Úvod: Standardní kefalometrické hodnoty jsou z hlediska kefalometrické analýzy telerentgenových snímků využívány při diagnostice ortodontických anomálií, k porovnávání stavu stomatognátního systému pacientů před a po ortodontické terapii a jsou jedním z několika hledisek evaluace úspěšnosti ortodontické či ortodonticko-chirurgické léčby. Termín standardní kefalometrická hodnota vyjadřuje průměrnou hodnotu kefalometrických měření s vypočítanou směrodatnou odchylkou. Nejedná se o absolutní číslo, ale vždy o rozmezí hodnot, jež jsou získány proměřením definovaného vzorku populační skupiny. Materiál a metoda: Vzorek populační skupiny do naší studie byl vybrán z pacientů Dětské stomatologické kliniky FN Motol a Ortodontického oddělení FN Motol. Kritéria pro zařazení do studie byla I. třída podle Anglea, rovnovážný profil obličeje, žádná předchozí ortodontická léčba, absence zubních protetických náhrad včetně dentálních implantátů a z hlediska homogenity studovaného vzorku museli probandi být narozeni na území ČR a spadat do kavkazské populační skupiny. Měření bylo provedeno u celkového počtu 91 probandů, jejichž věkové rozpětí bylo od 18 do 45 let, v počítačovém programu Dolphin Imaging za použití McLaughlinovy kefalometrické analýzy. Soubor byl rozdělen na dvě skupiny podle pohlaví, tzn. 21 mužů a 70 žen. Výsledky a závěr: Z výsledků vyplývá, že kefalometrické hodnoty u populace definované rovnovážným profilem obličeje, I. třídou podle Anglea, neporušenými opěrnými zónami a narozené na našem území mají v parametrech předních zubů dle McLaughlinovy analýzy tendenci ke kompenzačním mechanismům, které pozorujeme u pacientů s II. třídou podle Anglea. Toto podporuje hypotézu, že se v takto definované populační skupině může jednat o variaci zdravé okluze.

Objective: Term standard cephalometric values mean average value of cephalometric measurements which includes standard deviation. This is not an absolute number but the range of values, which were obtained by measuring the defined sample of the population. Material and Methods: The sample of the population in our study group was selected from patients of Charles University, 2nd Medical Faculty, and Department of Orthodontics. Selection criteria were: Class I occlusion, balanced facial profile, no previous orthodontic treatment, absence of denture, including dental implants. From the homogeneity point of view the probands were born in Czech Republic and belong to Caucasian population. 91 patients were evaluated (age range was from 18 to 45 years; 21 men and 70 women) in computer program – Dolphin imaging using McLaughlin cephalometric analysis. Results: The results showed that our patients are in Class I but position of lower frontal teeth is similar to compensatory mechanisms of Class II patients.

• Klíčová slova
• ortodontie, standardní kefalometrická hodnota, kavkazská populace,
• MeSH
• běloši MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• interpretace statistických dat MeSH
• kefalometrie metody   normy   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• ortodoncie MeSH
• populace MeSH
• referenční hodnoty MeSH
• referenční standardy MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• stomatologie MeSH
• zubní okluze MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

U skupiny 104 nemocných s myasthenia gravis (MG) byla sledována frekvence antigénu HLA I. i II. třídy V závislosti na různých klinických variantách onemocnění. Při souborném vyhodnocení byl u nemocných s MG ve shodě s literaturou potvrzen signifikantně vyšší výskyt nejobvyklejšího HLA haplotypu kavkazské populace HLA -Al, B8, DR3, DQ2. Jeho frekvence byla zvýšena zejména u nemocných S přítomností protilátek proti acetylcholinovému receptoru (ACHR), s generalizovaným postižením, s nestabilním klinickým průběhem, u nemocných bez thymomu a mladších 60 let. Naproti tomu u pacientů s thymomem byla frekvence HLA -B8 a -DR3 signifikantně snížena a naopak signifikantně zvýšena byla frekvence HLA -DR8. U mladších nemocných (do 60 let věku) byl statisticky významně vyšší výskyt HLA -DR3 a -DQ2 znaků. U séropozitivních nemocných (s průkazem protilátek proti ACHR) byla signifikantně zvýšena frekvence HLA -Al, -B8 a -DRS a naopak snížena frekvence -DQl a DQ3. U generalizované a klinicky nestabilní formy onemocnění byla signifikantně zvýšena frekvence HLA -B8, zatímco u okulárních forem MG, případů s tendencí ke spontánní remisi a pacientů s nepřítomnosti protilátek proti ACHR byla frekvence HLA -B8 srovnatelná s výskytem ve zdravé populaci. Z uvedeného je patrné, že určování HLA antigénu u nemocných s MG by bylo možno využít k částečné predikci vývoje onemocnění a stanovení optimální léčebné strategie.

The authors investigated in a group of 104 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) the frequency of HLA antigens class I and II in relation to different clinical variants of the disease. During the overall evaluation in patients with MG, consistent with the literature, a significantly higher incidence of the most common HLA haplotype of the Caucasian population HLA -Al, B8, DR3, DQ2 was found. Its frequency was elevated in particular in patients with antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (ACHR), with generalized affection, with an unstable clinical course, in patients without a thymoma and younger than 60 years. On the other hand, in patients with a thymoma the frequency of HLA -B8 and -DR3 was significantly reduced and conversely the frequency of HLA -DR8 was significantly elevated. In younger patients (under 60 years) there was a statistically significantly higher frequency of HLA -DR3 and -DQ2 signs. In seropositive patients (with evidence of antibodies against ACHR) there was a significantly raised frequency of -DQl and DQ3. In the generalized and clinically unstable form of the disease there was a significantly elevated frequency of HLA -B8, while in ocular forms of MG, in patients with a tendency of spontaneous remission and patients lacking antibodies against ACHR the frequency of HLA -B8 was comparable with the incidence in the healthy population. From the above findings it is apparent that assessment of HLA antigens in patients with MG could be used for partial prediction of the development of the disease and for assessment of the optimal therapeutic strategy.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• HLA antigeny MeSH
• imunogenetika MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myasthenia gravis diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• thymom MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

BACKGROUND: Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol have opposite associations with coronary heart disease, multi-country reports of lipid trends only use total cholesterol (TC). Our aim was to compare trends in total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in Asian and Western countries. METHODS: We pooled 458 population-based studies with 82.1 million participants in 23 Asian and Western countries. We estimated changes in mean total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio by country, sex and age group. RESULTS: Since ∼1980, mean TC increased in Asian countries. In Japan and South Korea, the TC rise was due to rising HDL cholesterol, which increased by up to 0.17 mmol/L per decade in Japanese women; in China, it was due to rising non-HDL cholesterol. TC declined in Western countries, except in Polish men. The decline was largest in Finland and Norway, at ∼0.4 mmol/L per decade. The decline in TC in most Western countries was the net effect of an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decline in non-HDL cholesterol, with the HDL cholesterol increase largest in New Zealand and Switzerland. Mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio declined in Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, by as much as ∼0.7 per decade in Swiss men (equivalent to ∼26% decline in coronary heart disease risk per decade). The ratio increased in China. CONCLUSIONS: HDL cholesterol has risen and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio has declined in many Western countries, Japan and South Korea, with only a weak correlation with changes in TC or non-HDL cholesterol.

• MeSH
• Asijci MeSH
• běloši MeSH
• cholesterol krev   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol MeSH
• LDL-cholesterol MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy krev   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• surveillance populace metody   MeSH
• triglyceridy krev   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Kanada MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

The analysis of mtDNA haplogroup frequency in various populations is a tool for studying human history and population dynamics. The aim of this study is to map the frequency of major mtDNA haplogroups in 300 maternally unrelated individuals representing the Czech population of the central part of the Czech Republic. Eighteen polymorphic sites in the coding region of mtDNA were screened by PCR-RFLP to determine 11 mtDNA haplogroups and 5 subhaplogroups. The most frequent haplogroups were H (41%) and U (21%). Less frequent haplogroups were J and T, each with a frequency of 8%. Frequencies of other haplogroups (V, K, HV, W, preV, X, and I) did not exceed 5%. The results of our study reveal that the frequency of mtDNA haplogroups in the Czech population is similar to the frequencies obtained in other European countries, especially Poland, Germany, and Russia. On the contrary, significant differences in haplogroup frequency were found between the Czech and Finnish populations (haplogroups U, T, W) and populations from Bulgaria and Turkey (haplogroups H).

• MeSH
• běloši genetika   MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• populační genetika MeSH
• populační skupiny genetika   MeSH
• rozdělení chí kvadrát MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

On average, black individuals are widely believed to be more sensitive than white individuals to blood pressure (BP) effects of changes in salt intake. However, few studies have directly compared the BP effects of changing salt intake in black versus white individuals. In this narrative review, we analyze those studies and note that when potassium intake substantially exceeds the recently recommended US dietary goal of 87 mmol/day, black adults do not appear more sensitive than white adults to BP effects of short-term or long-term increases in salt intake (from an intake ≤50 mmol/day up to 150 mmol/day or more). However, with lower potassium intakes, racial differences in salt sensitivity are observed. Mechanistic studies suggest that racial differences in salt sensitivity are related to differences in vascular resistance responses to changes in salt intake mediated by vasodilator and vasoconstrictor pathways. With respect to cause and prevention of racial disparities in salt sensitivity, it is noteworthy that 1) on average, black individuals consume less potassium than white individuals and 2) consuming supplemental potassium bicarbonate, or potassium rich foods can prevent racial disparities in salt sensitivity. However, the new US dietary guidelines reduced the dietary potassium goal well below the amount associated with preventing racial disparities in salt sensitivity. These observations should motivate research on the impact of the new dietary potassium guidelines on racial disparities in salt sensitivity, the risks and benefits of potassium-containing salt substitutes or supplements, and methods for increasing consumption of foods rich in nutrients that protect against salt-induced hypertension.

• MeSH
• běloši MeSH
• černoši MeSH
• draslík dietní * MeSH
• hypertenze patofyziologie   MeSH
• krevní tlak fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• sodík dietní * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

BACKGROUND: Excess risk of childhood overweight and obesity occurring in socioeconomically disadvantaged families has been demonstrated in numerous studies from high-income regions, including Europe. It is well known that socioeconomic characteristics such as parental education, income and occupation are etiologically relevant to childhood obesity. However, in the pan-European setting, there is reason to believe that inequalities in childhood weight status may vary among countries as a function of differing degrees of socioeconomic development and equity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we have examined socioeconomic differences in childhood obesity in different parts of the European region using nationally representative data from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Portugal and Sweden that were collected in 2008 during the first round of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative. RESULTS: Heterogeneity in the association between parental socioeconomic indicators and childhood overweight or obesity was clearly observed across the five countries studied. Positive as well as negative associations were observed between parental socioeconomic indicators and childhood overweight, with statistically significant interactions between country and parental indicators. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have public health implications for the WHO European Region and underscore the necessity to continue documenting socioeconomic inequalities in obesity in all countries through international surveillance efforts in countries with diverse geographic, social and economic environments. This is a prerequisite for universal as well as targeted preventive actions.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• běloši MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nutriční stav MeSH
• obezita dětí a dospívajících ekonomika   epidemiologie   etiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rodiče MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory * MeSH
• surveillance populace * MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace * MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví MeSH
• vytváření politiky MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

• MeSH
• běloši genetika   MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• jaderné proteiny genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory prsu epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• proteiny buněčného cyklu genetika   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• zárodečné mutace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: The literature on associations of circulating concentrations of minerals and vitamins with risk of colorectal cancer is limited and inconsistent. Evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to support the efficacy of dietary modification or nutrient supplementation for colorectal cancer prevention is also limited. OBJECTIVES: To complement observational and RCT findings, we investigated associations of genetically predicted concentrations of 11 micronutrients (β-carotene, calcium, copper, folate, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and zinc) with colorectal cancer risk using Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS: Two-sample MR was conducted using 58,221 individuals with colorectal cancer and 67,694 controls from the Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium, Colorectal Cancer Transdisciplinary Study, and Colon Cancer Family Registry. Inverse variance-weighted MR analyses were performed with sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of potential violations of MR assumptions. RESULTS: Nominally significant associations were noted for genetically predicted iron concentration and higher risk of colon cancer [ORs per SD (ORSD): 1.08; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.17; P value = 0.05] and similarly for proximal colon cancer, and for vitamin B-12 concentration and higher risk of colorectal cancer (ORSD: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.21; P value = 0.01) and similarly for colon cancer. A nominally significant association was also noted for genetically predicted selenium concentration and lower risk of colon cancer (ORSD: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.00; P value = 0.05) and similarly for distal colon cancer. These associations were robust to sensitivity analyses. Nominally significant inverse associations were observed for zinc and risk of colorectal and distal colon cancers, but sensitivity analyses could not be performed. None of these findings survived correction for multiple testing. Genetically predicted concentrations of β-carotene, calcium, copper, folate, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin B-6 were not associated with disease risk. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest possible causal associations of circulating iron and vitamin B-12 (positively) and selenium (inversely) with risk of colon cancer.

• MeSH
• běloši * MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
• kolorektální nádory genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mendelovská randomizace * MeSH
• mikroživiny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• potravní doplňky MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• selen krev   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• vitamin B 12 krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The polymorphisms within the FTO gene play an important role in the genetic determination of body weight and body mass index and have been associated with cardiovascular disease, but the causal mechanism is still a matter of debate. The possible effect on the platelet count as a marker of hemocoagulation status as a possible cardiovascular risk factor was suggested in Japanese population. We have analyzed both rs1558902 FTO polymorphism (T > A) and platelet counts in the Prague Pre and Post Menopausal Females (3PMFs) study, including those of 669 women (mean age, 55.7 ± 2.7 years). The frequencies of the FTO genotypes were similar to other populations (TT, 30.4%; TA, 48.1%; and AA, 21.5%). We have not detected a significant association between the FTO rs1558902 variant and platelet counts in white women (TT, 242 ± 55 × 10; TA, 246 ± 67 × 10; and AA, 247 ± 55 × 10; F[2.642] = 0.30, P = 0.75). At least in white persons, platelet count seems not to be a link between the FTO variation and risk of cardiovascular disease.

• MeSH
• běloši genetika   MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počet trombocytů MeSH
• postmenopauza genetika   MeSH
• premenopauza genetika   MeSH
• proteiny genetika   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• trombocyty MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The body mass index (BMI) has been the most commonly applied clinical measure to characterise body composition in individuals. However, the BMI has been criticised as being an inaccurate measure of body fatness. Recently, a new index reflecting body composition, the Body Adiposity Index (BAI) was proposed. The BAI was calculated using the equation BAI=((hip circumference)/ ((height)1.5) - 18). AIM: The aim of this study was to compare estimates of body fat content, i.e., body adiposity index (BAI), BMI, waist-hip ratio (WHR) and waist and hip circumferences, with respect to their ability to predict the percentage of body fat (PBF). RESULTS: To select an optimal surrogate for adiposity, we examined the correlation between body adiposity percentage as measured by BIA and several variables, including BAI, BMI and WHR. Correlations ranged from a high of 0.78 for BMI, 0.67 for BAI and 0.66 for waist circumference to a low value of 0.39 for the WHR index. The correlation between PBF and BAI (R=0.67, R2=0.45, p<0.001) and the correlation between PBF and BMI (R=0.78, R2=0.60, p<0.001) were of similar magnitude. CONCLUSION: Based on our results and those of other studies, we can say that the BAI index is not a universally valid index that could be used in the place of the BMI index in a Caucasian population; indeed, it would not accurately reflect body fat mass and thus could lead to an increased risk of obesity. Further, WHR index is not a suitable for an estimation of body fat.

• MeSH
• adipozita MeSH
• antropometrie metody   MeSH
• běloši statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• obezita diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• poměr pasu a boků normy   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tuková tkáň patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• validační studie MeSH