: Simulation medicine is no longer just a modern trend and has become a standard part of education and training of the medical staff and students in many countries around the world. Its validity and benefits have been acknowledged and its necessity is reflected in the recommendations of the European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Objectives: The aim of our work was to map the current state of simulation training at large obstetrics and gynaecology departments in the Czech Republic including the equipment available, teaching environment conditions and human resources and to find out to what extent individual teaching methods are being used in undergraduate and postgraduate education. Methods: We have collected the information using a questionnaire which focused on the equipment available to the departments, teaching environment conditions, human resources, and types of simulation methods being used in undergraduate and postgraduate training as well as the spectrum of courses being offered. Results and conclusion: Our finding is that large obstetrics and gynaecology departments in the Czech Republic are well equipped, have good teaching environments available to them, and are able to use most of the current simulation teaching methods. On the other hand, except for an operative vaginal birth course, only a small number of other simulation courses are currently being offered. Data from the survey are further used to discuss the possibilities of developing simulation training in this field in the Czech Republic.
Folia Biologica celebrates 70 years of continuous publication of research papers. The first volume was published in Prague in 1954 on behalf of the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (since 1990 the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) under the subtitle "International edition of the journal Czechoslovakian Biology". Born in the dark days of the Cold War, Folia Biologica provided a thin but important link between the politically controlled science behind the Iron Curtain in the former Czechoslovakia and that of the free Western world. Initially, the journal focused on research papers in the fields of experimental medicine, immunology, virology, and experimental zoology. Since 1961 (Volume 7), Folia Biologica has been indexed in the Web of Science database. The first issue of Volume 7 was introduced by a review article by Peter Brian Medawar (1915-1987), winner of the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance", which is reprinted in this anniversary issue [1].In the late 1960s, during the political relaxation that culminated in the Prague Spring, cooperation with free Western science intensified and enabled a lively scientific dialogue between Czechoslovak and foreign biological scientists, namely immunologists, molecular biologists, and virologists, as illustrated by a series of original research articles from Folia Biologica by Georg Davis Snell (1903-1996) and Jean Dausset (1916-2009), who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1980 "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions", which led to the discovery of the major histocompatibility system (MHC) [2-7]. Another powerful example is an article in Folia Biologica by François Jacob (1920-2013), who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1965 for discoveries that helped elucidate the transcriptional control of enzyme levels [8].Despite the years of political repression during the "normalization" period following the invasion of the Warsaw Pact troops into Czechoslovakia in 1968, the scientists and editors of Folia Biologica from the Academy of Sciences were able to maintain vibrant contacts with the world's leading scientists. In 1981, the journal changed its subtitle to "Journal of Cellular and Molecular Biology". In 1983, Folia Biologica published the article by Renato Dulbecco (1914-2012), who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1975 for "discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[9].With further orientation towards human molecular medicine, the journal entered the era after the Velvet Revolution in 1989, which represented the desired end of political control over national science. The interest of Czechoslovak and Czech scientists in publishing in Folia Biologica began to decline at the end of the 1990s, when they had at their disposal the full range of scientific journals from all over the world. Since volume 63 (January 2006), Folia Biologica has been published by the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, in a fully open access model.With the new decade that begins with this issue, the journal has undergone a series of improvements, including the strengthening of the editorial board, the assignment of a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) number to each article, the improvement of the cover layout and graphics, the innovation of the website, and a more precise definition of the journal's aim. Folia Biologica now publishes articles describing original research aimed at elucidating a wide range of issues in biomedicine, especially in oncology and human molecular genetics. In addition, the journal focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of disease and provides studies on all organisms, cells and tissues that serve as biological and disease models, as well as clinical and translational research studies. Further improvements towards sustainable and rapid publication will be accomplished by introducing an online-only publication model planned for 2025.To celebrate the 70th anniversary of Folia Biologica, we begin the anniversary volume with the reprint of Sir Peter Brian Medawar's review. To commemorate the continuing history of the journal, and to thank our predecessors and contributors, we present the title pages, table of contents, and editorial boards of Folia Biologica by decade, illustrating the changes in research focus, human knowledge, and the evolution of the journal.We would like to thank all authors, reviewers, editorial board members, editors and managing editors involved in the journal production in the past decades, namely Ivan Málek, Milan Hašek, Alena Langerová, Josef Říman, Jan Bubeník, Jan Svoboda, Emanual Nečas, Karel Smetana Jr. and Zdeněk Kostrouch, for their commitment and dedication to Folia Biologica.We wish our journal many more decades of scientifically interesting articles, publishing open-minded science by excellent authors for the pleasure of satisfied readers!
- MeSH
- History, 20th Century MeSH
- History, 21st Century MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Periodicals as Topic * history MeSH
- Anniversaries and Special Events MeSH
- Check Tag
- History, 20th Century MeSH
- History, 21st Century MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Historical Article MeSH
- Editorial MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
- Czechoslovakia MeSH
Cíl: Zhodnocení farmakoterapie ovlivňující hemodynamickou stabilitu u osob se synkopou v průběhu testu na nakloněné rovině. Soubor pacientů: Pacienti s anamnézou ortostatické intolerance či synkopy vyšetření pomocí testu na nakloněné rovině na I. interní klinice – kardiologické FN Olomouc v průběhu let 2017 až 2022. Metoda: Retrospektivní analýza medikace a nálezů pacientů s reflexní synkopou v průběhu testu v celkovém počtu 280. Byly hodnoceny dvě skupiny pacientů na základě užívání či neužívání léků ovlivňujících srdeční výdej ve vztahu k věku a komorbiditám. Výsledky byly statisticky zpracovány. Výsledky: Počet pacientů se synkopou užívajících léky ovlivňující krevní tlak významně narůstá po 50 letech věku. Klinicky významné komorbidity: hypertenze, srdeční onemocnění, diabetes mellitus, hypertrofie prostaty, Parkinsonova nemoc, deprese. Ve skupině užívající hypotenzivní medikaci tvořily ACEI/sartany 58,4 %, betablokátory 49,2 %, diuretika 46,1 %, kalciové blokátory 33,0 %, centrálně působící sympatolytika 10 %, alfa1 blokátory 10 %; ostatní (antidepresiva, antiparkinsonika, centrální myorelaxancia, vazodilatancia) 13,8 %. Závěr: U pacientů s reflexní synkopou při testu na nakloněné rovině je po 50. roce věku patrný výrazný nárůst užívání léků snižujících srdeční výdej. Proto je nutno pamatovat na kumulativní efekt léků předepisovaných polymorbidním pacientům ve specializovaných ambulancích z různých indikací avšak s rizikem interakcí.
Aim: To evaluate pharmacotherapy affecting hemodynamic stability in subjects with syncope during the head-up tilt test. The group of patients: Patients with a history of orthostatic intolerance or syncope examined by the head-up tilt test at the Department of Internal Medicine I - Cardiology, University Hospital Olomouc from 2017 to 2022. Methods: Retrospective analysis of medication and findings in a total of 280 patients with reflex syncope during testing. Two groups of patients were evaluated based on the use or non-use of medications affecting cardiac output concerning age, and comorbidities. The results were statistically processed. Results: The number of patients with syncope taking blood pressure medications increases significantly after the age of 50. Clinically significant comorbidities: hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, prostatic hypertrophy, Parkinson's disease, depression. In the group taking hypotensive medication, ACEIs/sartans accounted for 58.4%, beta-blockers 49.2%, diuretics 46.1%, calcium blockers 33.0%, centrally acting sympatholytics 10%, alpha1 blockers 10%; others (antidepressants, antiparkinsonics, central myorelaxants, vasodilators) 13.8%. Conclusion: Patients with reflex syncope during head-up tilt testing show marked increase in the use of cardiac output-lowering drugs after the age of 50. Therefore, it is necessary to remember the cumulative effect of drugs prescribed to polymorbid patients in specialized outpatient clinics for different indications but with the risk of interactions.
Kardiovaskulární choroby i přes pokles v poslední době zůstávají hlavní příčinou úmrtnosti a nemocnosti a jejich výskyt s věkem stoupá. Dyslipidemie představují základní rizikový faktor těchto chorob. Zahájení léčby dyslipidemií závisí na stanovení míry rizika. U starších pacientů s dokumentovanou kardiovaskulární chorobou je doporučen stejný postup jako u pacientů mladších. U starších nemocných bez dokumentované kardiovaskulární nemoci by mělo být zahájení léčby dyslipidemií zváženo v případě velmi vysokého rizika s ohledem k předpokládané délce života, adherenci k léčbě, lékovým interakcím, geriatrické křehkosti a preferenci nemocných.
Despite recent decline, cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of mortality and morbidity and their occurrence is increasing with age. Dyslipidaemia represents a basic risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Dyslipidaemia treatment initiation depends on patient risk stratification. In older patients with documented cardiovascular disease, treatment is recommended in the same way as in younger patients. In older patients without documented cardiovascular disease, treatment should be considered in very-high-risk patients about estimated life expectancy, patient adherence, drug interactions, geriatric frailty and patient preference.
- MeSH
- Dyslipidemias * drug therapy MeSH
- Risk Assessment MeSH
- Cardiovascular Diseases prevention & control MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Heart Disease Risk Factors MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Life aspects in everyone's life cause a human being all the time in a diverse social situation which affects everyone differently. These aspects are the people who surround us, cultures, political environment, and profession we choose to do for life. Every job should evolve and bring new needs and enquiries. This applies to social workers as well as this job reflects social and cultural attitudes towards diverse social groups such as a mother with children, foreigners, people without housing, people with disabilities, seniors, and seniors or people living with dementia.The following text points out the significant importance of communication with a focus on social workers who take care of seniors with dementia. This text includes a theoretical perspective on the problem and practical recommendations, and it presents data which were collected during a questionnaire which was part of this research. The number of respondents to the questionnaire is 262, and the participants were from across the whole Czech Republic who are in everyday contact with the target group. The main aim of the research was to discover the social worker's attitude toward communication - how and what purpose is behind the communication with people with dementia, what tools do they use during the communication, and what complications can occur during the interaction?
- MeSH
- Dementia * psychology MeSH
- Communication MeSH
- Communication Barriers MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Nonverbal Communication psychology MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
- Aged psychology MeSH
- Social Workers * psychology statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Statistics as Topic MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Aged psychology MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Snaha zahrnout do klinické praxe genetické dispozice ústí v posledních letech k vytváření genetických rizikových skóre (GRS). Ta by měla shrnout komplexní genetické riziko jedinou hodnotou získanou z výsledků testování řady (desítek až tisíců) individuálních polymorfizmů. Existuje několik typů genetických skóre. Nevážené GRS využívá prostý součet přítomných rizikových alel, vážené GRS bere v potaz relativní vliv jednotlivých variant na fenotyp (OR, HR nebo β-koeficient) a konečně polygenní skóre, zahrnující až statisíce polymorfizmů, bere v úvahu i provázanost výskytu jednotlivých alel. Celá řada studií potvrdila důležitost GRS v odhadu rizika onemocnění nebo jeho prognózy. Protože studie jsou značně heterogenní co se týká počtu a výběru polymorfizmů zahrnutých do výpočtů GRS, nelze určit, jaká nominální hodnota je již riziková. Rovněž prozatím citelně chybí studie sledující interakce mezi GRS a životním stylem. Analýzy GRS představují další posun k využití genetických informací v každodenní, především klinické diagnostice v rámci primární prevence.
In recent years, efforts to incorporate genetic dispositions into clinical practice have led to the development of genetic risk scores (GRS). These should summarise the complex genetic risk as a single value derived from the results of testing a dozens to thousands of individual polymorphisms. There are several types of genetic risk scores. The unweighted GRS uses the simple sum of the risky alleles present, the weighted GRS takes into account the relative effect of individual variants on the phenotype (OR, HR or β coefficient), and finally the polygenic risk score (which includes up to hundreds of thousands of polymorphisms) also takes into account the linkage between the individual alleles. A number of studies have confirmed the significant effect of GRS on the estimation of disease risk or prognosis. Because studies are highly heterogeneous in the number and selection of polymorphisms included in GRS calculations, it is not possible to determine what nominal value already represent a clinical risk. There is also a significant lack of studies looking at interactions between GRS and lifestyle. GRS analyses represent a next step for the use of genetic information in everyday, primarily preventive, clinical diagnosis.
- Keywords
- genetické riziko,
- MeSH
- Genetic Testing * classification methods MeSH
- Cardiovascular Diseases genetics prevention & control MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Prognosis MeSH
- Risk Factors * MeSH
- Statistics as Topic MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures that can lead to uncontrollable muscle twitching, changes in sensitivity to sensory perceptions, and disorders of consciousness. Although modern medicine has effective antiepileptic drugs, the need for accessible and cost-effective medication is urgent, and products derived from plants could offer a solution. For this review, we have focused on natural compounds that have shown anticonvulsant activity in in vivo models of epilepsy at relevant doses. In some cases, the effects have been confirmed by clinical data. The results of our search are summarized in tables according to their molecular targets. We have critically evaluated the data we present, identified the most promising therapeutic candidates, and discussed these in the text. Their perspectives are supported by both pharmacokinetic properties and potential interactions. This review is intended to serve as a basis for future research into epilepsy and related disorders.
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
